ES2240964T3 - Aparato y metodo para tratar arritmias cardiacas. - Google Patents

Aparato y metodo para tratar arritmias cardiacas.

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Publication number
ES2240964T3
ES2240964T3 ES94922710T ES94922710T ES2240964T3 ES 2240964 T3 ES2240964 T3 ES 2240964T3 ES 94922710 T ES94922710 T ES 94922710T ES 94922710 T ES94922710 T ES 94922710T ES 2240964 T3 ES2240964 T3 ES 2240964T3
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Spain
Prior art keywords
catheter
tip
image
mapping
cardiac
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ES94922710T
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English (en)
Inventor
Shlomo Ben-Haim
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Biosense Webster Inc
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Biosense Webster Inc
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    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/318—Heart-related electrical modalities, e.g. electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/346—Analysis of electrocardiograms
    • A61B5/349—Detecting specific parameters of the electrocardiograph cycle
    • A61B5/363—Detecting tachycardia or bradycardia
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    • A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
    • A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
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    • A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
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    • A61B18/20—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser
    • A61B18/22—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser the beam being directed along or through a flexible conduit, e.g. an optical fibre; Couplings or hand-pieces therefor
    • A61B18/24—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser the beam being directed along or through a flexible conduit, e.g. an optical fibre; Couplings or hand-pieces therefor with a catheter
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    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
    • A61B2017/00017—Electrical control of surgical instruments
    • A61B2017/00022—Sensing or detecting at the treatment site
    • A61B2017/00039—Electric or electromagnetic phenomena other than conductivity, e.g. capacity, inductivity, Hall effect
    • A61B2017/00044—Sensing electrocardiography, i.e. ECG
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
    • A61B17/00234—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for minimally invasive surgery
    • A61B2017/00238—Type of minimally invasive operation
    • A61B2017/00243—Type of minimally invasive operation cardiac
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61B2034/2046—Tracking techniques
    • A61B2034/2051—Electromagnetic tracking systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B2034/2046—Tracking techniques
    • A61B2034/2063—Acoustic tracking systems, e.g. using ultrasound
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/36—Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
    • A61B90/37—Surgical systems with images on a monitor during operation
    • A61B2090/378—Surgical systems with images on a monitor during operation using ultrasound
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
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    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/318—Heart-related electrical modalities, e.g. electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/346—Analysis of electrocardiograms
    • A61B5/349—Detecting specific parameters of the electrocardiograph cycle
    • A61B5/352—Detecting R peaks, e.g. for synchronising diagnostic apparatus; Estimating R-R interval
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/362—Heart stimulators
    • A61N1/3621—Heart stimulators for treating or preventing abnormally high heart rate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/362—Heart stimulators
    • A61N1/3627—Heart stimulators for treating a mechanical deficiency of the heart, e.g. congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
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  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
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  • Cardiology (AREA)
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  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)
  • Measurement And Recording Of Electrical Phenomena And Electrical Characteristics Of The Living Body (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
  • Laser Surgery Devices (AREA)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

Un aparato para cartografiar una cámara cardiaca, que comprende: un catéter (51) que tiene una antena receptora (101) en su punta para recibir ondas electromagnéticas o acústicas y para localizar la posición de la punta en respuesta a las ondas electromagnéticas o acústicas, y un perceptor (59) en la punta para recibir la actividad eléctrica local del músculo de la cámara cardiaca; y un procesador (69) de señales para determinar un tiempo de activación local basándose en la actividad eléctrica local recibida por el perceptor en múltiples posiciones de la punta del catéter, con el fin de construir una imagen de un mapa de tiempos de activación; caracterizándose el aparato por una pluralidad de antenas transmisoras situadas en una superficie (57) del cuerpo, para generar las ondas electromagnéticas o acústicas.

Description

Aparato y método para tratar arritmias cardíacas.
Campo del invento
Este invento se refiere a un aparato para tratar una arritmia cardiaca tal como la taquicardia ventricular. Más particularmente, este invento se refiere a un aparato mejorado, merced al cual se consigue la identificación más rápida de un sitio activo en donde ha de realizarse la ablación.
Antecedentes del invento
Las arritmias cardiacas son la primera causa de fallecimientos en los EE.UU. La arritmia cardiaca más común es la taquicardia ventricular (VT), es decir, la aparición de contracciones muy rápidas e inútiles del músculo cardiaco. La VT causa la muerte de unas 10.000 personas anualmente.
En los EE.UU., se diagnostican anualmente de 34.000 a 84.000 nuevos pacientes. A los pacientes se les diagnostica la VT después de (1) sobrevivir a una reanimación con éxito tras un episodio abortado de muerte súbita (corrientemente del 25 al 33% de los casos de muerte súbita) o (2) un síncope, es decir, una pérdida temporal de consciencia provocada por una circulación cerebral insuficiente. Se espera que el número de pacientes de VT aumente en el futuro, llegando según las estimaciones a entre 61.000 y 121.000 pacientes anualmente en cinco años, como resultado de la detección precoz de pacientes con riesgo de sufrir una muerte súbita, gracias a las pruebas cardiacas recién desarrolladas, a los avances conseguidos en la reanimación cardiopulmonar, a la mejor gestión médica de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio y al desplazamiento demográfico hacia una población envejecida.
Si no reciben un tratamiento apropiado, la esperanza de vida para la mayoría de los pacientes a los que se les ha diagnosticado una VT, no es de más de dos años. El tratamiento médico más frecuente en la actualidad consiste en la administración de determinados medicamentos antiarrítmicos o en la implantación de un desfibrilador cardiaco automático, implantable (AICD). El tratamiento con fármacos está asociado con una esperanza media de vida de 3,2 años, una probabilidad del 30% de sufrir efectos secundarios debilitantes, y un coste medio de, aproximadamente, 88.000 \textdollar por paciente. En contraste, la implantación de un AICD se asocia con una esperanza de vida de 5,1 años, un 4% de probabilidades de sufrir complicaciones fatales y un coste de, aproximadamente, 121.000 \textdollar por paciente.
En la mayoría de los pacientes, la VT origina una lesión de entre 1 y 2 mm que se sitúa cerca de la superficie interna de la cámara cardiaca. Un tratamiento de la VT en uso desde 1981 consiste en un método por el que se cartografían trayectorias eléctricas del corazón para localizar la lesión, es decir, "el sitio activo" y, luego, se somete a ablación físicamente al sitio activo. En la mayoría de los casos, el cartografiado y la ablación se realizan mientras el tórax y el corazón del paciente están abiertos. Igualmente, el procedimiento de cartografiado se ha llevado a cabo moviendo en secuencia un catéter o sonda de registro eléctrico portátil sobre el corazón y registrando los tiempos de llegada de los impulsos eléctricos a lugares específicos. Estos procedimientos son largos y tediosos.
Los intentos para destruir, es decir, someter a ablación, la lesión crítica tienen mucho éxito en la actualidad pero, corrientemente, están limitados a un pequeño número de pacientes que pueden soportar un procedimiento prolongado durante el que han de mantenerse en condiciones de VT durante períodos de tiempo casi intolerables. La parte que más tiempo lleva del tratamiento es la de localización, es decir, la identificación, del sitio donde se encuentra la lesión objetivo, que ha de ser sometida a ablación. Otra limitación que impide el uso extendido de la ablación por catéter de la VT es la mala resolución que se obtiene en la localización del objetivo, lo que a su vez lleva al médico a someter a ablación a una región grande del corazón del paciente. La reducción que se observa en la función cardiaca como consecuencia de dicha ablación resulta perjudicial para la mayoría de los pacientes que ya sufren de un daño cardiaco anterior. Sin embargo, una vez que el objetivo ha sido identificado correctamente, la ablación tiene éxito en casi todos los pacientes.
Un procedimiento mejorado para el tratamiento de la VT debe incluir una técnica más rápida, más eficaz y más precisa para identificar o "cartografiar" la secuencia de activación eléctrica del corazón con el fin de localizar el sitio activo.
En los reconocimientos electrofisiológicos y, en particular, en aquellos que suponen el uso de técnicas invasivas, con frecuencia se utiliza el denominado cartografiado por activación eléctrica, en combinación con transiluminación con rayos X. Se detecta la actividad eléctrica local en un sitio dentro de la cámara cardiaca del paciente empleando un catéter dirigible, cuya posición se garantiza mediante imágenes obtenidas por transiluminación, en las que no es visible la cámara cardiaca. El tiempo de activación eléctrica local, medido como el tiempo que transcurre desde un evento de tiempo de referencia común del ciclo cardiaco hasta un punto fiducial durante la sístole eléctrica, representa la información local necesaria para construir el punto de datos del mapa de activación en un solo lugar. Para generar un mapa detallado de activación del corazón, se muestrean varios puntos de datos. El catéter es desplazado a una posición diferente dentro de la cámara cardiaca y se adquiere de nuevo la activación eléctrica, el catéter es retratado repetidamente en las imágenes obtenidas por transiluminación y se determina su situación. Corrientemente, la situación del catéter se determina cualitativamente o semi-cualitativamente clasificando la situación del catéter de acuerdo con una de varias situaciones predeterminadas. Además, el método de transiluminación para localizar el catéter no aporta información relativa a la arquitectura de la cámara cardiaca.
La presente técnica exige el uso de medios de transiluminación durante cada uno de los usos subsiguientes del catéter. Esto quiere decir que, si la localización subsiguiente del catéter se obtiene mediante radiación ionizante, el paciente y el médico pueden verse sometidos a una exposición a la radiación que supera la que sería necesaria para obtener, solamente, la imagen básica de la arquitectura de la cámara cardiaca.
Un catéter que puede localizarse en un paciente empleando un transmisor de ultrasonidos previsto en el catéter, se describe en la patente norteamericana núm. 4.697.595 y en el trabajo "Catéter marcado por ultrasonidos; un método para la identificación ecográfica positiva de la posición de un catéter", de Breyer y otros, en Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, de Mayo de 1985, págs. 268-271. También, en la patente norteamericana núm. 5.042.486 se describe un catéter que puede localizarse en un paciente empleando campos no ionizantes y superponiendo la posición del catéter en una imagen radiológica, previamente obtenida, de un vaso sanguíneo. En ninguna de estas referencias se contiene descripción alguna acerca de la adquisición de información local, particularmente con activación eléctrica del corazón, mediante la punta localizable del catéter ni de la posible superposición de esta información local así adquirida en otras imágenes, particularmente con una imagen de la cámara cardiaca. El documento US-A-5.222.501 describe un aparato de acuerdo con el preámbulo de la reivindicación 1.
Objetos del invento
Un objeto del presente invento es proporcionar un aparato alternativo para la visualización permanente del catéter durante la realización de procedimientos de cartografiado haciendo uso de rayos, ondas o campos no ionizantes, con la ventaja consiguiente de una exposición limitada a la radiación por parte del paciente y del médico.
Estos y otros objetos del invento resultarán más evidentes a partir de la descripción que sigue.
Breve descripción de los dibujos
La Fig. 1 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático para adquirir una imagen básica;
la Fig. 2 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático que representa un algoritmo de cartografiado endocardial computerizado;
la Fig. 3 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático que representa un algoritmo de topo-estimulación computerizado;
la Fig. 4 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático que representa la configuración de un dispositivo de salida de una realización del invento;
la Fig. 5 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático para ilustrar el catéter de cartografiado con el perceptor en su punta y un método de localización que hace uso de una antena transmisora en la punta del catéter;
la Fig. 6 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático;
la Fig. 7 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático que representa el algoritmo utilizado para calcular el índice de correlación cruzada mientras se realiza la topo-estimulación;
la Fig. 8 es un diagrama que representa un catéter utilizado para el cartografiado de arritmias; y
las Figs. 9 y 10 son, cada una, un diagrama de bloques esquemático, que representa un aspecto del invento.
El invento se define en la reivindicación 1. Cualesquiera realizaciones que estén en contradicción con el objeto de la reivindicación 1, en particular las realizaciones de las figuras 5 y 6, no forman parte del invento.
Descripción detallada del invento
Los anteriores objetos del invento se consiguen mediante un aparato para generar, en tiempo real, imágenes de un catéter en la cámara cardiaca, que hace uso de un transmisor de ondas acústicas o electromagnéticas, siendo adquiridas estas ondas por una antena receptora y siendo convertidas en señales eléctricas de imagen. La imagen del catéter puede superponerse, entonces, sobre una imagen de la cámara cardiaca que represente la arquitectura de las paredes obtenida merced a los mismos o a otros medios generadores de imágenes. La punta del catéter lleva la antena receptora y las antenas aplicadas por el exterior son las antenas transmisoras. El perceptor de la punta del catéter está diseñado para adquirir la información de interés, y la adquisición de datos relativos a la actividad local en lugares localizados por los métodos de seguimiento se utiliza para cartografiar el órgano que se estudia.
La tecnología electromagnética o acústica conocida, antes mencionada, permite la obtención sencilla de imágenes del catéter, ya que éste se diferencia notablemente de su entorno (tejido biológico) en lo que respecta a la interacción de los rayos X. La técnica de localización del catéter puede emplearse con un método de generación de imágenes y con un correspondiente sistema de generación de imágenes en tiempo real, que haga uso de radiación no ionizante. La imagen (no de rayos X) que muestra el catéter puede combinarse con una imagen que represente la arquitectura de la cámara cardiaca obtenida en forma apropiada. Se supera así el problema relacionado con el exceso de exposición a la radiación; sin embargo, las exigencias impuestas sobre el sistema generador de imágenes no ionizante, en cuanto a sus posibilidades de aplicación y resolución, son bastante rigurosas.
Por tanto, otra posibilidad es emplear el campo no ionizante como parte del método de localización, en lugar de un método de generación de imágenes. Los métodos de localización difieren de los métodos de generación de imágenes en lo siguiente: los métodos de generación de imágenes se utilizan, principalmente para visualizar correctamente, desde el punto de vista tópico, y para resolver un número de sujetos o de puntos de un sujeto en una imagen dentro de límites específicos. Esta propiedad es conocida como capacidad para localizar múltiples blancos en la tecnología del radar y no se encuentra en los métodos de localización. Los métodos de localización sólo funcionan de forma precisa y sin ambigüedades en el caso en que haya de visualizarse, es decir, localizarse, un único objeto. Como ejemplo, la punta del catéter es un punto que constituye un sujeto adecuado. La ventaja del método de localización es que pueden utilizarse campos de ondas en los que la longitud de onda empleada, definida por la velocidad de fase y la frecuencia del medio circundante (tejido), puede ser relativamente alta, y no es necesario que tenga un orden de magnitud requerido por la precisión de la localización. Como es sabido, el alcance disminuye mucho al aumentar la frecuencia para ondas no ionizantes dadas, tales como ondas electromagnéticas y ondas acústicas.
Es posible, por tanto, dado el uso de un método de localización, emplear longitudes de onda relativamente grandes y, por tanto, frecuencias más bajas. Además, el coste para la abertura y el ancho de señal es mucho menor en los métodos de localización que en los de generación de imágenes, particularmente en vista de la densidad de ocupación espacial (abertura) y espectral (señal). Basta con hacer que el punto sujeto se sitúe en interacción con sólo unos pocos puntos de soporte de apertura extracorpóreos, por ejemplo, de tres a cinco transmisores o receptores, dadas una pocas frecuencias discretas, por ejemplo de tres a cinco frecuencias. Sobre la base de esta interacción, los alcances o las diferencias de alcance con referencia a la posición del sujeto y los diversos puntos de soporte de apertura, cuya combinación proporciona una identificación posicional (localización) exacta y carente de ambigüedades del posible punto sujeto, se determinan midiendo las relaciones de fase o la relaciones entre tiempos de transmisión. El punto sujeto, es decir, la punta del catéter, debe marcarse, con este fin, de manera adecuada.
Como es habitual en la tecnología de rastreo, es necesario que la imagen del catéter y la imagen de la cámara cardiaca se combinen una con otra según una correspondencia tridimensional apropiada y, también, es necesario que la arquitectura de la cámara cardiaca no se desplace ni se deforme durante el tratamiento. Para corregir el desplazamiento de la cámara cardiaca que tiene lugar durante el ciclo cardiaco, se muestrea la situación del catéter en un único punto fiducial durante el ciclo cardiaco. Con el fin de corregir el desplazamiento de la cámara cardiaca que puede ocurrir debido a la respiración o a un movimiento del paciente, se colocan, en puntos específicos de la cámara cardiaca, un conjunto de más de dos catéteres localizables, durante el procedimiento de cartografiado. La localización de estos catéteres de referencia proporciona la información necesaria para conseguir una correspondencia tridimensional apropiada entre la imagen de la cámara cardiaca y la situación del catéter que se cartografía.
Los principios anteriores pueden aplicarse para el cartografiado de otras estructuras del cuerpo, por ejemplo, de la vejiga urinaria, del cerebro o del tracto gastrointestinal. Dependiendo de la técnica de examen, el catéter puede ser sustituido por una aguja cuya punta constituya la puerta del perceptor localizable.
Desde una perspectiva más amplia, el invento abarca cuatro aspectos: el primero está dirigido al tratamiento de la información sobre la localización; el segundo al tratamiento de la información eléctrica percibida; el tercero a la integración de la información previamente tratada; y el cuarto al tratamiento de la información integrada para generar un mapa topográfico de la variable percibida. Estos aspectos se describen en lo que sigue con mayor detalle.
Los catéteres se introducirán por vía percutánea en las cámaras cardiacas. Cada catéter podrá ser rastreado (empleando la metodología previamente descrita). Preferiblemente se dejarán tres catéteres de referencia en marcas de referencia conocidas y se utilizará un cuarto catéter como catéter de cartografiado/ablación. Las posiciones de los tres catéteres de referencia se utilizarán para alinear la situación de la cámara cardiaca en relación con su posición en la "imagen básica".
1. Procesador de localización e imágenes
Adquisición de imagen: Un método y un dispositivo para adquirir imágenes de las cámaras cardiacas a partir de modalidades disponibles de generación de imágenes (por ejemplo, fluoroscopia, eco, MRI, etc.). La imagen debe adquirirse con proyecciones suficientes (por ejemplo, fluoroscopia en dos planos, varias secciones longitudinales o transversales de ecocardiografía) para poder realizar reconstrucciones tridimensionales de la morfología de las cámaras cardiacas.
Las imágenes se obtendrán en momentos específicos durante el procedimiento de ablación: la imagen básica se registrará al comienzo del procedimiento para permitir la determinación de la anatomía de la cámara cardiaca y de las posiciones de los catéteres de referencia en el corazón. Esta imagen se utilizará, después, como fuente básica de información para describir la morfología de la cámara cardiaca.
El procesador de localización y de imágenes identifica (i) la situación de los límites de la cámara haciendo uso de los métodos de mejora del borde y detección del mismo; (ii) las posiciones de los catéteres con relación a los límites de la cámara, e (iii) la dinámica de la morfología de la cámara en función del ciclo cardiaco.
Analizando el desplazamiento de las puntas de los catéteres durante el ciclo cardiaco, el procesador de imágenes calculará el comportamiento regional durante la contracción del corazón en un momento dado en el transcurso del procedimiento de cartografiado/ablación. Esta información será utilizada para vigilar las funciones contráctiles sistólicas antes y después del procedimiento de ablación.
El procesador de localización identifica las posiciones de los catéteres. Las posiciones de los catéteres de referencia se utilizan para alinear la posición corriente de la cámara cardiaca con la de la imagen básica. Una vez que los datos de posición corriente están en alineación con la "imagen básica", se identifica la situación del catéter de cartografiado y ablación y se informa de ella.
2. Procesador electrofisiológico
El procesador de señales electrofisiológicas adquirirá información de carácter eléctrico a partir de una o más de las siguientes fuentes:
A.
gráficos de ECG (por exploración del gráfico);
B.
Registros de ECG desde la superficie del cuerpo, bien a partir de un sistema de 12 conductores (sistema de conductores ortogonales X, Y, Z) o bien a partir de una combinación modificada de otros puntos del torso del paciente; y
C.
Electrogramas intracardiacos, a partir del catéter de ablación/registro y/o a partir de una serie de catéteres fijos en el interior de las cámaras cardiacas.
En cada una de las etapas de cartografiado/ablación, a saber, cartografiado del ritmo sinusal, topo-estimulación y cartografiado de la VT, el procesador EP determinará el tiempo de activación local con relación a un punto fiducial en el tiempo. El tiempo de activación local registrado en cada etapa proporcionará parte de la información requerida para construir el mapa de activación (mapa isócrono).
El procesador electrofisiológico realizará, también, las siguientes funciones de tratamiento de señales:
2.A. Determinación del sitio de origen
Se determina el sitio de origen más probable de la arritmia del paciente basándose en las gráficas de ECG desde la superficie del cuerpo durante una VT. Se detectará el sitio de origen de la VT más probable analizando la morfología de eje y haz del ECG y empleando el conocimiento actual de la correlación entre la morfología de la VT y el sitio de origen de la VT.
2.B. Cartografiado del ritmo sinusal 2.B.1. Cartografiado del potencial retardado
Utilizando electrogramas intracardiacos registrados a partir de la punta del catéter de cartografiado durante el ritmo sinusal, el procesador de EP detectará y, luego, medirá, el tiempo de ocurrencia de potenciales diastólicos retardados. La detección de actividad diastólica tardía porque (1) la señal de ECG cruce un valor de umbral durante la diástole; o (2) generando un modelo de la actividad eléctrica en un sitio normal, definido por el usuario, y comparando luego la señal resultante del modelo con la señal real y estimando la diferencia respecto de la actividad normal; o (3) empleando un filtro de paso de banda y buscando actividades de alta frecuencia organizadas, específicas, presentes durante la diástole; o (4) utilizando una función de correlación cruzada y error para identificar la posición temporal de una plantilla potencial retardada, definida por el usuario. Este análisis se llevará a cabo sobre una base de latido a latido, y sus resultados estarán disponibles para la siguiente etapa del tratamiento de datos y estarán relacionados con el tiempo de ocurrencia del potencial retardado.
2.C. Topo-estimulación 2.C.1. Mapa de correlación
En un "modo de topo-estimulación", el procesador de ECG adquirirá datos de ECG mientras el corazón del paciente es estimulado por una fuente externa a un ritmo similar a la longitud del ciclo de arritmia del paciente. Los datos de ECG serán obtenidos a partir de los electrogramas de la superficie del cuerpo y la señal se almacenará como un segmento de ECG con una longitud de varios ciclos. La señal adquirida será sometida, entonces, a una comparación automática con la señal de la VT propia del paciente (véase la Fig. 7). La comparación entre la morfología de la arritmia y la morfología por estimulación se llevará a cabo en dos etapas: En primer lugar, se estimaría el desfase entre la señal modelo de VT y la morfología de ECG con estimulación, empleando una correlación cruzada máxima o un error mínimo para las dos señales. Luego, utilizando este desfase estimado a partir de un canal de ECG de índice, se medirá el parecido como la media de la correlación cruzada o el cuadrado del error de las dos señales de todos los canales registrados.
Este cálculo en dos etapas se repetirá en cada ocasión utilizando un canal de ECG diferente como canal de índice, para determinar el desfase.
Al término de este procedimiento, se informará al operador del error mínimo o de la correlación cruzada máxima en la forma de un valor de correlación cruzada (ACI) de este sitio con estimulación.
2.C.2. Latencia local
El procesador de ECG medirá el estímulo para activación ventricular. Se medirá la activación ventricular más temprana a partir del primer instante de paso por cero de la señal de primera derivada generada a partir de cada uno de los registros de ECG desde la superficie del cuerpo adquiridos durante la estimulación. Se informará al operador de este intervalo, que se utilizará posteriormente en el proceso en el que se juzgará la adecuabilidad del sitio para la ablación.
2.D. Cartografiado de la VT 2.D.1. Mapa de potencial previo
Durante una VT espontánea o inducida, el procesador de ECG buscará un potencial previo presente en el electrograma del electrodo de cartografiado/ablación. El potencial se marcará automáticamente (merced a un método de cruce de umbral, por filtrado de paso de banda o generando modelos del intervalo diastólico normal y restando la plantilla de los registros de intervalo diastólico reales) o manualmente, mediante el punto fiducial definido por el usuario en la señal de potencial previo. El procesador medirá el intervalo entre el tiempo de la señal de potencial previo (PP) y el de la activación ventricular más temprana (V), registrada a partir de las gráficas obtenidas a partir de la superficie del cuerpo, y se calculará el intervalo y se informará de él al usuario. El procesador de ECG informará sobre una base de latido a latido del valor del intervalo PP-V.
2.D.2. Latencia local ante estímulos prematuros
Durante una VT, cuando al catéter de cartografiado le llegarán extraestímulos prematuros, el procesador de ECG detectará el instante de una única señal prematura alimentada al catéter de cartografiado/ablación y la activación local más temprana (juzgada por la presencia de actividad no diastólica después de un intervalo predeterminado en el catéter de cartografiado/ablación y la presencia de una configuración y un valor diferentes de la morfología de señal en los electrogramas obtenidos a partir de la superficie del cuerpo, en comparación con su valor una longitud de ciclo antes de ese evento). La presencia de actividad eléctrica en el electrodo de cartografiado/ablación y la presencia de una forma alterada de la morfología de la superficie del cuerpo, se denominará "latido capturado". En presencia a un latido capturado, el procesador de ECG calculará los intervalos entre el estímulo y la precedente activación ventricular más temprana (denominados V-S) y el intervalo entre el estímulo y la siguiente activación más temprana del ventrículo (denominado S-V'). El procesador de ECG informará de estos intervalos al usuario tras cada extraestímulo alimentado. Asimismo, los intervalos V-S y S-V' se representarán gráficamente en la forma de una función que describe su dependencia. El procesador de ECG actualizará el gráfico después de cada extraestímulo.
2.D.3. Desfase de la VT por estímulos prematuros
El procesador de ECG identificará los efectos del extraestímulo sobre el desfase de la VT registrado por los electrogramas desde la superficie del cuerpo. Se empleará un electrograma de canal de la superficie del cuerpo, definido por el usuario de una morfología de VT sin estimulación como plantilla (longitud del segmento igual al doble de la longitud del ciclo de la VT) y, como segmento de prueba, se utilizará el electrograma del mismo canal adquirido con la misma duración, a continuación de la alimentación de un extraestímulo durante una VT. El analizador de ECG comparará las morfologías de la plantilla y de la señal de prueba (empleando una función de error mínimo o la correlación cruzada máxima) para garantizar que la VT no terminó ni se alteró. Si la VT persiste, el analizador de ECG calculará el desfase provocado por el extraestímulo. El desfase se calculará como parte de la longitud del ciclo de la VT que hay que sumar o restar, para regularizar la serie de tiempo de la VT.
2.D.4. Terminación de la VT por estímulos prematuros
El procesador de ECG buscará un evento sin captura después del extraestímulo. En ese evento, el procesador de ECG buscará una alteración de la VT a continuación del extraestímulo alimentado. Si se terminó la VT (o que se define al volver a la frecuencia y morfología normales del ECG), el procesador de ECG generará una nota de terminación sin captura. En caso de que no haya captura pero no cambie la morfología de la VT, se pasará nota al operador para que cambie el intervalo de acoplamiento de los extraestímulos que llegan.
3. Integrador de información de imágenes, de localización de catéteres y electrofisiológica
Este procesador recibirá información procedente de los dispositivos descritos en lo que antecede y atribuirá la información eléctrica tratada a las posiciones específicas de la cámara cardiaca en la que fue registrada. Este proceso se llevará a cabo en tiempo real y se transferirá al siguiente procesador.
La información eléctrica tratada, cuando se combina con su lugar de procedencia, genera un mapa. Mediante el uso de las variables previamente descritas se generarán los siguientes mapas:
(1)
Situación espacial del endocardio;
(2)
Mapa de activación del ritmo sinusal (mapa isócrono);
(3)
Mapa isócrono del tiempo de ocurrencia del potencial diastólico para el cartografiado del ritmo sinusal;
(4)
Mapa de correlación para la topo-estimulación;
(5)
Mapa isócrono de latencia local durante la topo-estimulación;
(6)
Mapa isócrono del tiempo de activación durante la VT; y
(7)
Mapa isócrono de potencial previo durante el cartografiado de la VT.
Asimismo, se presentarán los sitios en que la VT se terminó en virtud de estímulos prematuros no capturados.
En cada etapa (cartografiado del ritmo sinusal, topo-estimulación y cartografiado de la VT), una vez adquirido cada punto de datos, se confirma de nuevo la veracidad de toda la información disponible por dos motivos: en primer lugar, sugerir al operador el siguiente sitio para la adquisición de datos y, en segundo lugar, comprobar la información disponible para proponer un sitio para la ablación.
Para llevar a cabo este procedimiento se ejecutan, simultáneamente, dos algoritmos:
(1) Algoritmo de guiado cartográfico (véase "Evaluar mapa de activación" (17) en la Fig. 2 y "Evaluar mapa de autocorrelación" (3a) en la Fig. 3). Este algoritmo utiliza como una entrada la información cartografiada disponible sobre una cierta variable (por ejemplo, el tiempo de activación local durante el ritmo sinusal). El algoritmo calcula la derivada espacial de la variable cartografiada (es decir, el tiempo de activación en este ejemplo) y calcula el siguiente mejor lugar para añadir otro punto de datos cuando la función objetivo está regularizando los gradientes espaciales de la variable cartografiada. Por ejemplo, este algoritmo sugerirá que se adquieran más puntos de datos en áreas en las que la variable cartografiada cambia en forma significativa en una corta distancia.
La posición sugerida por el algoritmo será presentada al operador como un símbolo en el dispositivo de presentación. El mismo dispositivo de presentación muestra ya la imagen básica de la cámara cardiaca y la situación, en ese momento, del catéter de cartografiado/ablación. Por tanto, el operador moverá el catéter de cartografiado/ablación para llegar a la posición sugerida a fin de realizar una adquisición de datos adicional.
Este algoritmo aportará más beneficios durante el cartografiado de una VT, cuando el tiempo disponible para la adquisición de datos está limitado por los efectos hemodinámicos adversos de la arritmia. Por tanto, existe una fuerte necesidad de un algoritmo de esta clase que examine los puntos de datos disponibles de un mapa en tiempo real y sugiera, inmediatamente, el siguiente sitio para la adquisición de datos.
(2) Pronóstico de las posibilidades de un algoritmo para ablación con éxito. Este algoritmo consiste en un conjunto de reglas, definidas por el usuario, para evaluar la información adquirida. Se espera que el operador califique la importancia de la información específica adquirida en el procedimiento de cartografiado/ablación en cuanto a su probabilidad para identificar el sitio correcto para la ablación. Un ejemplo de un algoritmo de esta clase se describe en la sección siguiente.
La calificación del cartografiado da como resultado la sugerencia de la probabilidad de realizar la ablación con éxito en ese sitio (A = éxito muy probable y D = éxito menos probable):
(a) La identificación de una vía re-entrante típica en el cartografiado de la VT con una vía lenta común, identificable - Calidad A;
(b) La identificación de un sitio con un índice de correlación superior al 90% en el mapa de estimulación - Calidad B;
(c) La identificación de un sitio donde la VT finalizó con un estímulo prematuro sin captura - Calidad C; y
(d) La identificación de mapas de potencial previo registrados durante la VT, que son similares a mapas de potencial diastólico registradas durante el ritmo sinusal - Calidad D.
4. Procesador integrado (imagen y eléctrico) y dispositivo de presentación
El dispositivo de salida utilizará una pantalla de ordenador o una unidad generadora de imágenes holográficas que se actualizará sobre una base de latido a latido. La salida incluirá la siguiente información: superpuesta sobre la imagen básica, la posición del catéter se representará como un símbolo en la pared ventricular. Los mapas se trazarán y dispondrán sobre la misma imagen.
El dispositivo de salida en el modo de adquisición de mapa guiado marcaría, sobre la imagen de la pared ventricular el siguiente mejor sitio para posicionar el catéter con el fin de adquirir información de ECG basándose en los resultados del análisis previo.
5. Cartografiado mediante catéter localizable y catéteres de ablación
Los catéteres utilizados para el cartografiado son críticos para el invento. Los catéteres tienen una punta localizable, perceptora y/o de ablación. Para la localización mediante el empleo de campos electromagnéticos, la localización de la punta del catéter se consigue merced a una antena dispuesta en la punta del catéter, con una alimentación de antena guiada en el catéter o a lo largo de él. Puede utilizarse una antena eléctrica (dipolo) o una antena magnética (bucle). La antena puede ser hecha funcionar como antena de transmisión o como antena de recepción, funcionando las antenas extracorpóreas situadas en la superficie de la piel, correspondientemente, como antenas de recepción o antenas de transmisión. Dada una propagación multi-vía entre la punta del catéter y las antenas externas, puede calcularse la trayectoria entre las antenas pertinentes gracias a una técnica adecuada de multifrecuencia o de banda ancha. Es posible, también, emplear el método de localización utilizando ondas acústicas. El problema del contraste del tejido biológico es significativamente menos crítico cuando se utilizan ondas acústicas que en el caso de la realización electromagnética. Sin embargo, el problema de la propagación multi-vía en el caso de las ondas acústicas será mayor para esta realización en virtud de la menor atenuación ofrecida por el tejido biológico. No obstante, ambos problemas pueden resolverse en la forma descrita en lo que antecede en conexión con la realización electromagnética.
Como antena en la punta del catéter puede utilizarse un elemento piezoeléctrico de cerámica o polímero. Debido a las elevadas amplitudes de las señales de transmisión, en el caso de localización acústica, se prefiere que la antena del catéter funcione como antena de recepción. Dado que las vías de transmisión son mutuamente recíprocas, los resultados de la localización son equivalentes dada la inversión de la dirección de transmisión.
El perceptor de la punta del catéter se construye en relación con la propiedad a percibir y la interacción con las ondas de campo para localización. Por ejemplo, un electrodo de metal para conducir la actividad eléctrica local puede interaccionar con técnicas de localización que hagan uso de ondas electromagnéticas. Este problema puede resolverse, en la realización preferida, utilizando conductores de materiales compuestos.
La puerta de alimentación en la punta del catéter está diseñada teniendo en cuenta la característica de la energía a alimentar. En la presente realización, la puerta de alimentación es el electrodo perceptor y puede funcionar como electrodo para percibir actividad eléctrica o como antena para alimentar energía de radiofrecuencia a fin de realizar la ablación de tejido en estrecho contacto con la puerta de alimentación.
El invento se puede comprender mejor, quizás, haciendo referencia a los dibujos. La Fig. 1 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático para ilustrar la adquisición de la imagen básica. Mediante el uso de un ecocardiógrafo transesofágico (1) en la realización preferida, se adquiere una imagen en múltiples planos de las cámaras cardiacas, antes del estudio del cartografiado. La imagen solamente se adquiere durante un tiempo fiducial en el transcurso del ciclo cardíaco. En la realización preferida, la imagen se adquiere al final de la diástole (2). Se reconstruye una imagen tridimensional de las cámaras cardiacas que indica la morfología endocardial y la situación de los catéteres de referencia dentro de la cámara cardiaca (3).
La Fig. 2 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático para ilustrar el algoritmo computerizado para el cartografiado de la activación endocardial (utilizado durante el cartografiado del ritmo sinusal y durante el cartografiado de la taquicardia ventricular). Un indicador visible o audible señala el inicio de una adquisición de punto de datos (4). Se adquieren datos para cada punto del mapa a partir de dos fuentes. El catéter se encuentra en contacto uniforme y estable con el endocardio. Se localiza (5) la punta del catéter de cartografiado. La localización de la punta del catéter supone la localización de los tres catéteres de referencia (7). Todas las señales de localización se sincronizan con el fin de la diástole (8). Se calcula (9) la transformación de los tres catéteres de referencia en relación con su posición original en la imagen básica y se aplican los valores de transformación en los ejes X, Y y Z, así como los tres movimientos de orientación, a la situación medida del catéter de cartografiado/ablación (10), cuya corrección proporciona la posición del catéter de cartografiado/ablación con respecto a la imagen básica (11). La activación eléctrica adquirida con la punta del catéter de cartografiado/ablación es analizada en el procesador (6) de señales electrofisiológicas. El electrograma local (12), una vez filtrado, es analizado para detectar la activación local (14) (mediante una o más de las técnicas de establecimiento de amplitud, pendiente y plantilla, o mediante detección manual por parte del usuario). El intervalo transcurrido desde el fin de la diástole previo hasta la presente activación local, es el tiempo de activación local (T, 15). La asociación de la posición del perceptor con el tiempo de activación genera un único punto de datos para el mapa de activación (16). El proceso de adquisición de datos puede ser terminado por el usuario, o puede ser evaluado por el algoritmo (17) para "evaluar mapa de activación", que examina el mapa de activación ya adquirido para la densidad de información relacionada con el gradiente espacial de los tiempos de activación. Este algoritmo puede indicar el siguiente sitio preferible para detección (18) del tiempo de activación. El catéter debe ser movido por el usuario al nuevo sitio, y el proceso de cartografiado continúa.
Durante una VT se determina un punto de datos aproximadamente cada 4 a 6 latidos. Así, cada minuto se pueden determinar, aproximadamente, de 15 a 25, típicamente unos 20, puntos de datos. Este factor, combinado con el resto del sistema descrito en este documento, permite lograr un cartografiado más rápido.
La Fig. 3 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático para ilustrar el algoritmo de topo-estimulación computerizado. Un indicador visible o audible señala el inicio de la adquisición (20) de un punto de datos. Los datos se adquieren, para cada punto del mapa, a partir de dos fuentes. El catéter de cartografiado/ablación se encuentra en contacto uniforme y estable con el endocardio, y se localiza (21) la punta del catéter de cartografiado/ablación. La localización de la punta del catéter supone la localización de los tres catéteres de referencia (22). Todas las señales de localización se sincronizan con el fin de la diástole (23). Se calcula (24) la transformación de los tres catéteres de referencia en relación con su posición original en la imagen básica y se aplican los valores de transformación en los ejes X, Y y Z, así como los tres movimientos de orientación, a la situación medida del catéter de cartografiado (25), cuya corrección proporciona la posición del catéter de cartografiado/ablación con respecto a la imagen básica (26). El ECG adquirido desde la superficie del cuerpo se analiza en el procesador (22) de señales electrofisiológicas, de acuerdo con el algoritmo de topo-estimulación. La asociación de la posición del electrodo de estimulación con el índice de correlación cruzada (ACI, 28) del sitio, proporciona un único punto de datos del mapa (29) de estimulación. El proceso de adquisición de datos puede ser terminado por el usuario o puede ser evaluado por el algoritmo (30) "evaluar mapa de estimulación", que examina el mapa de activación ya adquirido en cuanto a la densidad de información relativa al gradiente espacial del índice de correlación cruzada, así como a la presencia de puntos máximos circunscritos en el mapa. Este algoritmo puede indicar el siguiente sitio preferible para estimulación (31). El catéter debe ser desplazado por el usuario al nuevo sitio, el corazón debe ser estimulado desde ese nuevo sitio y ha de calcularse el índice de correlación cruzada asociado.
La Fig. 4 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático para ilustrar la configuración (45) del dispositivo de salida de la presente realización. Se presenta una imagen casi estática de las cámaras cardiacas (40) como reconstrucción tridimensional de una imagen básica (41) adquirida antes del estudio o durante el mismo. Sobre la imagen (40) se superpondrán la posición del catéter (42) de cartografiado/ablación, las posiciones de los catéteres de referencia (43) y la información, corriente y previa, adquirida a partir del estudio (44) de cartografiado. Esta información puede incluir, cuando sea apropiado, los tiempos de activación (presentados mediante el empleo de un código de colores en cada sitio de adquisición) o el índice de correlación cruzada para cada punto del mapa de estimulación. Además, el mapa puede representar, mediante el código de colores, la duración de los electrogramas locales, la presencia de actividad fragmentada, así como diversas otras variables calculadas mediante el procesador electrofisiológico.
La Fig. 5 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático que ilustra el instrumento mientras está siendo utilizado para el cartografiado de una VT. Como se muestra, se introduce un catéter (51) en la cámara cardiaca (52) del cuerpo de un paciente. El catéter (51) tiene una antena (53) en su punta, que es alimentada con energía por un transmisor (54). La antena transmisora (53) puede ser, por ejemplo, un dipolo. El receptor (55) está previsto para localizar la posición de la punta (53). Un receptor (55) recibe las ondas electromagnéticas generadas por la antena (53) merced a una pluralidad de antenas receptoras (58a, 58b y 58c) situadas en la superficie (57) del cuerpo del paciente. Un perceptor (59) situado en la punta del catéter recibe la actividad eléctrica local del músculo de la cámara cardiaca. Las señales procedentes del electrodo perceptor (59) son alimentadas a un procesador (60) de señales electrofisiológicas, que calcula el retardo de tiempo de activación local restando el tiempo de activación local absoluto del tiempo de referencia absoluto medido a partir del electrograma (61) de la superficie del cuerpo del presente ciclo cardiaco. Un dispositivo de presentación (66) permite la representación visual de los tiempos de activación local en la posición de la punta del catéter, como se ha descrito en lo que antecede, por ejemplo, por superposición con una imagen de ultrasonidos que muestre la arquitectura de la cámara cardiaca. Las señales procedentes del receptor (55) y la salida del procesador (60) de señales electrofisiológicas, se alimentan a un procesador (69) de señales que construye una imagen del mapa de tiempos de activación.
La información relacionada con la arquitectura de la cámara cardiaca es suministrada al procesador (69) de señales a través de una entrada (70) separada. Las imágenes se superponen y se visualizan en el dispositivo de presentación (66). Como se ha hecho notar en lo que antecede, el transmisor y el receptor pueden ser un transmisor o un receptor de ultrasonidos, en lugar de ser dispositivos de funcionamiento electromagnético.
La Fig. 6 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático que ilustra el instrumento mientras está siendo utilizado para la topo-estimulación. Los métodos de localización de las puntas de los catéteres que se siguen en este ejemplo son similares a los representados en la Fig. 5. Se disponen polos de estimulación (81) en la punta del catéter y se les conecta con una fuente de marcapasos (82). La fuente de marcapasos, activada por el usuario o por el procesador (84) de señales electrofisiológicas, activa el corazón empezando en el sitio de contacto de éste con los polos de estimulación. Simultáneamente, se salva el ECG (83) adquirido y se le somete a tratamiento en el procesador (84) de señales electrofisiológicas. Se lleva a cabo un análisis de correlación cruzada en el procesador (84) de señales y el índice de correlación cruzada (ACI) resultante es transmitido a la unidad de presentación y asociado con la posición de la punta del catéter, para superponerla sobre la imagen de la cámara cardiaca en el lugar apropiado.
La Fig. 7 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático para ilustrar el algoritmo utilizado para calcular el índice de correlación cruzada mientras se lleva a cabo la topo-estimulación. Los datos del ECG desde la superficie del cuerpo se adquieren en dos etapas. En primer lugar, durante una VT espontánea o inducida y, en segundo lugar, durante la estimulación del endocardio en distintos puntos. Las señales que representan los datos del ECG adquiridos durante la VT se promedian y se construye una plantilla (T_{ch}, para cada canal registrado). Durante la estimulación endocardial, se adquieren los datos del ECG y se adquiere el mismo número de latidos (N) para calcular la señal promediada QRS (P_{ch}, para cada canal registrado). El algoritmo calcula entonces el desfase entre P_{ch} y T_{ch} que proporciona, para el primer canal, la correlación cruzada máxima. Este desplazamiento en el tiempo se utiliza para desplazar los canales restantes y calcular la correlación cruzada para ellos. Se resumen y almacenan todas las correlaciones cruzadas para todos los canales. El algoritmo emplea entonces el siguiente canal registrado para calcular el desplazamiento en el tiempo que provocará la correlación cruzada máxima en este canal. Ahora, se aplica este desplazamiento en el tiempo para todas las correlaciones cruzadas entre P_{ch} y T_{ch} y, de nuevo, se resumen todas las correlaciones cruzadas. Este procedimiento se repite para todos los canales y se utiliza la correlación cruzada máxima como valor de correlación cruzada de T_{ch} y P_{ch} en este sitio del endocardio.
La Fig. 8 es un diagrama esquemático que ilustra un catéter (90) utilizado para el cartografiado de arritmias. La punta distal (91) del catéter tiene un material conductor en su superficie exterior que constituye el polo (92) de percepción/estimulación conectado al conductor (93). En estrecha proximidad con el polo (92), pero separado por un material aislante (94), se encuentra el polo (95), que comprende un anillo conductor conectado al conductor (96). La antena receptora (97) del dispositivo localizador está dispuesta dentro de la punta (91) del catéter, con al menos dos conductores (98) y (99). Por lo menos cuatro conexiones eléctricas, correspondientes a los conductores (93), (96), (98) y (99), salen del catéter: dos para los dos polos conductores de los polos de percepción/estimulación y, al menos, dos para la antena del dispositivo localizador.
Aunque también podrían utilizarse una multitud de catéteres (91) como catéteres de referencia, un catéter (no mostrado) dotado de solamente la antena receptora con los conductores (98, 99), podría funcionar en forma adecuada. Asimismo, un catéter de cartografiado/ablación (no mostrado) podría tener una estructura similar a la del catéter (90) con una luz o con una estructura o con conductores adicionales para conducir o transmitir energía de ablación.
En la Fig. 9 se representa una realización alternativa. En esta realización, la antena (101) está conectada a un receptor (102) y las antenas (103a), (103b) y (103c), situadas en la superficie (57) del cuerpo, son antenas transmisoras. El transmisor (105) transmite señales a las antenas transmisoras (103a), (103b) y (103c). Por lo demás, el método es idéntico al descrito en relación con la Fig. 5. La realización de la Fig. 9 puede llevarse a la práctica, también, utilizando componentes de transmisión y de recepción acústicos, en lugar de componentes de transmisión y de recepción electromagnéticos.
La Fig. 10 describe una realización preferida de un método para conseguir la correspondencia tridimensional apropiada de la posición de la punta del catéter y la imagen de la cámara cardiaca. Tres catéteres de referencia localizables (110), (111), (112), como se ha descrito en las secciones previas de esta exposición, se implantan en posiciones fijas en el corazón, por ejemplo en el vértice ventricular derecho, el apéndice atrial derecho, y la arteria pulmonar a la altura de la válvula pulmonar, respectivamente. La metodología es similar a la descrita con anterioridad. La localización de estos tres catéteres de referencia es utilizada por el procesador (69) de señales para conseguir una correspondencia tridimensional apropiada de la imagen de la cámara cardiaca y la posición del catéter de cartografiado.
En una realización del invento, el procedimiento de cartografiado puede ejecutarse en la forma siguiente:
1. Introducción de más de dos catéteres de referencia (localizables) en posiciones fijas en el corazón.
2. Adquisición de una "imagen básica" merced a una modalidad de generación de imágenes tal como un ecocardiograma o generación de imágenes MR (resonancia magnética). La imagen se obtiene y se reconstruye en 3 dimensiones al final de la diástole.
3. Introducción del catéter de cartografiado/ablación (localizable) y posicionamiento del catéter en la región en que se sospecha, según la morfología de la VT, que está incluido el "sitio activo".
4. Cartografiado del ritmo sinusal para construir mapas de activación del ritmo sinusal y mapas isócronos de potencial diastólico.
5. Topo-estimulación:
(a) Construcción del mapa ACI.
(b) Construcción del mapa de latencia local.
6. Cartografiado de la VT
(a) Cartografiado de activación: Construcción del mapa de activación durante la VT.
(b) Mapa isócrono de potenciales previos
(c) Aplicación de extraestímulos durante la VT
7. Ablación
(a) Detección de la posición óptima de ablación a partir de los datos adquiridos mediante el cartografiado anterior.
(b) Posicionamiento del catéter de cartografiado/ablación por encima del sitio endocardial;
(c) Medición de la función contráctil sistólica en ese sitio;
(d) Alimentación de energía de ablación al sitio preferido;
(e) Repetición de la operación (c).
Como puede apreciarse, el procedimiento de cartografiado en conjunto para determinar un "sitio activo" es complicado e incluye varias fases, ninguna de las cuales es obligatoria. Dependiendo de los resultados obtenidos en cada fase, puede continuarse el cartografiado.
Aspectos específicos del procedimiento pueden llevarse a cabo en la secuencia siguiente:
Mediante acceso percutáneo por vía venosa, se introducen tres catéteres de referencia en el corazón y/o en los grandes vasos. Los tres catéteres de referencia se posicionan de modo que las respectivas puntas distales estén separadas en, al menos, 2 cm, preferiblemente entre 4 y 8 cm. Luego, se reconstruye una imagen tridimensional de la cámara que interesa utilizando, por ejemplo, ultrasonografía transesofágica. Entonces, se marcan las posiciones de las puntas distales de los catéteres de referencia.
A través de otra puerta de acceso vascular, se introduce un catéter de cartografiado/ablación hasta el área de interés y, luego, se registran tanto la posición de su punta distal como la actividad eléctrica percibida. La posición del catéter de cartografiado/ablación se mide con relación a la posición de los catéteres de referencia.
En una realización modificada de este invento, el mapa previamente descrito puede superponerse sobre la imagen del órgano cartografiado.
Una vez que el operador ha identificado un sitio activo, se posiciona el catéter de cartografiado/ablación de forma que el sitio activo pueda ser sometido a ablación. La ablación se realiza con energía de radiofrecuencia. Podrían utilizarse otros métodos conocidos (por ejemplo, láser, crioterapia, microondas, etc.).
Aunque los expertos en la técnica pueden sugerir modificaciones y cambios, la intención del inventor es incorporar dentro del alcance de la patente solicitada todos aquellos cambios y modificaciones que, razonable y apropiadamente, puedan considerarse comprendidos dentro del alcance de su contribución a la técnica.

Claims (6)

1. Un aparato para cartografiar una cámara cardiaca, que comprende:
un catéter (51) que tiene una antena receptora (101) en su punta para recibir ondas electromagnéticas o acústicas y para localizar la posición de la punta en respuesta a las ondas electromagnéticas o acústicas, y un perceptor (59) en la punta para recibir la actividad eléctrica local del músculo de la cámara cardiaca; y
un procesador (69) de señales para determinar un tiempo de activación local basándose en la actividad eléctrica local recibida por el perceptor en múltiples posiciones de la punta del catéter, con el fin de construir una imagen de un mapa de tiempos de activación;
caracterizándose el aparato por una pluralidad de antenas transmisoras situadas en una superficie (57) del cuerpo, para generar las ondas electromagnéticas o acústicas.
2. Aparato de acuerdo con la reivindicación 1, que comprende un dispositivo de presentación (66) para visualizar una representación de los tiempos de activación local en las posiciones de la punta del catéter.
3. Aparato de acuerdo con la reivindicación 2, en el que el dispositivo de presentación muestra una imagen de ultrasonidos del corazón en superposición con la representación visual de los tiempos de activación local en las posiciones de la punta del catéter.
4. Aparato de acuerdo con cualquiera de las reivindicaciones precedentes, y que comprende una pluralidad de catéteres de referencia rastreables para introducirlos en el corazón, con el fin de alinear una posición de la cámara cardiaca con relación a una imagen de la misma.
5. Aparato de acuerdo con cualquiera de las reivindicaciones precedentes, en el que el catéter comprende una puerta de alimentación, en la punta del catéter, para suministrar energía con el fin de someter a ablación a un tejido del corazón.
6. Aparato de acuerdo con la reivindicación 7, en el que la energía comprende energía de radiofrecuencia, y en el que el catéter comprende un electrodo en la punta del catéter, que sirve tanto de perceptor como de puerta de alimentación.
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US5391199A (en) 1995-02-21
US5546951A (en) 1996-08-20
JPH08504653A (ja) 1996-05-21
EP0679068B1 (en) 2005-03-16
CA2144946C (en) 2004-03-23
EP0679068A4 (en) 1998-03-11
US5480422A (en) 1996-01-02
DE69434296T2 (de) 2006-06-08
ATE290818T1 (de) 2005-04-15
PT679068E (pt) 2005-07-29
US5840025A (en) 1998-11-24
AU692789B2 (en) 1998-06-18
DK0679068T3 (da) 2005-07-11
US5443489A (en) 1995-08-22
US5568809A (en) 1996-10-29
EP0679068A1 (en) 1995-11-02
CA2144946A1 (en) 1995-02-02
WO1995002995A1 (en) 1995-02-02
US5713946A (en) 1998-02-03
AU7372394A (en) 1995-02-20
JP4040672B2 (ja) 2008-01-30
DE69434296D1 (de) 2005-04-21

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