ES2240964T3 - Aparato y metodo para tratar arritmias cardiacas. - Google Patents
Aparato y metodo para tratar arritmias cardiacas.Info
- Publication number
- ES2240964T3 ES2240964T3 ES94922710T ES94922710T ES2240964T3 ES 2240964 T3 ES2240964 T3 ES 2240964T3 ES 94922710 T ES94922710 T ES 94922710T ES 94922710 T ES94922710 T ES 94922710T ES 2240964 T3 ES2240964 T3 ES 2240964T3
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
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- A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
- A61B5/318—Heart-related electrical modalities, e.g. electrocardiography [ECG]
- A61B5/346—Analysis of electrocardiograms
- A61B5/349—Detecting specific parameters of the electrocardiograph cycle
- A61B5/363—Detecting tachycardia or bradycardia
-
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- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
- A61B18/1492—Probes or electrodes therefor having a flexible, catheter-like structure, e.g. for heart ablation
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- A61B18/24—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser the beam being directed along or through a flexible conduit, e.g. an optical fibre; Couplings or hand-pieces therefor with a catheter
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- A61B2017/00022—Sensing or detecting at the treatment site
- A61B2017/00039—Electric or electromagnetic phenomena other than conductivity, e.g. capacity, inductivity, Hall effect
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- A61B2017/00238—Type of minimally invasive operation
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- A61B2034/2063—Acoustic tracking systems, e.g. using ultrasound
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- A61B90/36—Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for
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- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
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- A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
- A61B5/318—Heart-related electrical modalities, e.g. electrocardiography [ECG]
- A61B5/346—Analysis of electrocardiograms
- A61B5/349—Detecting specific parameters of the electrocardiograph cycle
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/362—Heart stimulators
- A61N1/3621—Heart stimulators for treating or preventing abnormally high heart rate
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/362—Heart stimulators
- A61N1/3627—Heart stimulators for treating a mechanical deficiency of the heart, e.g. congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Pathology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
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- Cardiology (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
- Otolaryngology (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Robotics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Surgical Instruments (AREA)
- Measurement And Recording Of Electrical Phenomena And Electrical Characteristics Of The Living Body (AREA)
- Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
- Laser Surgery Devices (AREA)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Un aparato para cartografiar una cámara cardiaca, que comprende: un catéter (51) que tiene una antena receptora (101) en su punta para recibir ondas electromagnéticas o acústicas y para localizar la posición de la punta en respuesta a las ondas electromagnéticas o acústicas, y un perceptor (59) en la punta para recibir la actividad eléctrica local del músculo de la cámara cardiaca; y un procesador (69) de señales para determinar un tiempo de activación local basándose en la actividad eléctrica local recibida por el perceptor en múltiples posiciones de la punta del catéter, con el fin de construir una imagen de un mapa de tiempos de activación; caracterizándose el aparato por una pluralidad de antenas transmisoras situadas en una superficie (57) del cuerpo, para generar las ondas electromagnéticas o acústicas.
Description
Aparato y método para tratar arritmias
cardíacas.
Este invento se refiere a un aparato para tratar
una arritmia cardiaca tal como la taquicardia ventricular. Más
particularmente, este invento se refiere a un aparato mejorado,
merced al cual se consigue la identificación más rápida de un sitio
activo en donde ha de realizarse la ablación.
Las arritmias cardiacas son la primera causa de
fallecimientos en los EE.UU. La arritmia cardiaca más común es la
taquicardia ventricular (VT), es decir, la aparición de
contracciones muy rápidas e inútiles del músculo cardiaco. La VT
causa la muerte de unas 10.000 personas anualmente.
En los EE.UU., se diagnostican anualmente de
34.000 a 84.000 nuevos pacientes. A los pacientes se les diagnostica
la VT después de (1) sobrevivir a una reanimación con éxito tras un
episodio abortado de muerte súbita (corrientemente del 25 al 33% de
los casos de muerte súbita) o (2) un síncope, es decir, una pérdida
temporal de consciencia provocada por una circulación cerebral
insuficiente. Se espera que el número de pacientes de VT aumente en
el futuro, llegando según las estimaciones a entre 61.000 y 121.000
pacientes anualmente en cinco años, como resultado de la detección
precoz de pacientes con riesgo de sufrir una muerte súbita, gracias
a las pruebas cardiacas recién desarrolladas, a los avances
conseguidos en la reanimación cardiopulmonar, a la mejor gestión
médica de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio y al
desplazamiento demográfico hacia una población envejecida.
Si no reciben un tratamiento apropiado, la
esperanza de vida para la mayoría de los pacientes a los que se les
ha diagnosticado una VT, no es de más de dos años. El tratamiento
médico más frecuente en la actualidad consiste en la administración
de determinados medicamentos antiarrítmicos o en la implantación de
un desfibrilador cardiaco automático, implantable (AICD). El
tratamiento con fármacos está asociado con una esperanza media de
vida de 3,2 años, una probabilidad del 30% de sufrir efectos
secundarios debilitantes, y un coste medio de, aproximadamente,
88.000 \textdollar por paciente. En contraste, la implantación de
un AICD se asocia con una esperanza de vida de 5,1 años, un 4% de
probabilidades de sufrir complicaciones fatales y un coste de,
aproximadamente, 121.000 \textdollar por paciente.
En la mayoría de los pacientes, la VT origina una
lesión de entre 1 y 2 mm que se sitúa cerca de la superficie
interna de la cámara cardiaca. Un tratamiento de la VT en uso desde
1981 consiste en un método por el que se cartografían trayectorias
eléctricas del corazón para localizar la lesión, es decir, "el
sitio activo" y, luego, se somete a ablación físicamente al sitio
activo. En la mayoría de los casos, el cartografiado y la ablación
se realizan mientras el tórax y el corazón del paciente están
abiertos. Igualmente, el procedimiento de cartografiado se ha
llevado a cabo moviendo en secuencia un catéter o sonda de registro
eléctrico portátil sobre el corazón y registrando los tiempos de
llegada de los impulsos eléctricos a lugares específicos. Estos
procedimientos son largos y tediosos.
Los intentos para destruir, es decir, someter a
ablación, la lesión crítica tienen mucho éxito en la actualidad
pero, corrientemente, están limitados a un pequeño número de
pacientes que pueden soportar un procedimiento prolongado durante
el que han de mantenerse en condiciones de VT durante períodos de
tiempo casi intolerables. La parte que más tiempo lleva del
tratamiento es la de localización, es decir, la identificación, del
sitio donde se encuentra la lesión objetivo, que ha de ser sometida
a ablación. Otra limitación que impide el uso extendido de la
ablación por catéter de la VT es la mala resolución que se obtiene
en la localización del objetivo, lo que a su vez lleva al médico a
someter a ablación a una región grande del corazón del paciente. La
reducción que se observa en la función cardiaca como consecuencia de
dicha ablación resulta perjudicial para la mayoría de los pacientes
que ya sufren de un daño cardiaco anterior. Sin embargo, una vez
que el objetivo ha sido identificado correctamente, la ablación
tiene éxito en casi todos los pacientes.
Un procedimiento mejorado para el tratamiento de
la VT debe incluir una técnica más rápida, más eficaz y más precisa
para identificar o "cartografiar" la secuencia de activación
eléctrica del corazón con el fin de localizar el sitio activo.
En los reconocimientos electrofisiológicos y, en
particular, en aquellos que suponen el uso de técnicas invasivas,
con frecuencia se utiliza el denominado cartografiado por
activación eléctrica, en combinación con transiluminación con rayos
X. Se detecta la actividad eléctrica local en un sitio dentro de la
cámara cardiaca del paciente empleando un catéter dirigible, cuya
posición se garantiza mediante imágenes obtenidas por
transiluminación, en las que no es visible la cámara cardiaca. El
tiempo de activación eléctrica local, medido como el tiempo que
transcurre desde un evento de tiempo de referencia común del ciclo
cardiaco hasta un punto fiducial durante la sístole eléctrica,
representa la información local necesaria para construir el punto de
datos del mapa de activación en un solo lugar. Para generar un mapa
detallado de activación del corazón, se muestrean varios puntos de
datos. El catéter es desplazado a una posición diferente dentro de
la cámara cardiaca y se adquiere de nuevo la activación eléctrica,
el catéter es retratado repetidamente en las imágenes obtenidas por
transiluminación y se determina su situación. Corrientemente, la
situación del catéter se determina cualitativamente o
semi-cualitativamente clasificando la situación del
catéter de acuerdo con una de varias situaciones predeterminadas.
Además, el método de transiluminación para localizar el catéter no
aporta información relativa a la arquitectura de la cámara
cardiaca.
La presente técnica exige el uso de medios de
transiluminación durante cada uno de los usos subsiguientes del
catéter. Esto quiere decir que, si la localización subsiguiente del
catéter se obtiene mediante radiación ionizante, el paciente y el
médico pueden verse sometidos a una exposición a la radiación que
supera la que sería necesaria para obtener, solamente, la imagen
básica de la arquitectura de la cámara cardiaca.
Un catéter que puede localizarse en un paciente
empleando un transmisor de ultrasonidos previsto en el catéter, se
describe en la patente norteamericana núm. 4.697.595 y en el
trabajo "Catéter marcado por ultrasonidos; un método para la
identificación ecográfica positiva de la posición de un catéter",
de Breyer y otros, en Medical and Biological Engineering and
Computing, de Mayo de 1985, págs. 268-271. También,
en la patente norteamericana núm. 5.042.486 se describe un catéter
que puede localizarse en un paciente empleando campos no ionizantes
y superponiendo la posición del catéter en una imagen radiológica,
previamente obtenida, de un vaso sanguíneo. En ninguna de estas
referencias se contiene descripción alguna acerca de la adquisición
de información local, particularmente con activación eléctrica del
corazón, mediante la punta localizable del catéter ni de la posible
superposición de esta información local así adquirida en otras
imágenes, particularmente con una imagen de la cámara cardiaca. El
documento US-A-5.222.501 describe un
aparato de acuerdo con el preámbulo de la reivindicación 1.
Un objeto del presente invento es proporcionar un
aparato alternativo para la visualización permanente del catéter
durante la realización de procedimientos de cartografiado haciendo
uso de rayos, ondas o campos no ionizantes, con la ventaja
consiguiente de una exposición limitada a la radiación por parte del
paciente y del médico.
Estos y otros objetos del invento resultarán más
evidentes a partir de la descripción que sigue.
La Fig. 1 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático
para adquirir una imagen básica;
la Fig. 2 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático
que representa un algoritmo de cartografiado endocardial
computerizado;
la Fig. 3 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático
que representa un algoritmo de topo-estimulación
computerizado;
la Fig. 4 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático
que representa la configuración de un dispositivo de salida de una
realización del invento;
la Fig. 5 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático
para ilustrar el catéter de cartografiado con el perceptor en su
punta y un método de localización que hace uso de una antena
transmisora en la punta del catéter;
la Fig. 6 es un diagrama de bloques
esquemático;
la Fig. 7 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático
que representa el algoritmo utilizado para calcular el índice de
correlación cruzada mientras se realiza la
topo-estimulación;
la Fig. 8 es un diagrama que representa un
catéter utilizado para el cartografiado de arritmias; y
las Figs. 9 y 10 son, cada una, un diagrama de
bloques esquemático, que representa un aspecto del invento.
El invento se define en la reivindicación 1.
Cualesquiera realizaciones que estén en contradicción con el objeto
de la reivindicación 1, en particular las realizaciones de las
figuras 5 y 6, no forman parte del invento.
Los anteriores objetos del invento se consiguen
mediante un aparato para generar, en tiempo real, imágenes de un
catéter en la cámara cardiaca, que hace uso de un transmisor de
ondas acústicas o electromagnéticas, siendo adquiridas estas ondas
por una antena receptora y siendo convertidas en señales eléctricas
de imagen. La imagen del catéter puede superponerse, entonces, sobre
una imagen de la cámara cardiaca que represente la arquitectura de
las paredes obtenida merced a los mismos o a otros medios
generadores de imágenes. La punta del catéter lleva la antena
receptora y las antenas aplicadas por el exterior son las antenas
transmisoras. El perceptor de la punta del catéter está diseñado
para adquirir la información de interés, y la adquisición de datos
relativos a la actividad local en lugares localizados por los
métodos de seguimiento se utiliza para cartografiar el órgano que se
estudia.
La tecnología electromagnética o acústica
conocida, antes mencionada, permite la obtención sencilla de
imágenes del catéter, ya que éste se diferencia notablemente de su
entorno (tejido biológico) en lo que respecta a la interacción de
los rayos X. La técnica de localización del catéter puede emplearse
con un método de generación de imágenes y con un correspondiente
sistema de generación de imágenes en tiempo real, que haga uso de
radiación no ionizante. La imagen (no de rayos X) que muestra el
catéter puede combinarse con una imagen que represente la
arquitectura de la cámara cardiaca obtenida en forma apropiada. Se
supera así el problema relacionado con el exceso de exposición a la
radiación; sin embargo, las exigencias impuestas sobre el sistema
generador de imágenes no ionizante, en cuanto a sus posibilidades de
aplicación y resolución, son bastante rigurosas.
Por tanto, otra posibilidad es emplear el campo
no ionizante como parte del método de localización, en lugar de un
método de generación de imágenes. Los métodos de localización
difieren de los métodos de generación de imágenes en lo siguiente:
los métodos de generación de imágenes se utilizan, principalmente
para visualizar correctamente, desde el punto de vista tópico, y
para resolver un número de sujetos o de puntos de un sujeto en una
imagen dentro de límites específicos. Esta propiedad es conocida
como capacidad para localizar múltiples blancos en la tecnología del
radar y no se encuentra en los métodos de localización. Los métodos
de localización sólo funcionan de forma precisa y sin ambigüedades
en el caso en que haya de visualizarse, es decir, localizarse, un
único objeto. Como ejemplo, la punta del catéter es un punto que
constituye un sujeto adecuado. La ventaja del método de localización
es que pueden utilizarse campos de ondas en los que la longitud de
onda empleada, definida por la velocidad de fase y la frecuencia
del medio circundante (tejido), puede ser relativamente alta, y no
es necesario que tenga un orden de magnitud requerido por la
precisión de la localización. Como es sabido, el alcance disminuye
mucho al aumentar la frecuencia para ondas no ionizantes dadas,
tales como ondas electromagnéticas y ondas acústicas.
Es posible, por tanto, dado el uso de un método
de localización, emplear longitudes de onda relativamente grandes
y, por tanto, frecuencias más bajas. Además, el coste para la
abertura y el ancho de señal es mucho menor en los métodos de
localización que en los de generación de imágenes, particularmente
en vista de la densidad de ocupación espacial (abertura) y
espectral (señal). Basta con hacer que el punto sujeto se sitúe en
interacción con sólo unos pocos puntos de soporte de apertura
extracorpóreos, por ejemplo, de tres a cinco transmisores o
receptores, dadas una pocas frecuencias discretas, por ejemplo de
tres a cinco frecuencias. Sobre la base de esta interacción, los
alcances o las diferencias de alcance con referencia a la posición
del sujeto y los diversos puntos de soporte de apertura, cuya
combinación proporciona una identificación posicional
(localización) exacta y carente de ambigüedades del posible punto
sujeto, se determinan midiendo las relaciones de fase o la
relaciones entre tiempos de transmisión. El punto sujeto, es decir,
la punta del catéter, debe marcarse, con este fin, de manera
adecuada.
Como es habitual en la tecnología de rastreo, es
necesario que la imagen del catéter y la imagen de la cámara
cardiaca se combinen una con otra según una correspondencia
tridimensional apropiada y, también, es necesario que la
arquitectura de la cámara cardiaca no se desplace ni se deforme
durante el tratamiento. Para corregir el desplazamiento de la
cámara cardiaca que tiene lugar durante el ciclo cardiaco, se
muestrea la situación del catéter en un único punto fiducial durante
el ciclo cardiaco. Con el fin de corregir el desplazamiento de la
cámara cardiaca que puede ocurrir debido a la respiración o a un
movimiento del paciente, se colocan, en puntos específicos de la
cámara cardiaca, un conjunto de más de dos catéteres localizables,
durante el procedimiento de cartografiado. La localización de estos
catéteres de referencia proporciona la información necesaria para
conseguir una correspondencia tridimensional apropiada entre la
imagen de la cámara cardiaca y la situación del catéter que se
cartografía.
Los principios anteriores pueden aplicarse para
el cartografiado de otras estructuras del cuerpo, por ejemplo, de
la vejiga urinaria, del cerebro o del tracto gastrointestinal.
Dependiendo de la técnica de examen, el catéter puede ser
sustituido por una aguja cuya punta constituya la puerta del
perceptor localizable.
Desde una perspectiva más amplia, el invento
abarca cuatro aspectos: el primero está dirigido al tratamiento de
la información sobre la localización; el segundo al tratamiento de
la información eléctrica percibida; el tercero a la integración de
la información previamente tratada; y el cuarto al tratamiento de
la información integrada para generar un mapa topográfico de la
variable percibida. Estos aspectos se describen en lo que sigue con
mayor detalle.
Los catéteres se introducirán por vía percutánea
en las cámaras cardiacas. Cada catéter podrá ser rastreado
(empleando la metodología previamente descrita). Preferiblemente se
dejarán tres catéteres de referencia en marcas de referencia
conocidas y se utilizará un cuarto catéter como catéter de
cartografiado/ablación. Las posiciones de los tres catéteres de
referencia se utilizarán para alinear la situación de la cámara
cardiaca en relación con su posición en la "imagen
básica".
Adquisición de imagen: Un método y un dispositivo
para adquirir imágenes de las cámaras cardiacas a partir de
modalidades disponibles de generación de imágenes (por ejemplo,
fluoroscopia, eco, MRI, etc.). La imagen debe adquirirse con
proyecciones suficientes (por ejemplo, fluoroscopia en dos planos,
varias secciones longitudinales o transversales de ecocardiografía)
para poder realizar reconstrucciones tridimensionales de la
morfología de las cámaras cardiacas.
Las imágenes se obtendrán en momentos específicos
durante el procedimiento de ablación: la imagen básica se registrará
al comienzo del procedimiento para permitir la determinación de la
anatomía de la cámara cardiaca y de las posiciones de los catéteres
de referencia en el corazón. Esta imagen se utilizará, después, como
fuente básica de información para describir la morfología de la
cámara cardiaca.
El procesador de localización y de imágenes
identifica (i) la situación de los límites de la cámara haciendo uso
de los métodos de mejora del borde y detección del mismo; (ii) las
posiciones de los catéteres con relación a los límites de la cámara,
e (iii) la dinámica de la morfología de la cámara en función del
ciclo cardiaco.
Analizando el desplazamiento de las puntas de los
catéteres durante el ciclo cardiaco, el procesador de imágenes
calculará el comportamiento regional durante la contracción del
corazón en un momento dado en el transcurso del procedimiento de
cartografiado/ablación. Esta información será utilizada para vigilar
las funciones contráctiles sistólicas antes y después del
procedimiento de ablación.
El procesador de localización identifica las
posiciones de los catéteres. Las posiciones de los catéteres de
referencia se utilizan para alinear la posición corriente de la
cámara cardiaca con la de la imagen básica. Una vez que los datos de
posición corriente están en alineación con la "imagen básica",
se identifica la situación del catéter de cartografiado y ablación y
se informa de ella.
El procesador de señales electrofisiológicas
adquirirá información de carácter eléctrico a partir de una o más de
las siguientes fuentes:
- A.
- gráficos de ECG (por exploración del gráfico);
- B.
- Registros de ECG desde la superficie del cuerpo, bien a partir de un sistema de 12 conductores (sistema de conductores ortogonales X, Y, Z) o bien a partir de una combinación modificada de otros puntos del torso del paciente; y
- C.
- Electrogramas intracardiacos, a partir del catéter de ablación/registro y/o a partir de una serie de catéteres fijos en el interior de las cámaras cardiacas.
En cada una de las etapas de
cartografiado/ablación, a saber, cartografiado del ritmo sinusal,
topo-estimulación y cartografiado de la VT, el
procesador EP determinará el tiempo de activación local con relación
a un punto fiducial en el tiempo. El tiempo de activación local
registrado en cada etapa proporcionará parte de la información
requerida para construir el mapa de activación (mapa isócrono).
El procesador electrofisiológico realizará,
también, las siguientes funciones de tratamiento de señales:
Se determina el sitio de origen más probable de
la arritmia del paciente basándose en las gráficas de ECG desde la
superficie del cuerpo durante una VT. Se detectará el sitio de
origen de la VT más probable analizando la morfología de eje y haz
del ECG y empleando el conocimiento actual de la correlación entre
la morfología de la VT y el sitio de origen de la VT.
Utilizando electrogramas intracardiacos
registrados a partir de la punta del catéter de cartografiado
durante el ritmo sinusal, el procesador de EP detectará y, luego,
medirá, el tiempo de ocurrencia de potenciales diastólicos
retardados. La detección de actividad diastólica tardía porque (1)
la señal de ECG cruce un valor de umbral durante la diástole; o (2)
generando un modelo de la actividad eléctrica en un sitio normal,
definido por el usuario, y comparando luego la señal resultante del
modelo con la señal real y estimando la diferencia respecto de la
actividad normal; o (3) empleando un filtro de paso de banda y
buscando actividades de alta frecuencia organizadas, específicas,
presentes durante la diástole; o (4) utilizando una función de
correlación cruzada y error para identificar la posición temporal de
una plantilla potencial retardada, definida por el usuario. Este
análisis se llevará a cabo sobre una base de latido a latido, y sus
resultados estarán disponibles para la siguiente etapa del
tratamiento de datos y estarán relacionados con el tiempo de
ocurrencia del potencial retardado.
En un "modo de
topo-estimulación", el procesador de ECG
adquirirá datos de ECG mientras el corazón del paciente es
estimulado por una fuente externa a un ritmo similar a la longitud
del ciclo de arritmia del paciente. Los datos de ECG serán obtenidos
a partir de los electrogramas de la superficie del cuerpo y la señal
se almacenará como un segmento de ECG con una longitud de varios
ciclos. La señal adquirida será sometida, entonces, a una
comparación automática con la señal de la VT propia del paciente
(véase la Fig. 7). La comparación entre la morfología de la arritmia
y la morfología por estimulación se llevará a cabo en dos etapas: En
primer lugar, se estimaría el desfase entre la señal modelo de VT y
la morfología de ECG con estimulación, empleando una correlación
cruzada máxima o un error mínimo para las dos señales. Luego,
utilizando este desfase estimado a partir de un canal de ECG de
índice, se medirá el parecido como la media de la correlación
cruzada o el cuadrado del error de las dos señales de todos los
canales registrados.
Este cálculo en dos etapas se repetirá en cada
ocasión utilizando un canal de ECG diferente como canal de índice,
para determinar el desfase.
Al término de este procedimiento, se informará al
operador del error mínimo o de la correlación cruzada máxima en la
forma de un valor de correlación cruzada (ACI) de este sitio con
estimulación.
El procesador de ECG medirá el estímulo para
activación ventricular. Se medirá la activación ventricular más
temprana a partir del primer instante de paso por cero de la señal
de primera derivada generada a partir de cada uno de los registros
de ECG desde la superficie del cuerpo adquiridos durante la
estimulación. Se informará al operador de este intervalo, que se
utilizará posteriormente en el proceso en el que se juzgará la
adecuabilidad del sitio para la ablación.
Durante una VT espontánea o inducida, el
procesador de ECG buscará un potencial previo presente en el
electrograma del electrodo de cartografiado/ablación. El potencial
se marcará automáticamente (merced a un método de cruce de umbral,
por filtrado de paso de banda o generando modelos del intervalo
diastólico normal y restando la plantilla de los registros de
intervalo diastólico reales) o manualmente, mediante el punto
fiducial definido por el usuario en la señal de potencial previo. El
procesador medirá el intervalo entre el tiempo de la señal de
potencial previo (PP) y el de la activación ventricular más temprana
(V), registrada a partir de las gráficas obtenidas a partir de la
superficie del cuerpo, y se calculará el intervalo y se informará de
él al usuario. El procesador de ECG informará sobre una base de
latido a latido del valor del intervalo PP-V.
Durante una VT, cuando al catéter de
cartografiado le llegarán extraestímulos prematuros, el procesador
de ECG detectará el instante de una única señal prematura alimentada
al catéter de cartografiado/ablación y la activación local más
temprana (juzgada por la presencia de actividad no diastólica
después de un intervalo predeterminado en el catéter de
cartografiado/ablación y la presencia de una configuración y un
valor diferentes de la morfología de señal en los electrogramas
obtenidos a partir de la superficie del cuerpo, en comparación con
su valor una longitud de ciclo antes de ese evento). La presencia de
actividad eléctrica en el electrodo de cartografiado/ablación y la
presencia de una forma alterada de la morfología de la superficie
del cuerpo, se denominará "latido capturado". En presencia a un
latido capturado, el procesador de ECG calculará los intervalos
entre el estímulo y la precedente activación ventricular más
temprana (denominados V-S) y el intervalo entre el
estímulo y la siguiente activación más temprana del ventrículo
(denominado S-V'). El procesador de ECG informará de
estos intervalos al usuario tras cada extraestímulo alimentado.
Asimismo, los intervalos V-S y S-V'
se representarán gráficamente en la forma de una función que
describe su dependencia. El procesador de ECG actualizará el gráfico
después de cada extraestímulo.
El procesador de ECG identificará los efectos del
extraestímulo sobre el desfase de la VT registrado por los
electrogramas desde la superficie del cuerpo. Se empleará un
electrograma de canal de la superficie del cuerpo, definido por el
usuario de una morfología de VT sin estimulación como plantilla
(longitud del segmento igual al doble de la longitud del ciclo de la
VT) y, como segmento de prueba, se utilizará el electrograma del
mismo canal adquirido con la misma duración, a continuación de la
alimentación de un extraestímulo durante una VT. El analizador de
ECG comparará las morfologías de la plantilla y de la señal de
prueba (empleando una función de error mínimo o la correlación
cruzada máxima) para garantizar que la VT no terminó ni se alteró.
Si la VT persiste, el analizador de ECG calculará el desfase
provocado por el extraestímulo. El desfase se calculará como parte
de la longitud del ciclo de la VT que hay que sumar o restar, para
regularizar la serie de tiempo de la VT.
El procesador de ECG buscará un evento sin
captura después del extraestímulo. En ese evento, el procesador de
ECG buscará una alteración de la VT a continuación del
extraestímulo alimentado. Si se terminó la VT (o que se define al
volver a la frecuencia y morfología normales del ECG), el procesador
de ECG generará una nota de terminación sin captura. En caso de que
no haya captura pero no cambie la morfología de la VT, se pasará
nota al operador para que cambie el intervalo de acoplamiento de
los extraestímulos que llegan.
Este procesador recibirá información procedente
de los dispositivos descritos en lo que antecede y atribuirá la
información eléctrica tratada a las posiciones específicas de la
cámara cardiaca en la que fue registrada. Este proceso se llevará a
cabo en tiempo real y se transferirá al siguiente procesador.
La información eléctrica tratada, cuando se
combina con su lugar de procedencia, genera un mapa. Mediante el uso
de las variables previamente descritas se generarán los siguientes
mapas:
- (1)
- Situación espacial del endocardio;
- (2)
- Mapa de activación del ritmo sinusal (mapa isócrono);
- (3)
- Mapa isócrono del tiempo de ocurrencia del potencial diastólico para el cartografiado del ritmo sinusal;
- (4)
- Mapa de correlación para la topo-estimulación;
- (5)
- Mapa isócrono de latencia local durante la topo-estimulación;
- (6)
- Mapa isócrono del tiempo de activación durante la VT; y
- (7)
- Mapa isócrono de potencial previo durante el cartografiado de la VT.
Asimismo, se presentarán los sitios en que la VT
se terminó en virtud de estímulos prematuros no capturados.
En cada etapa (cartografiado del ritmo sinusal,
topo-estimulación y cartografiado de la VT), una
vez adquirido cada punto de datos, se confirma de nuevo la veracidad
de toda la información disponible por dos motivos: en primer lugar,
sugerir al operador el siguiente sitio para la adquisición de datos
y, en segundo lugar, comprobar la información disponible para
proponer un sitio para la ablación.
Para llevar a cabo este procedimiento se
ejecutan, simultáneamente, dos algoritmos:
(1) Algoritmo de guiado cartográfico (véase
"Evaluar mapa de activación" (17) en la Fig. 2 y "Evaluar
mapa de autocorrelación" (3a) en la Fig. 3). Este algoritmo
utiliza como una entrada la información cartografiada disponible
sobre una cierta variable (por ejemplo, el tiempo de activación
local durante el ritmo sinusal). El algoritmo calcula la derivada
espacial de la variable cartografiada (es decir, el tiempo de
activación en este ejemplo) y calcula el siguiente mejor lugar para
añadir otro punto de datos cuando la función objetivo está
regularizando los gradientes espaciales de la variable
cartografiada. Por ejemplo, este algoritmo sugerirá que se adquieran
más puntos de datos en áreas en las que la variable cartografiada
cambia en forma significativa en una corta distancia.
La posición sugerida por el algoritmo será
presentada al operador como un símbolo en el dispositivo de
presentación. El mismo dispositivo de presentación muestra ya la
imagen básica de la cámara cardiaca y la situación, en ese momento,
del catéter de cartografiado/ablación. Por tanto, el operador moverá
el catéter de cartografiado/ablación para llegar a la posición
sugerida a fin de realizar una adquisición de datos adicional.
Este algoritmo aportará más beneficios durante el
cartografiado de una VT, cuando el tiempo disponible para la
adquisición de datos está limitado por los efectos hemodinámicos
adversos de la arritmia. Por tanto, existe una fuerte necesidad de
un algoritmo de esta clase que examine los puntos de datos
disponibles de un mapa en tiempo real y sugiera, inmediatamente, el
siguiente sitio para la adquisición de datos.
(2) Pronóstico de las posibilidades de un
algoritmo para ablación con éxito. Este algoritmo consiste en un
conjunto de reglas, definidas por el usuario, para evaluar la
información adquirida. Se espera que el operador califique la
importancia de la información específica adquirida en el
procedimiento de cartografiado/ablación en cuanto a su probabilidad
para identificar el sitio correcto para la ablación. Un ejemplo de
un algoritmo de esta clase se describe en la sección siguiente.
La calificación del cartografiado da como
resultado la sugerencia de la probabilidad de realizar la ablación
con éxito en ese sitio (A = éxito muy probable y D = éxito menos
probable):
(a) La identificación de una vía
re-entrante típica en el cartografiado de la VT con
una vía lenta común, identificable - Calidad A;
(b) La identificación de un sitio con un índice
de correlación superior al 90% en el mapa de estimulación - Calidad
B;
(c) La identificación de un sitio donde la VT
finalizó con un estímulo prematuro sin captura - Calidad C; y
(d) La identificación de mapas de potencial
previo registrados durante la VT, que son similares a mapas de
potencial diastólico registradas durante el ritmo sinusal - Calidad
D.
El dispositivo de salida utilizará una pantalla
de ordenador o una unidad generadora de imágenes holográficas que se
actualizará sobre una base de latido a latido. La salida incluirá la
siguiente información: superpuesta sobre la imagen básica, la
posición del catéter se representará como un símbolo en la pared
ventricular. Los mapas se trazarán y dispondrán sobre la misma
imagen.
El dispositivo de salida en el modo de
adquisición de mapa guiado marcaría, sobre la imagen de la pared
ventricular el siguiente mejor sitio para posicionar el catéter con
el fin de adquirir información de ECG basándose en los resultados
del análisis previo.
Los catéteres utilizados para el cartografiado
son críticos para el invento. Los catéteres tienen una punta
localizable, perceptora y/o de ablación. Para la localización
mediante el empleo de campos electromagnéticos, la localización de
la punta del catéter se consigue merced a una antena dispuesta en la
punta del catéter, con una alimentación de antena guiada en el
catéter o a lo largo de él. Puede utilizarse una antena eléctrica
(dipolo) o una antena magnética (bucle). La antena puede ser hecha
funcionar como antena de transmisión o como antena de recepción,
funcionando las antenas extracorpóreas situadas en la superficie de
la piel, correspondientemente, como antenas de recepción o antenas
de transmisión. Dada una propagación multi-vía entre
la punta del catéter y las antenas externas, puede calcularse la
trayectoria entre las antenas pertinentes gracias a una técnica
adecuada de multifrecuencia o de banda ancha. Es posible, también,
emplear el método de localización utilizando ondas acústicas. El
problema del contraste del tejido biológico es significativamente
menos crítico cuando se utilizan ondas acústicas que en el caso de
la realización electromagnética. Sin embargo, el problema de la
propagación multi-vía en el caso de las ondas
acústicas será mayor para esta realización en virtud de la menor
atenuación ofrecida por el tejido biológico. No obstante, ambos
problemas pueden resolverse en la forma descrita en lo que antecede
en conexión con la realización electromagnética.
Como antena en la punta del catéter puede
utilizarse un elemento piezoeléctrico de cerámica o polímero. Debido
a las elevadas amplitudes de las señales de transmisión, en el caso
de localización acústica, se prefiere que la antena del catéter
funcione como antena de recepción. Dado que las vías de transmisión
son mutuamente recíprocas, los resultados de la localización son
equivalentes dada la inversión de la dirección de transmisión.
El perceptor de la punta del catéter se construye
en relación con la propiedad a percibir y la interacción con las
ondas de campo para localización. Por ejemplo, un electrodo de metal
para conducir la actividad eléctrica local puede interaccionar con
técnicas de localización que hagan uso de ondas electromagnéticas.
Este problema puede resolverse, en la realización preferida,
utilizando conductores de materiales compuestos.
La puerta de alimentación en la punta del catéter
está diseñada teniendo en cuenta la característica de la energía a
alimentar. En la presente realización, la puerta de alimentación es
el electrodo perceptor y puede funcionar como electrodo para
percibir actividad eléctrica o como antena para alimentar energía de
radiofrecuencia a fin de realizar la ablación de tejido en estrecho
contacto con la puerta de alimentación.
El invento se puede comprender mejor, quizás,
haciendo referencia a los dibujos. La Fig. 1 es un diagrama de
bloques esquemático para ilustrar la adquisición de la imagen
básica. Mediante el uso de un ecocardiógrafo transesofágico (1) en
la realización preferida, se adquiere una imagen en múltiples planos
de las cámaras cardiacas, antes del estudio del cartografiado. La
imagen solamente se adquiere durante un tiempo fiducial en el
transcurso del ciclo cardíaco. En la realización preferida, la
imagen se adquiere al final de la diástole (2). Se reconstruye una
imagen tridimensional de las cámaras cardiacas que indica la
morfología endocardial y la situación de los catéteres de referencia
dentro de la cámara cardiaca (3).
La Fig. 2 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático
para ilustrar el algoritmo computerizado para el cartografiado de la
activación endocardial (utilizado durante el cartografiado del ritmo
sinusal y durante el cartografiado de la taquicardia ventricular).
Un indicador visible o audible señala el inicio de una adquisición
de punto de datos (4). Se adquieren datos para cada punto del mapa a
partir de dos fuentes. El catéter se encuentra en contacto uniforme
y estable con el endocardio. Se localiza (5) la punta del catéter de
cartografiado. La localización de la punta del catéter supone la
localización de los tres catéteres de referencia (7). Todas las
señales de localización se sincronizan con el fin de la diástole
(8). Se calcula (9) la transformación de los tres catéteres de
referencia en relación con su posición original en la imagen básica
y se aplican los valores de transformación en los ejes X, Y y Z, así
como los tres movimientos de orientación, a la situación medida del
catéter de cartografiado/ablación (10), cuya corrección proporciona
la posición del catéter de cartografiado/ablación con respecto a la
imagen básica (11). La activación eléctrica adquirida con la punta
del catéter de cartografiado/ablación es analizada en el procesador
(6) de señales electrofisiológicas. El electrograma local (12), una
vez filtrado, es analizado para detectar la activación local (14)
(mediante una o más de las técnicas de establecimiento de amplitud,
pendiente y plantilla, o mediante detección manual por parte del
usuario). El intervalo transcurrido desde el fin de la diástole
previo hasta la presente activación local, es el tiempo de
activación local (T, 15). La asociación de la posición del perceptor
con el tiempo de activación genera un único punto de datos para el
mapa de activación (16). El proceso de adquisición de datos puede
ser terminado por el usuario, o puede ser evaluado por el algoritmo
(17) para "evaluar mapa de activación", que examina el mapa de
activación ya adquirido para la densidad de información relacionada
con el gradiente espacial de los tiempos de activación. Este
algoritmo puede indicar el siguiente sitio preferible para detección
(18) del tiempo de activación. El catéter debe ser movido por el
usuario al nuevo sitio, y el proceso de cartografiado continúa.
Durante una VT se determina un punto de datos
aproximadamente cada 4 a 6 latidos. Así, cada minuto se pueden
determinar, aproximadamente, de 15 a 25, típicamente unos 20, puntos
de datos. Este factor, combinado con el resto del sistema descrito
en este documento, permite lograr un cartografiado más rápido.
La Fig. 3 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático
para ilustrar el algoritmo de topo-estimulación
computerizado. Un indicador visible o audible señala el inicio de la
adquisición (20) de un punto de datos. Los datos se adquieren, para
cada punto del mapa, a partir de dos fuentes. El catéter de
cartografiado/ablación se encuentra en contacto uniforme y estable
con el endocardio, y se localiza (21) la punta del catéter de
cartografiado/ablación. La localización de la punta del catéter
supone la localización de los tres catéteres de referencia (22).
Todas las señales de localización se sincronizan con el fin de la
diástole (23). Se calcula (24) la transformación de los tres
catéteres de referencia en relación con su posición original en la
imagen básica y se aplican los valores de transformación en los ejes
X, Y y Z, así como los tres movimientos de orientación, a la
situación medida del catéter de cartografiado (25), cuya corrección
proporciona la posición del catéter de cartografiado/ablación con
respecto a la imagen básica (26). El ECG adquirido desde la
superficie del cuerpo se analiza en el procesador (22) de señales
electrofisiológicas, de acuerdo con el algoritmo de
topo-estimulación. La asociación de la posición del
electrodo de estimulación con el índice de correlación cruzada
(ACI, 28) del sitio, proporciona un único punto de datos del mapa
(29) de estimulación. El proceso de adquisición de datos puede ser
terminado por el usuario o puede ser evaluado por el algoritmo (30)
"evaluar mapa de estimulación", que examina el mapa de
activación ya adquirido en cuanto a la densidad de información
relativa al gradiente espacial del índice de correlación cruzada,
así como a la presencia de puntos máximos circunscritos en el mapa.
Este algoritmo puede indicar el siguiente sitio preferible para
estimulación (31). El catéter debe ser desplazado por el usuario al
nuevo sitio, el corazón debe ser estimulado desde ese nuevo sitio y
ha de calcularse el índice de correlación cruzada asociado.
La Fig. 4 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático
para ilustrar la configuración (45) del dispositivo de salida de la
presente realización. Se presenta una imagen casi estática de las
cámaras cardiacas (40) como reconstrucción tridimensional de una
imagen básica (41) adquirida antes del estudio o durante el mismo.
Sobre la imagen (40) se superpondrán la posición del catéter (42) de
cartografiado/ablación, las posiciones de los catéteres de
referencia (43) y la información, corriente y previa, adquirida a
partir del estudio (44) de cartografiado. Esta información puede
incluir, cuando sea apropiado, los tiempos de activación
(presentados mediante el empleo de un código de colores en cada
sitio de adquisición) o el índice de correlación cruzada para cada
punto del mapa de estimulación. Además, el mapa puede representar,
mediante el código de colores, la duración de los electrogramas
locales, la presencia de actividad fragmentada, así como diversas
otras variables calculadas mediante el procesador
electrofisiológico.
La Fig. 5 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático
que ilustra el instrumento mientras está siendo utilizado para el
cartografiado de una VT. Como se muestra, se introduce un catéter
(51) en la cámara cardiaca (52) del cuerpo de un paciente. El
catéter (51) tiene una antena (53) en su punta, que es alimentada
con energía por un transmisor (54). La antena transmisora (53) puede
ser, por ejemplo, un dipolo. El receptor (55) está previsto para
localizar la posición de la punta (53). Un receptor (55) recibe las
ondas electromagnéticas generadas por la antena (53) merced a una
pluralidad de antenas receptoras (58a, 58b y 58c) situadas en la
superficie (57) del cuerpo del paciente. Un perceptor (59) situado
en la punta del catéter recibe la actividad eléctrica local del
músculo de la cámara cardiaca. Las señales procedentes del electrodo
perceptor (59) son alimentadas a un procesador (60) de señales
electrofisiológicas, que calcula el retardo de tiempo de activación
local restando el tiempo de activación local absoluto del tiempo de
referencia absoluto medido a partir del electrograma (61) de la
superficie del cuerpo del presente ciclo cardiaco. Un dispositivo de
presentación (66) permite la representación visual de los tiempos de
activación local en la posición de la punta del catéter, como se ha
descrito en lo que antecede, por ejemplo, por superposición con una
imagen de ultrasonidos que muestre la arquitectura de la cámara
cardiaca. Las señales procedentes del receptor (55) y la salida del
procesador (60) de señales electrofisiológicas, se alimentan a un
procesador (69) de señales que construye una imagen del mapa de
tiempos de activación.
La información relacionada con la arquitectura de
la cámara cardiaca es suministrada al procesador (69) de señales a
través de una entrada (70) separada. Las imágenes se superponen y se
visualizan en el dispositivo de presentación (66). Como se ha hecho
notar en lo que antecede, el transmisor y el receptor pueden ser un
transmisor o un receptor de ultrasonidos, en lugar de ser
dispositivos de funcionamiento electromagnético.
La Fig. 6 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático
que ilustra el instrumento mientras está siendo utilizado para la
topo-estimulación. Los métodos de localización de
las puntas de los catéteres que se siguen en este ejemplo son
similares a los representados en la Fig. 5. Se disponen polos de
estimulación (81) en la punta del catéter y se les conecta con una
fuente de marcapasos (82). La fuente de marcapasos, activada por el
usuario o por el procesador (84) de señales electrofisiológicas,
activa el corazón empezando en el sitio de contacto de éste con los
polos de estimulación. Simultáneamente, se salva el ECG (83)
adquirido y se le somete a tratamiento en el procesador (84) de
señales electrofisiológicas. Se lleva a cabo un análisis de
correlación cruzada en el procesador (84) de señales y el índice de
correlación cruzada (ACI) resultante es transmitido a la unidad de
presentación y asociado con la posición de la punta del catéter,
para superponerla sobre la imagen de la cámara cardiaca en el lugar
apropiado.
La Fig. 7 es un diagrama de bloques esquemático
para ilustrar el algoritmo utilizado para calcular el índice de
correlación cruzada mientras se lleva a cabo la
topo-estimulación. Los datos del ECG desde la
superficie del cuerpo se adquieren en dos etapas. En primer lugar,
durante una VT espontánea o inducida y, en segundo lugar, durante la
estimulación del endocardio en distintos puntos. Las señales que
representan los datos del ECG adquiridos durante la VT se promedian
y se construye una plantilla (T_{ch}, para cada canal registrado).
Durante la estimulación endocardial, se adquieren los datos del ECG
y se adquiere el mismo número de latidos (N) para calcular la señal
promediada QRS (P_{ch}, para cada canal registrado). El algoritmo
calcula entonces el desfase entre P_{ch} y T_{ch} que
proporciona, para el primer canal, la correlación cruzada máxima.
Este desplazamiento en el tiempo se utiliza para desplazar los
canales restantes y calcular la correlación cruzada para ellos. Se
resumen y almacenan todas las correlaciones cruzadas para todos los
canales. El algoritmo emplea entonces el siguiente canal registrado
para calcular el desplazamiento en el tiempo que provocará la
correlación cruzada máxima en este canal. Ahora, se aplica este
desplazamiento en el tiempo para todas las correlaciones cruzadas
entre P_{ch} y T_{ch} y, de nuevo, se resumen todas las
correlaciones cruzadas. Este procedimiento se repite para todos los
canales y se utiliza la correlación cruzada máxima como valor de
correlación cruzada de T_{ch} y P_{ch} en este sitio del
endocardio.
La Fig. 8 es un diagrama esquemático que ilustra
un catéter (90) utilizado para el cartografiado de arritmias. La
punta distal (91) del catéter tiene un material conductor en su
superficie exterior que constituye el polo (92) de
percepción/estimulación conectado al conductor (93). En estrecha
proximidad con el polo (92), pero separado por un material aislante
(94), se encuentra el polo (95), que comprende un anillo conductor
conectado al conductor (96). La antena receptora (97) del
dispositivo localizador está dispuesta dentro de la punta (91) del
catéter, con al menos dos conductores (98) y (99). Por lo menos
cuatro conexiones eléctricas, correspondientes a los conductores
(93), (96), (98) y (99), salen del catéter: dos para los dos polos
conductores de los polos de percepción/estimulación y, al menos, dos
para la antena del dispositivo localizador.
Aunque también podrían utilizarse una multitud de
catéteres (91) como catéteres de referencia, un catéter (no
mostrado) dotado de solamente la antena receptora con los
conductores (98, 99), podría funcionar en forma adecuada. Asimismo,
un catéter de cartografiado/ablación (no mostrado) podría tener una
estructura similar a la del catéter (90) con una luz o con una
estructura o con conductores adicionales para conducir o transmitir
energía de ablación.
En la Fig. 9 se representa una realización
alternativa. En esta realización, la antena (101) está conectada a
un receptor (102) y las antenas (103a), (103b) y (103c), situadas en
la superficie (57) del cuerpo, son antenas transmisoras. El
transmisor (105) transmite señales a las antenas transmisoras
(103a), (103b) y (103c). Por lo demás, el método es idéntico al
descrito en relación con la Fig. 5. La realización de la Fig. 9
puede llevarse a la práctica, también, utilizando componentes de
transmisión y de recepción acústicos, en lugar de componentes de
transmisión y de recepción electromagnéticos.
La Fig. 10 describe una realización preferida de
un método para conseguir la correspondencia tridimensional apropiada
de la posición de la punta del catéter y la imagen de la cámara
cardiaca. Tres catéteres de referencia localizables (110), (111),
(112), como se ha descrito en las secciones previas de esta
exposición, se implantan en posiciones fijas en el corazón, por
ejemplo en el vértice ventricular derecho, el apéndice atrial
derecho, y la arteria pulmonar a la altura de la válvula pulmonar,
respectivamente. La metodología es similar a la descrita con
anterioridad. La localización de estos tres catéteres de referencia
es utilizada por el procesador (69) de señales para conseguir una
correspondencia tridimensional apropiada de la imagen de la cámara
cardiaca y la posición del catéter de cartografiado.
En una realización del invento, el procedimiento
de cartografiado puede ejecutarse en la forma siguiente:
1. Introducción de más de dos catéteres de
referencia (localizables) en posiciones fijas en el corazón.
2. Adquisición de una "imagen básica" merced
a una modalidad de generación de imágenes tal como un ecocardiograma
o generación de imágenes MR (resonancia magnética). La imagen se
obtiene y se reconstruye en 3 dimensiones al final de la
diástole.
3. Introducción del catéter de
cartografiado/ablación (localizable) y posicionamiento del catéter
en la región en que se sospecha, según la morfología de la VT, que
está incluido el "sitio activo".
4. Cartografiado del ritmo sinusal para construir
mapas de activación del ritmo sinusal y mapas isócronos de potencial
diastólico.
5. Topo-estimulación:
(a) Construcción del mapa ACI.
(b) Construcción del mapa de latencia local.
6. Cartografiado de la VT
(a) Cartografiado de activación: Construcción del
mapa de activación durante la VT.
(b) Mapa isócrono de potenciales previos
(c) Aplicación de extraestímulos durante la
VT
7. Ablación
(a) Detección de la posición óptima de ablación a
partir de los datos adquiridos mediante el cartografiado
anterior.
(b) Posicionamiento del catéter de
cartografiado/ablación por encima del sitio endocardial;
(c) Medición de la función contráctil sistólica
en ese sitio;
(d) Alimentación de energía de ablación al sitio
preferido;
(e) Repetición de la operación (c).
Como puede apreciarse, el procedimiento de
cartografiado en conjunto para determinar un "sitio activo" es
complicado e incluye varias fases, ninguna de las cuales es
obligatoria. Dependiendo de los resultados obtenidos en cada fase,
puede continuarse el cartografiado.
Aspectos específicos del procedimiento pueden
llevarse a cabo en la secuencia siguiente:
Mediante acceso percutáneo por vía venosa, se
introducen tres catéteres de referencia en el corazón y/o en los
grandes vasos. Los tres catéteres de referencia se posicionan de
modo que las respectivas puntas distales estén separadas en, al
menos, 2 cm, preferiblemente entre 4 y 8 cm. Luego, se reconstruye
una imagen tridimensional de la cámara que interesa utilizando, por
ejemplo, ultrasonografía transesofágica. Entonces, se marcan las
posiciones de las puntas distales de los catéteres de
referencia.
A través de otra puerta de acceso vascular, se
introduce un catéter de cartografiado/ablación hasta el área de
interés y, luego, se registran tanto la posición de su punta distal
como la actividad eléctrica percibida. La posición del catéter de
cartografiado/ablación se mide con relación a la posición de los
catéteres de referencia.
En una realización modificada de este invento, el
mapa previamente descrito puede superponerse sobre la imagen del
órgano cartografiado.
Una vez que el operador ha identificado un sitio
activo, se posiciona el catéter de cartografiado/ablación de forma
que el sitio activo pueda ser sometido a ablación. La ablación se
realiza con energía de radiofrecuencia. Podrían utilizarse otros
métodos conocidos (por ejemplo, láser, crioterapia, microondas,
etc.).
Aunque los expertos en la técnica pueden sugerir
modificaciones y cambios, la intención del inventor es incorporar
dentro del alcance de la patente solicitada todos aquellos cambios y
modificaciones que, razonable y apropiadamente, puedan considerarse
comprendidos dentro del alcance de su contribución a la técnica.
Claims (6)
1. Un aparato para cartografiar una cámara
cardiaca, que comprende:
un catéter (51) que tiene una antena receptora
(101) en su punta para recibir ondas electromagnéticas o acústicas y
para localizar la posición de la punta en respuesta a las ondas
electromagnéticas o acústicas, y un perceptor (59) en la punta para
recibir la actividad eléctrica local del músculo de la cámara
cardiaca; y
un procesador (69) de señales para determinar un
tiempo de activación local basándose en la actividad eléctrica local
recibida por el perceptor en múltiples posiciones de la punta del
catéter, con el fin de construir una imagen de un mapa de tiempos de
activación;
caracterizándose el aparato por una
pluralidad de antenas transmisoras situadas en una superficie (57)
del cuerpo, para generar las ondas electromagnéticas o
acústicas.
2. Aparato de acuerdo con la reivindicación 1,
que comprende un dispositivo de presentación (66) para visualizar
una representación de los tiempos de activación local en las
posiciones de la punta del catéter.
3. Aparato de acuerdo con la reivindicación 2, en
el que el dispositivo de presentación muestra una imagen de
ultrasonidos del corazón en superposición con la representación
visual de los tiempos de activación local en las posiciones de la
punta del catéter.
4. Aparato de acuerdo con cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones precedentes, y que comprende una pluralidad de
catéteres de referencia rastreables para introducirlos en el
corazón, con el fin de alinear una posición de la cámara cardiaca
con relación a una imagen de la misma.
5. Aparato de acuerdo con cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones precedentes, en el que el catéter comprende una
puerta de alimentación, en la punta del catéter, para suministrar
energía con el fin de someter a ablación a un tejido del
corazón.
6. Aparato de acuerdo con la reivindicación 7, en
el que la energía comprende energía de radiofrecuencia, y en el que
el catéter comprende un electrodo en la punta del catéter, que sirve
tanto de perceptor como de puerta de alimentación.
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| US94539 | 1993-07-20 | ||
| US08/094,539 US5391199A (en) | 1993-07-20 | 1993-07-20 | Apparatus and method for treating cardiac arrhythmias |
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| ES2240964T3 true ES2240964T3 (es) | 2005-10-16 |
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ID=22245783
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| ES94922710T Expired - Lifetime ES2240964T3 (es) | 1993-07-20 | 1994-07-20 | Aparato y metodo para tratar arritmias cardiacas. |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (8) | US5391199A (es) |
| EP (1) | EP0679068B1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JP4040672B2 (es) |
| AT (1) | ATE290818T1 (es) |
| AU (1) | AU692789B2 (es) |
| CA (1) | CA2144946C (es) |
| DE (1) | DE69434296T2 (es) |
| DK (1) | DK0679068T3 (es) |
| ES (1) | ES2240964T3 (es) |
| PT (1) | PT679068E (es) |
| WO (1) | WO1995002995A1 (es) |
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- 1994-07-20 EP EP94922710A patent/EP0679068B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-20 ES ES94922710T patent/ES2240964T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-20 DE DE69434296T patent/DE69434296T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-20 JP JP50536995A patent/JP4040672B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-20 WO PCT/US1994/008352 patent/WO1995002995A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-07-20 PT PT94922710T patent/PT679068E/pt unknown
- 1994-07-20 AU AU73723/94A patent/AU692789B2/en not_active Expired
- 1994-07-20 DK DK94922710T patent/DK0679068T3/da active
- 1994-07-20 AT AT94922710T patent/ATE290818T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-09-23 US US08/311,593 patent/US5546951A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-23 US US08/311,594 patent/US5480422A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-09-23 US US08/311,596 patent/US5443489A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1995
- 1995-07-12 US US08/490,122 patent/US5568809A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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-
1996
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-
1997
- 1997-11-21 US US08/975,234 patent/US5840025A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US5694945A (en) | 1997-12-09 |
| US5391199A (en) | 1995-02-21 |
| US5546951A (en) | 1996-08-20 |
| JPH08504653A (ja) | 1996-05-21 |
| EP0679068B1 (en) | 2005-03-16 |
| CA2144946C (en) | 2004-03-23 |
| EP0679068A4 (en) | 1998-03-11 |
| US5480422A (en) | 1996-01-02 |
| DE69434296T2 (de) | 2006-06-08 |
| ATE290818T1 (de) | 2005-04-15 |
| PT679068E (pt) | 2005-07-29 |
| US5840025A (en) | 1998-11-24 |
| AU692789B2 (en) | 1998-06-18 |
| DK0679068T3 (da) | 2005-07-11 |
| US5443489A (en) | 1995-08-22 |
| US5568809A (en) | 1996-10-29 |
| EP0679068A1 (en) | 1995-11-02 |
| CA2144946A1 (en) | 1995-02-02 |
| WO1995002995A1 (en) | 1995-02-02 |
| US5713946A (en) | 1998-02-03 |
| AU7372394A (en) | 1995-02-20 |
| JP4040672B2 (ja) | 2008-01-30 |
| DE69434296D1 (de) | 2005-04-21 |
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