ES2359335T3 - Prótesis de válvula cardiaca. - Google Patents
Prótesis de válvula cardiaca. Download PDFInfo
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- ES2359335T3 ES2359335T3 ES06770296T ES06770296T ES2359335T3 ES 2359335 T3 ES2359335 T3 ES 2359335T3 ES 06770296 T ES06770296 T ES 06770296T ES 06770296 T ES06770296 T ES 06770296T ES 2359335 T3 ES2359335 T3 ES 2359335T3
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
- A61F2/2418—Scaffolds therefor, e.g. support stents
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
- A61F2/2415—Manufacturing methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F2220/0075—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements sutured, ligatured or stitched, retained or tied with a rope, string, thread, wire or cable
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2230/0002—Two-dimensional shapes, e.g. cross-sections
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2230/0063—Three-dimensional shapes
- A61F2230/0073—Quadric-shaped
- A61F2230/008—Quadric-shaped paraboloidal
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2250/0014—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis
- A61F2250/0039—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in diameter
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S623/00—Prosthesis, i.e. artificial body members, parts thereof, or aids and accessories therefor
- Y10S623/90—Stent for heart valve
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
Abstract
Una prótesis de válvula (10) que comprende: un armazón de varios niveles autoexpansible (12) que presenta una configuración de introducción contraída y una configuración desplegada expandida, presentando el armazón de varios niveles unos niveles, en la configuración desplegada expandida, de una sección de flujo de salida (15) con un primer diámetro nominal (Do), una sección de flujo de entrada (16) que presenta un segundo diámetro nominal (Dl), y una zona de constricción (17) que presenta un tercer diámetro (Dc) más pequeño que los primero y segundo diámetros nominales; y un cuerpo (14) de la válvula fijado al armazón de varios niveles, comprendiendo el cuerpo de la válvula una pluralidad de valvas (22) caracterizado porque la sección de flujo de salida ( 15) está aumentada de tamaño y presenta un primer diámetro nominal (Do) que oscila entre 30 mm y 55 mm, la sección de flujo de entrada (16) es cónica y presenta un segundo diámetro nominal (Dl) más pequeño que el primer diámetro nominal y oscila entre 19 mm y 34 mm, el tercer diámetro (Dc) es fijo, y porque la pluralidad de valvas (22) está fijada a una faldilla (21).
Description
La presente invención se refiere a una prótesis de válvula aplicable a la mejora de la función cardiaca de un paciente aquejado de una disfunción de válvula cardiaca, como por ejemplo una insuficiencia valvular aórtica o una estenosis valvular aórtica, para conseguir una durabilidad mejorada y para su instalación percutánea.
La valvuloplastia cardiaca se ha convertido en un procedimiento quirúrgico rutinario para pacientes aquejados de insuficiencia valvular o de calcificación estenótica de las valvas. Aunque determinados procedimientos pueden ser llevados a cabo utilizando técnicas mínimamente invasivas (las llamadas técnicas “keyhole”), la inmensa mayoría de las valvuloplastias implican una esternotomía total y la disposición del paciente en circulación extracorporal. La cirugía abierta tradicional inflige un trauma y una incomodidad considerables al paciente, requiere un tiempo de recuperación extenso y pueden presentarse complicaciones potencialmente mortales.
Para hacer frente a estas inquietudes, se han realizado esfuerzos en la última década para llevar a cabo valvuloplastias cardiacas utilizando técnicas mínimamente invasivas. En estos procedimientos, unos instrumentos laparoscópicos son empleados para practicar unas pequeñas aberturas a través de las costillas del paciente para acceder al corazón. Aunque se ha dedicado un esfuerzo considerable en el desarrollo de dichas técnicas, la aceptación generalizada se ha limitado a la pericia del facultativo para acceder solo a determinadas zonas del corazón utilizando instrumentos laparoscópicos.
Incluso otros esfuerzos han venido centrándose en la instalación transluminal percutánea de las valvuloplastias cardiacas para resolver los problemas presentados por la cirugía abierta tradicional y por los procedimientos quirúrgicos minincisivos. En estos nuevos procedimientos, una prótesis de válvula es comprimida para introducir un catéter para hacerlo avanzar a continuación, por ejemplo, a través de una abertura de la arteria femoral y a través de la aorta descendente hacia el corazón, donde la prótesis entonces desplegada dentro del ánulo de la válvula aórtica. Aunque las técnicas transluminales han obtenido una aceptación generalizada con respecto a la instalación de prótesis endovasculares ( “stents”) para restaurar la permeabilidad del vaso, se han obtenido resultados desiguales con respecto a la instalación percutánea de prótesis de válvulas relativamente más complicadas.
Un ejemplo de una prótesis de válvula cardiaca anteriormente conocida se describe en la Patente estadounidense No. 6,454,799 de Schreck. La prótesis descrita en dicha patente comprende una válvula cardiaca a base de una materia textil dispuesta dentro de una malla de alambre plásticamente deformable, y es introducida por medio de la expansión de un catéter con globo. Un inconveniente de la introducción del catéter con globo de la válvula protésica es que las valvas pueden ser dañadas cuando son comprimidas entre el globo y la base durante el despliegue. Por otro lado, debido a que las estructuras expansibles del globo tienden a experimentar una cierta retracción después de la deflación del globo, pueden aparecer fugas perivalvulares alrededor de la circunferencia de la prótesis de válvula.
De acuerdo con ello, sería deseable contar con una prótesis de válvula que pudiera introducirse de manera percutánea y que redujera el riesgo de daños a las valvas durante el despliegue de la prótesis. Sería, así mismo, deseable contar con una prótesis de válvula que redujera el riesgo de las fugas perivalvulares provocadas por la retracción de la prótesis con posterioridad al despliegue.
La Patente estadounidense No. 6,027,525 de Suh, et al. describe una prótesis de válvula que comprende una serie de unidades autoexpansibles fijadas a una cubierta polimérica y que presenta una válvula dispuesta en su interior. Dichos dispositivos no son apropiados para las valvoplastias cardiacas debido a la capacidad limitada para comprimir la válvula dispuesta dentro de la prótesis. Así mismo, dichas prótesis de válvula puede ser especialmente inconvenientes para el tratamiento de defectos de las válvulas aórticas debido a que la cubierta polimérica ocultaría las entradas de las arterias coronarias, perturbando el flujo sanguíneo hacia las arterias coronarias e impidiendo la posterior cateterización de esas arterias. De acuerdo con ello, sería deseable contar con una prótesis de válvula que fuera autoexpansible y que al tiempo permitiese que la válvula fuera comprimida en mayor grado que el de los diseños conocidos con anterioridad.
La Patente estadounidense No. 6,682,599 de Myers et al describe, así mismo, una prótesis de válvula que ofrece un diseño esencialmente tubular. Un inconveniente de dichas configuraciones es que surgen unas fuerzas horizontales relativamente intensas a lo largo de los bordes de coaptación de las valvas y se transmite a los puntos comisurales. Estas fuerzas pueden afectar de manera negativa a la durabilidad de las válvulas y conducir al fallo valvular. A la vista de ello, sería deseable contar con una válvula en la que el centro de coaptación de las valvas pudiera ser seleccionado para reducir las fuerzas horizontales aplicadas a los bordes de coaptación de las valvas y en los puntos comisurales, mejorando de esta manera la durabilidad de la válvula. Así mismo, sería deseable contar con un diseño de válvula que distribuyera de manera más uniforme las fuerzas horizontales a lo largo de los bordes de coaptación de las valvas, mejor que concentrar aquellas fuerzas en los puntos comisurales.
En un esfuerzo para recrear de forma más ceñida la distribución de las fuerzas a lo largo de las valvas de las válvulas de los tejidos naturales, algunos diseños de válvulas anteriormente conocidos incluyen unas porciones de base circulares que presentan unas proyecciones longitudinales que funcionan como anclajes respecto de los puntos comisurales, como por ejemplo se describe en la Patente estadounidense No. 5,855,601 de Bessler, et al. y en la Patente estadounidense No. 6,582,462 de Andersen, et al.
Aunque las prótesis de válvula de Bessler y Andersen pueden ser fácilmente aplastadas para su introducción, esos diseños son susceptibles de presentar problemas una vez desplegados. Por ejemplo, las proyecciones longitudinales de dichas prótesis pueden no proporcionar la suficiente rigidez para soportar las fuerzas compresoras aplicadas durante los movimientos normales del corazón. La deformación de los anclajes comisurales puede provocar la aplicación de fuerzas diversas sobre las comisuras y las valvas, lo que a su vez incidiría de manera negativa sobre el funcionamiento de las valvas. Así mismo, debido a que los exteriores de las prótesis de válvula referidas son sustancialmente cilíndricos, las prótesis son menos propensas a adaptarse adecuadamente a, y quedar ancladas dentro de la anatomía del ánulo de la válvula durante el despliegue. Como resultado de ello, la carga cíclica de la válvula puede traducirse en el deslizamiento o la migración del anclaje con respecto a la anatomía del paciente.
La Publicación de Solicitud de Patente Internacional No. WO 01/49213 divulga una válvula protésica, y una sección de flujo de salida de la válvula tiene un diámetro igual al diámetro de la sección de flujo de entrada.
La Publicación de Solicitud de Patente estadounidense No. US 2004/0210304 divulga una válvula protésica, y una sección flujo de salida de la válvula que tiene un diámetro más pequeño que su sección de flujo de entrada con respecto al diámetro de la sección de flujo de entrada. La Publicación de la Solicitud de la Patente estadounidense US 2004/0260389 divulga una prótesis de válvula que incorpora unas secciones de flujo de entrada y de flujo de salida del mismo diámetro. La Publicación de Solicitud de Patente Internacional No. WO 2005/2002466 divulga una endoprótesis vascular con forma de reloj de arena con una sección de flujo de salida de tamaño aumentado la cual produce un flujo turbulento. Sin embargo, esta publicación no divulga una sección de flujo de salida de tamaño aumentado que tenga un diámetro que oscile entre 30 mm y 55 mm en combinación con una sección de flujo de entrada cónica.
A la vista de lo expuesto, sería conveniente contar con una válvula que fuera capaz de adaptarse a la anatomía de un paciente proporcionando al tiempo un grado de rigidez uniforme y una protección para los componentes críticos de la válvula.
Sería, así mismo, conveniente contar con una prótesis de válvula que incorporara unas porciones que fueran capaces de deformarse en sentido circunferencial para adaptarse a la forma del ánulo de las válvulas existentes, pero que no fuera susceptible de deformación o migración debido al movimiento normal del corazón.
Sería, así mismo, conveniente contar con una prótesis de válvula que incorporara un componente de varios niveles que estuviera anatómicamente conformada una vez fuera desplegada, potenciando con ello el anclaje de la válvula y reduciendo el riesgo de su migración y de fugas perivalvulares.
Sería, así mismo, conveniente, contar con una prótesis de válvula en la que el cuerpo de la válvula estuviera configurado para facilitar su fabricación y para adoptar un perfil de introducción reducido en comparación con los diseños anteriormente conocidos sin dañar los componentes funcionales del cuerpo de la válvula.
A la vista de lo expuesto es conveniente contar con una prótesis de válvula que solvente los inconvenientes de los diseños anteriormente conocidos y que pueda ser implantada utilizando técnicas de implantación quirúrgicas mínimamente invasivas o percutáneas.
Es conveniente contar con una prótesis de válvula introducida de manera percutánea que ofrezca un perfil de introducción marcadamente reducido respecto de los diseños conocidos.
Es conveniente proporcionar una prótesis de válvula que pueda ser introducida de manera percutánea que reduzca el riesgo de daños a las valvas o a otros componentes funcionales del cuerpo de la válvula durante la introducción y despliegue de la prótesis.
Es conveniente contar con una prótesis de válvula que reduzca el riesgo de fugas perivalvulares derivadas de la retracción elástica de la prótesis con posterioridad a su despliegue.
Es conveniente contar con una prótesis de válvula que sea autoexpansible y que permita su fácil acceso a las estructuras anatómicas adyacentes, como por ejemplo las arterias coronarias.
Es conveniente contar con una prótesis de válvula en la cual el centro de coaptación de las valvas pueda ser seleccionado de forma que se reduzcan las fuerzas horizontales aplicadas a los bordes de coaptación de las valvas y a los puntos comisurales, mejorando de esta manera la durabilidad de la válvula.
Así mismo, es conveniente contar con un diseño de válvula que distribuya las fuerzas de una manera más uniforme sobre los bordes de coaptación de las valvas, mejor que concentrar esas fuerzas en los puntos comisurales.
Es conveniente contar con una válvula que esté anatómicamente conformada, que proporcione un elevado grado de rigidez y protección de los componentes críticos de la válvula y que sea menos susceptible a la deformación derivada del movimiento normal del corazón.
Es conveniente contar con una prótesis de válvula que presente unas porciones que sean capaces de deformarse en sentido circunferencial para adaptarse a la forma del ánulo de la válvula actualmente existente, pero que no sea susceptible de deformarse o migrar debido al movimiento normal del corazón.
Es conveniente contar con una prótesis de válvula que incorpore un componente de varios niveles que esté conformado anatómicamente cuando sea desplegado, potenciando de esta manera el anclaje de la válvula y reduciendo el riesgo de migración y de fugas perivalvulares.
Es conveniente contar con una prótesis de válvula en la que una válvula esté dispuesta dentro de una porción rígida de un armazón de varios niveles para que el área y la función de la válvula no resulten alteradas, pero en la que las porciones de flujo de entrada y / o de flujo de salida del armazón de varios niveles sean capaces de adaptarse a las anomalías de la anatomía del paciente.
Es conveniente contar con una prótesis de válvula que facilite la alineación de la prótesis de la válvula cardiaca con la dirección del flujo sanguíneo.
De acuerdo con ello, la invención proporciona una prótesis de válvula que comprende un armazón autoexpansible de varios niveles que presenta una configuración de introducción contraída y una configuración desplegada expandida, presentando el armazón de varios niveles , en la configuración desplegada expandida, una sección de flujo de salida con un primer diámetro nominal, teniendo una sección de flujo de entrada un segundo diámetro nominal, y teniendo una zona de constricción un tercer diámetro más pequeño que los primero y segundo diámetros nominales; y un cuerpo de la válvula fijado al armazón de varios niveles , comprendiendo el cuerpo de la válvula una pluralidad de valvas caracterizado porque la sección de flujo de salida tiene un tamaño aumentado y presenta un primer diámetro nominal que oscila entre 30 mm y 55 mm, la sección de flujo de entrada es cónica y tiene un segundo diámetro nominal más pequeño que el primer diámetro nominal y oscila entre 19 mm y 34 mm, el tercer diámetro es fijo, y estando la pluralidad de valvas fijadas a una faldilla.
Con el fin de que la invención sea entendida de una manera más acabada, a continuación se describirán sus formas de realización, ofrecidas únicamente a modo de ejemplo, en relación con los dibujos, y en los cuales:
Las FIGS. 1A, 1B y 1C son, respectivamente, vistas desde un extremo laterales y desde arriba de una prótesis de válvula ejemplar de acuerdo con una forma de realización de la presente invención en la configuración desplegada y de una zona de tamaño ampliado del armazón de la prótesis de válvula;
la FIG. 2 es una vista lateral del armazón de la prótesis de válvula de las FIGS. 1 en una configuración de introducción contraída;
las FIGS. 3A y 3B son, respectivamente, vistas en planta de una valva y de la faldilla empleada en el cuerpo de la válvula;
las FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C y 4D son, respectivamente, una vista en perspectiva de una valva con las zonas de tamaño ampliado plegadas, una vista en planta de un cuerpo de la válvula de acuerdo con una forma de realización de la presente invención, en la que las valvas están fijadas a la faldilla, una vista en perspectiva de una faldilla de acuerdo con una forma de realización alternativa, y otra vista en perspectiva de otra faldilla de acuerdo con una forma de realización alternativa;
la FIG. 5 es una vista lateral del cuerpo de la válvula de la FIG. 4B completamente montada; y
la FIG. 6 es una vista lateral que muestra una prótesis de válvula de acuerdo con una forma de realización de la presente invención desplegada por encima de la válvula aórtica de un paciente.
Formas de realización de la presente invención proporcionan una prótesis de válvula cardiaca en la un armazón de varios niveles autoexpansible soporta un cuerpo de la válvula que comprende una faldilla y una pluralidad de valvas de revestimiento. El armazón presenta una configuración de introducción contraída, en la cual la prótesis puede ser almacenada dentro de un catéter para una introducción percutánea, y una configuración desplegada expandida que presenta una forma de reloj de arena asimétrica.
En una primera forma de realización preferente, la faldilla del cuerpo de la válvula y las valvas están hechas de tejido de animal mamífero de ganado porcino, bovino, equino o de otros mamíferos, como por ejemplo de tejido pericárdico, y son cosidos, soldados, moldeados o pegados entre sí para distribuir de manera eficiente las fuerzas a lo largo de las valvas y sobre el armazón. En una forma de realización especialmente preferente, la faldilla comprende tres secciones de tejido de animales mamíferos que están unidos a lo largo de sus bordes adyacentes, de manera que el tejido se pliega fácilmente adoptando un perfil de introducción aplastado sin apelotonarse.
Como alternativa, la faldilla del cuerpo de la válvula puede consistir en un material sintético o polimérico, como por ejemplo dacrón. politetrafluoroetileno expandido (“ePTFE”), u otro material de injerto sintético apropiado. Las valvas del cuerpo de la válvula pueden estar hechas de tejido porcino, bovino, equino u otro animal mamífero, como por ejemplo de tejido pericárdico, y son cosidas, soldadas, moldeadas o pegadas a la faldilla para distribuir de manera eficiente las fuerzas a lo largo de las valvas y sobre el armazón. El uso de materiales sintéticos o poliméricos para la faldilla de la válvula en combinación con las valvas de tejido de animales mamíferos puede ofrecer ventajas específicas. En particular, el material sintético puede proporcionar las mismas propiedades estructurales que el tejido de los mamíferos pero con un grosor reducido, posibilitando con ello que el cuerpo de la válvula sea aplastado adoptando un perfil de introducción más reducido. Como alternativa, las valvas, así mismo, pueden estar hechas de material sintético o polimérico.
El armazón comprende varios niveles, incluyendo una sección proximal de flujo de entrada cónica, una zona de constricción y una sección abocinada distal de flujo de salida. Cada una de las secciones de flujo de entrada y de salida es capaz de deformarse adoptando una sección transversal no circular para adaptarse a la anatomía del paciente, mientras que la zona de constricción está configurada para mantener una sección transversal circular que mantenga el adecuado funcionamiento del cuerpo de la válvula.
El armazón comprende una pluralidad de celdas que presentan un patrón que varía a lo largo de la extensión del armazón para proporcionar un alto grado de anclaje y alineación de la prótesis de válvula. El patrón de celdas está, así mismo, seleccionado para proporcionar un diámetro uniforme en el que las juntas comisurales de las valvas estén fijadas al armazón, permitiendo al tiempo que las zonas de entrada y salida de flujo se expandan para adaptarse a la anatomía del paciente. De esta manera, puede conseguirse el funcionamiento óptimo del cuerpo de la válvula aun cuando el armazón pueda ser desplegado en anatomías con una diversidad de tamaños.
Así mismo, el armazón ofrece resistencia a la deformación provocada por el movimiento del corazón y hace posible que una porción funcional del cuerpo de la válvula quede dispuesta de modo supraanular sobre la válvula de origen, extendiéndose una porción de la prótesis de válvula por dentro del ánulo de la válvula de origen.
En una forma de realización apropiada para la valvuloplastia aórtica el cuerpo de la válvula comprende una faldilla acoplada a tres valvas. Los componentes pueden estar hechos de un tejido pericárdico animal o de material sintético y puede ser cosidos, pegados, soldados o moldeados entre sí. Los extremos laterales de las valvas comprenden unas zonas de tamaño aumentado que son plegadas tanto para sustituir las juntas comisurales como para sujetar las juntas comisurales al armazón. La faldilla y las valvas están, así mismo, configuradas de tal manera que las juntas se alineen con los contornos del patrón de celdas del armazón.
En una forma de realización preferente, las juntas comisulares están fijadas al armazón en unos emplazamientos situados por encima del área de coaptación para proporcionar un centro seleccionable de coaptación de las valvas. Este diseño proporciona una configuración de introducción más eficiente debido a que las comisuras no quedan comprimidas contra las valvas cuando la prótesis de válvula se reduce a la configuración de introducción contraída. Así mismo, mediante el alargamiento de la distancia hasta las comisuras, el diseño limita el funcionamiento de las válvulas de tejido natural mediante la distribución de las fuerzas a lo largo de los bordes de coaptación y mediante la reducción de las fuerzas horizontales transmitidas a las juntas comisurales.
En formas de realización alternativas, el cuerpo de la válvula puede incluir un anillo de cosido en lugar del armazón para facilitar su implantación quirúrgica, y puede emplear un mínimo de dos y un máximo de cuatro valvas.
Así mismo, se divulgan en la presente memoria unos procedimientos de fabricación y utilización de las prótesis de válvula de las formas de realización de la presente invención.
Formas de realización de la presente invención tienen por objeto una prótesis de válvula cardiaca que presenta un armazón autoexpansible que soporta un cuerpo de la válvula. En una forma de realización preferente, el armazón ofrece una configuración de reloj de arena asimétrica con tres niveles con una sección proximal cónica, una sección de tamaño ampliado y una zona de constricción que presenta una curvatura predefinida cuando el armazón es desplegado. En el contexto de la presente solicitud, la sección proximal constituye la porción de “flujo de entrada” de la prótesis de válvula y está dispuesta dentro del ánulo aórtico del ventrículo izquierdo del paciente, mientras que la porción distal constituye la porción de “flujo de salida” de la prótesis de válvula que está situada dentro de la aorta ascendente del paciente.
En una forma de realización preferente, el cuerpo de la válvula comprende tres valvas que están fijadas entre sí en unas zonas terminales laterales de tamaño ampliado para formar las juntas comisuarles, constituyendo los bordes no unidos los bordes de coaptación de la válvula. Las valvas están fijadas a una faldilla, la cual está, a su vez, fijada al armazón. Las zonas terminales laterales de tamaño ampliado de las valvas permiten que el material sea replegado para potenciar la durabilidad de la válvula y reducir los puntos de concentración de esfuerzos que podrían provocar la fatiga o el rasgado de las valvas. Las juntas comisurales están montadas por encima del plano de los bordes de coaptación del cuerpo de la válvula para reducir al mínimo el perfil de introducción contraído de la prótesis
5
15
25
35
45
de válvula, mientras que la configuración de los bordes permite una distribución uniforme de los esfuerzos a lo largo de los bordes de coaptacion.
Con referencia a la FIG. 1, en ella se describe una prótesis de válvula construida de acuerdo con una forma de realización ejemplar de la presente invención. La prótesis de válvula 10 comprende un armazón expansible 12 que presenta un cuerpo 14 de la válvula fijado a la superficie interior, por ejemplo, mediante hilos de sutura. El armazón 12 consiste, de modo preferente, en una estructura autoexpansible constituida mediante corte por láser o grabado químico de un tubo de aleación de metal hecho de, por ejemplo, acero inoxidable o de un material con memoria de la forma, como por ejemplo níquel -titanio. El armazón presenta una configuración desplegada expandida que queda impresa sobre el tubo de aleación de metal utilizando técnicas en sí mismas conocidas en la técnica. El cuerpo 14 de la válvula comprende, de modo preferente, unas valvas separadas ensambladas sobre una faldilla. Todos los componentes del cuerpo 14 de la válvula, esto es, la faldilla y las valvas, pueden estar hechos de un material natural o artificial. Como alternativa, las valvas pueden estar hechas de un material natural, como por ejemplo el pericardio de animales porcinos, equinos, o bovinos, mientras que la faldilla consta de un material sintético o polimérico, como por ejemplo dacrón, ePTFE, o material similar.
El armazón 12 incluye, de modo preferente, varios niveles , incluyendo la sección de flujo de salida 15, la sección de flujo de entrada 16 y la zona de constricción 17. Tal y como se muestra en la vista de tamaño ampliado de la FIG. 1, el armazón comprende una pluralidad de celdas que presentan unos tamaños que varían a lo largo de la extensión de la prótesis. Tal y como se indica mediante la línea de puntos a, b y c, cada celda comprende dos estructuras en zigzag que presentan unos tirantes de longitud desigual, en la que los vértices de los zigzags están acoplados entre sí. Por ejemplo el zigzag 18 presenta una longitud z1 mientras que el zigzag 19 presenta una longitud mayor z2. Este diseño de celda permite que cada nivel de las celdas entre los extremos proximal y distal del armazón esté adaptado para satisfacer los condicionamientos específicos del diseño, como por ejemplo las características de compresibilidad, de expansión, la resistencia radial y para definir un contorno apropiado para la fijación del cuerpo de la válvula.
El patrón de las celdas del armazón 12 hace posible, así mismo, que el armazón se expanda hasta adoptar la forma asimétrica de reloj de arena de tres niveles mostrada en la FIG. 1A, con una sección de flujo de entrada cónica, una sección de flujo de salida de tamaño ampliado y una zona constreñida de diámetro fijo. Cada sección del armazón 12 presenta una sección transversal sustancialmente circular en la configuración desplegada expandida, pero, además, los patrones de las celdas de las secciones de flujo de entrada y de flujo de salida permiten que esas secciones se adapten a la anatomía específica del paciente, reduciendo con ello el riesgo de migración y reduciendo el riesgo de fugas perivalvulares. Los patrones de las celdas empleados en la zona de constricción son seleccionados para proporcionar un área en sección transversal circular uniforme para la zona de constricción cuando se despliegue la válvula, y un radio de curvatura predeterminado para la transición entre la zona de constricción y la sección de flujo de salida del armazón. En particular, la forma convexo -cóncava del armazón 12 dentro de la zona de constricción asegura que el armazón es mantenido lejos de la pared sinusal opuesta de la aorta ascendente, asegurando con ello el suficiente flujo sanguíneo hacia las arterias coronarias y facilitando el acceso del catéter hasta las arterias coronarias.
La sección de flujo de salida de tamaño ampliado presenta un diámetro desplegado nominal Do, la sección de flujo de entrada presenta un diámetro desplegado nominal Dl’; y la zona de constricción presenta un diámetro fijo sustancialmente desplegado Dc. La forma cónica de la zona de flujo de entrada y las transiciones lisas entre las secciones adyacentes del armazón 12 están diseñadas para que resulten especialmente ventajosas en la dirección del flujo sanguíneo a través del flujo del cuerpo de la válvula con escasa o nula turbulencia, en comparación con los cambios escalonados, en cuanto al diámetro, observados respecto de las válvuloplastias implantadas quirúrgicamente.
El patrón de celdas descritos con anterioridad, permite que cada una de las secciones de flujo de entrada y de flujo de salida del armazón 12 se expanda hasta obtener un diámetro dentro del margen de los diámetros desplegados, pero manteniendo la zona de constricción 17 con un diámetro sustancialmente constante. De esta manera, por ejemplo, el diámetro de flujo de salida Do puede oscilar entre 30 y 55 mm, mientras que el diámetro de flujo de entrada Dl puede oscilar entre 19 y 34 mm. De forma ilustrativa, el armazón 12 puede ser fabricado en cuatro tamaños que oscilen entre los diámetros Do, Dl y D, tal y como se expone en la Tabla 1 que sigue:
Tabla 1
- Tamaño A
- Tamaño B Tamaño C Tamaño D
- D0
- 40 mm 50 mm 40 mm 40 mm
- Dc
- 22 mm 22 mm 24 mm 24 mm
- Dl
- 26 mm 26 mm 29 mm 29 mm
De modo ventajoso, estos cuatro tamaños de armazón se espera que cubran una amplia gama de anatomías de pacientes, pero que requieran únicamente la construcción de dos tamaños del cuerpo de válvula (22 y 24 mm). En comparación con las válvulas quirúrgicas comercialmente disponibles conocidas con anterioridad, las cuales varían entre aproximadamente 17 mm y 31 mm en incrementos de un milímetro, se espera que los referidos cuatro tamaños de prótesis de válvula podrían ser utilizados para más del 75% de la población de enfermos, reduciendo con ello en gran medida los costes asociados con la fabricación y el repertorio de un número de piezas grande.
Cuando se configura como sustitución de una válvula aórtica, la sección de flujo de entrada 16 se extiende hacia dentro y queda anclada dentro del ánulo aórtico del ventrículo izquierdo de un paciente, y la sección de flujo de salida 15 es situada dentro de la aorta ascendente del paciente. Digno de resaltar es que la configuración de la sección de flujo de salida 15 se espera que proporcione una alineación óptima del cuerpo de la válvula con la dirección del flujo sanguíneo. Así mismo, el patrón de celdas de flujo de salida 15 sirve, así mismo, para anclar la sección de flujo de salida en la aorta ascendente del enfermo para impedir el movimiento lateral o la migración del armazón 12. Tal y como se representa en la FIG. 1C, el uso de celdas relativamente grandes dentro de la sección de flujo de salida del armazón 12 combinado con la forma convexo -cóncava de la zona 17, asegura que el armazón no obstruya el flujo sanguíneo hacia las arterias coronarias del enfermo cuando sea desplegado y hace posible que el catéter acceda a las arterias coronarias. El armazón 12 puede, así mismo, incluir unos ojales 20 que se utilicen en la carga de la prótesis de válvula cardiaca 10 dentro del catéter de introducción.
Con referencia todavía a las FIGS. 1, el cuerpo 14 de la válvula incluye una faldilla 21 fijada al armazón 12, y unas valvas 22. Las valvas 22 están fijadas a lo largo de sus bases a la faldilla 21, por ejemplo, utilizando unos hilos de sutura 23 o un adhesivo biocompatible apropiado. Unos pares de valvas adyacentes están fijadas entre sí en sus extremos laterales para formar unas comisuras 24, formando los bordes libres 25 de las valvas los bordes de coaptación que confluyen en el área de coaptación 26.
Tal y como se representa en la FIG. 1A, la curva formada en la unión 27 entre la base de cada valva 22 y cada faldilla 21 sigue el contorno del patrón de celdas del armazón 12, de manera que la mayoría de la extensión de la junta 27 resulta directamente soportada por el armazón 12, trasmitiendo de esta manera las fuerzas aplicadas sobre el cuerpo de la válvula directamente sobre el armazón. Como se muestra con mayor detalle en la FIG. 1C, las comisuras 24 están configuradas para abarcar una celda del armazón 12 de manera que la fuerza se distribuya de manera uniforme por dentro de las comisuras y sobre el armazón 12.
Con referencia a la FIG. 2, la prótesis de válvula 10 se muestra en la configuración de introducción contraída. En este estado, la prótesis de válvula puede ser insertada dentro de un catéter para la introducción transluminal percutánea a través de una arteria femoral y de la aorta descendente hasta la válvula aórtica de un paciente. Las comisuras 24 pueden estar dispuestas en sentido longitudinal descentradas respecto de los bordes de coaptación 25 del cuerpo de la válvula, permitiendo de esta manera un perfil de introducción menor del que podía obtenerse en las valvulopastias conocidas con anterioridad. Así mismo, debido a que el armazón 12 se autoexpande después de la liberación producida por el catéter de introducción, no se necesita utilizar un catéter con globo para la colocación de la prótesis de válvula 10, evitando con ello provocar una lesión compresiva de las valvas de la válvula durante la insuflación del globo.
Con referencia ahora a las FIGS. 3A y 3B, en ellas se muestra la faldilla 21 y la valva 22 de una válvula aórtica de acuerdo con una forma de realización preferente de la presente invención. En una forma de realización preferente, la faldilla 21 y la valva 22 están recortadas a partir de una lámina de un tejido pericárdico animal, como por ejemplo el tejido pericárdico de un animal porcino, ya sea de manera manual o utilizando un sistema de corte por troquel o láser. El tejido pericárdico puede ser tratado de acuerdo con técnicas de tratamiento de tejidos que son en sí mismas conocidas en la técnica para formar y tratar el material del tejido de la válvula. En una forma de realización preferente, la faldilla 21 y las valvas 22 tienen un grosor de entre 0,02032 cm y 0,04064 cm y, de modo más preferente, de entre 0,03048 cm y 0,03556 cm.
En una forma de realización alternativa preferente, las valvas 22 están hechas con un tejido pericárdico animal de acuerdo con lo descrito con anterioridad, mientras que la faldilla 21 ha sido recortada a partir de una lámina de material sintético o polimérico, como por ejemplo dacrón, ePTEF, u otro material similar, de la forma consabida en la técnica. En este caso, la faldilla 21 tiene un grosor de entre 0,01016 cm y 0,03048 cm y, de modo más preferente, entre 0,01524 cm y 0,02032 cm y, de esta manera, puede ser comprimida hasta adoptar un perfil de introducción sustancialmente más pequeño. Como alternativa, la faldilla 21 y las valvas 22 pueden estar hechas de un material sintético o polimérico.
La valva 22 incluye unos extremos laterales de tamaño ampliado 30 y 31 dispuestos a ambos lados del borde libre 32 y del cuerpo 33. El borde libre 32 forma el borde de coaptación 25 del cuerpo terminal 14 de la válvula, mientras que los extremos laterales 30 y 31, están plegados y unidos a las valvas adyacentes para formar las comisuras 24. De acuerdo con una forma de realización de la presente invención, los bordes libres 32 adoptan la forma de catenarias cuando el cuerpo de la válvula es fijado al armazón 12, proporcionando con ello una carga uniforme a lo largo de la extensión del borde de coaptación de manera similar a un puente de suspensión. El cuerpo 33 está unido a la faldilla 21 tal y como se describe más adelante. Los extremos laterales 30 y 31 se muestran de forma ilustrativa en la FIG. 3A presentando unas líneas de plegado d, e y f, para definir las aletas 34, 35 y 36.
En la forma de realización de la FIG. 3B, la faldilla 21 incluye unos paneles 21a, 21b y 21c, teniendo cada panel un área festoneada 37, una lengüeta de refuerzo 38 y una lengüeta terminal 39. El área festoneada 37, o cada panel 21a, 21b y 21c, está unida a un cuerpo 33 de una valva respectiva 22. Las lengüetas de refuerzo 38 incluyen, tal y como se ilustra, unas líneas de plegado g, h e i, entre los paneles 21a -21b y 21b -21c excepto con referencia a las lengüetas de refuerzo 40 y 41 situadas en los extremos laterales de los paneles 21a y 21c, las cuales presentan solo un pliegue para cada pieza. Tal y como se describe más adelante, las lengüetas de refuerzo 40 y 41 están unidas entre sí, por ejemplo, mediante hilos de sutura o pegamento, de manera que la faldilla 21 forma un tronco de un cono. En una forma de realización preferente, los paneles 21a, 21b, y 21c están cortados de manera conjunta a partir de una sola pieza de pericardio de animal, tal y como se muestra en la FIG. 3B.
Las lengüetas terminales 39 están plegadas sobre los extremos de la fila de celdas más proximales del armazón 12 para asegurar la faldilla al armazón y cerrarse herméticamente contra los flujos de derivación perivalvulares (véase la FIG. 1A). Debido a que las lengüetas terminales 39 son directamente soportadas por la última fila de celdas en zigzag del armazón 12, no existe la posibilidad de que un borde no soportado de la faldilla se solape o de cualquier otro modo se extienda por el interior de la vía de flujo a lo largo del borde de flujo de entrada de la faldilla 21. De esta manera, el diseño de la prótesis de válvula no solo asegura que no haya solapas que perturben el flujo o que sirvan como focos para la formación de trombos, sino que también reduce el riesgo de que el flujo hemodinámico contra dichas aletas pudiera provocar que el armazón 12 migrara.
Se ha observado que cuando los paneles 21a -21c son cortados conjuntamente a partir de una sola pieza de pericardio de animal, la faldilla tiene la tendencia a apelotonarse a modo de “acordeón” cuando el cuerpo de la válvula es aplastado hasta adoptar la configuración de introducción reducida. Sin embargo, los solicitantes han descubierto que si los paneles 21a -21c son cortados a lo largo de las líneas de pliegue h en la FIG. 3B, o son cortados separadamente a partir de una pieza de pericardio de animal, este fenómeno no se observa, y la faldilla puede ser aplastada hasta adoptar un perfil sustancialmente más pequeño. En particular, mientras que una faldilla a base de tejido que comprenda los paneles conjuntados 21a -21c, tal y como se muestra en la FIG. 3B, se ajusta dentro de un catéter de introducción de 7 mm, la constitución de la faldilla 21 a partir de los paneles 21a -21c permite que el dispositivo encaje dentro de un catéter de 6 mm, lo que se traduce en una reducción del perfil de introducción de aproximadamente el veinticinco por ciento (25%).
Como otra alternativa adicional, la faldilla 21 puede estar hecha de un material sintético polimérico, como por ejemplo Dacrón, ePTFe , o un material seleccionado por sus propiedades y por su biocompatibilidad. Por oposición a las valvas 22, las cuales proporcionan una función mecánica producida por su movimiento, la faldilla 21 funciona básicamente para crear un cierre estanco para impedir fugas perivalvulares. De acuerdo con ello, puede ser utilizado un material sintético delgado en lugar del tejido más grueso de animal mamífero para desempeñar esta finalidad. Como resultado de ello, el dispositivo puede ser comprimido hasta adoptar un perfil de introducción reducido en virtud del volumen disminuido de la faldilla. Por ejemplo, el uso de una faldilla sintética con un cuerpo de la válvula que incorpore unas valvas a base de tejido puede hacer posible que el dispositivo encaje dentro de un catéter que tenga un diámetro incluso superior a 6 mm.
Con referencia a las FIGS. 4A y 4B, en ellas se describe el montaje del cuerpo 14 de la válvula a partir de las formas de realización descritas con anterioridad de la faldilla 21 y de las valvas 22. En la FIG. 4A, la solapa 34 es, en primer término, plegada a lo largo de la línea d. La solapa 35 es plegada a lo largo de la línea e de manera que se sitúe por encima de la solapa 34, formando una costura 42 que comporta un triple grosor del tejido. La solapa 36 es a continuación plegada a lo largo de la línea f. Las valvas adyacentes 22 son entonces sujetas entre sí a lo largo de las costuras adyacentes 42, constituyendo un montaje de valvas.
Las lengüetas de refuerzo 38 son plegadas a lo largo de las líneas g, h y i para formar las costuras 43 que comprenden un doble grosor de tejido o, en el caso de los paneles separados 21a -21c, unidas para formar las costuras a lo largo de las lengüetas 38. A continuación, el montaje de valvas es fijado a la faldilla 21 a lo largo de los bordes inferiores de los cuerpos 33 de las valvas para formar las juntas 44. En esta etapa del montaje, antes de la fijación de la lengüeta de refuerzo 40 a 41 y de la costura restante 42 de las valvas 22, el cuerpo de la válvula aparece tal y como se representa en la FIG. 4B. Las lengüetas de refuerzo 40 y 41 son a continuación fijadas entre sí para formar otra costura 43 a lo largo de otra faldilla 21 y la costura restante 42 entre las valvas 22. El cuerpo 14 de la válvula queda entonces listo para ser fijado al armazón 12.
Con referencia a la FIG. 4C, a continuación se describirá una faldilla sintética destinada a un cuerpo de la válvula de acuerdo con una forma de realización alternativa de la presente invención. La faldilla 45 de la FIG. 4C está constituida a partir de un tubo 47 de material sintético comercialmente disponible, tal y como el descrito con anterioridad. El tubo 47 es cortado en un extremo para constituir las áreas festoneadas 37 mientras que unas muescas son cortadas en el otro extremo del tubo para formar las lengüetas terminales 39. Las valvas 22, las cuales pueden comprender un material natural o sintético, son a continuación montadas y fijadas a la faldilla 45 de manera similar a la descrita con anterioridad. Debido a que la faldilla 45 es esencialmente cilíndrica, dicha faldilla comprende, de modo preferente, un material suficientemente flexible para estirarse de forma que se adapte a la forma deseada del armazón cuando las lengüetas terminales 39 son fijadas al armazón 12.
En la FIG. 4D, se describe otra faldilla sintética destinada a un cuerpo de la válvula de acuerdo con una forma de realización alternativa de la presente invención. En este caso, la faldilla es, en primer lugar, cortada a partir del tubo 47 hasta adoptar la forma mostrada en la FIG. 40 y, a continuación, es conformada de manera que adopte una configuración parecida al tronco de un cono mediante la creación de unos fruncidos triangulares 48. En particular, antes de la fijación del montaje de valvas, los vértices de las áreas festoneadas 37 son plegadas sobre sí mismas y unidas, como si fueran cosidas, aglutinadas, soldadas, moldeadas o pegadas entre sí para formar los frunces 48. Tal y como se ilustra en la FIG. 4D, los frunces 48 pueden estar formados por las costuras 49, y pueden tener una anchura seleccionada para conferir cualquier cantidad deseada de ahusamiento a la faldilla 46. Las valvas pueden ser entonces montadas y fijadas a la faldilla, y el cuerpo de la válvula ser fijado al armazón 12, de acuerdo con lo descrito con anterioridad. De modo ventajoso, los frunces 48 proporcionan unos puntos de fijación reforzados para asegurar la faldilla 46 al armazón 12.
Con referencia a la FIG. 5, el cuerpo 14 de la válvula se muestra tal y como aparecería cuando estuviera fijado al armazón 12, pero omitiéndose el armazón 12 para ilustrar mejor el punto en el que el cuerpo de la válvula es fijado al armazón. Durante la etapa de fijación del cuerpo de la válvula al armazón, las solapas 36 de las valvas adyacentes son fijadas, por ejemplo, mediante suturas, para abarcar una celda del bastidor para soportar las comisuras 24 (compárese con la FIG. 1B) y las lengüetas terminales 39 son replegadas y fijadas a la fila más proximal de las celdas del armazón 12 (compárese con la FIG. 1A). El cuerpo 14 de la válvula es, así mismo, fijado al armazón 12, a lo largo de las costuras 43 formadas por las lengüetas de refuerzo. Cada junta 44 es alineada con y sujeta a (por ejemplo mediante suturas o pegamento) un contorno curvado definido por los tirantes de las celdas del armazón 12, de manera que la junta 44 sea fijada a y soportada por el armazón 12 sobre la mayor parte de la longitud de la junta. De acuerdo con lo analizado con anterioridad, la configuración de las celdas dentro del armazón 12 puede personalizarse de manera específica para definir un contorno curvado que soporte las juntas 44 del cuerpo de la válvula.
Cuando se ha completado el montaje al armazón 12, el cuerpo 14 de la válvula es fijado al armazón 12 a lo largo de los bordes de las solapas 36 de las comisuras, de las lengüetas terminales 39, de las costuras 42 de las valvas de las costuras 43 de las lengüetas de refuerzo y de las juntas 44. De esta manera, las fuerzas aplicadas sobre las valvas 22, las comisuras 24 y las juntas 44 son distribuidas de manera uniforme y eficiente sobre el cuerpo de la válvula y transferidas al armazón 12, reduciendo con ello la concentración de esfuerzos y la fatiga de los componentes del cuerpo de la válvula. Así mismo, el uso de grosores múltiples de material a lo largo de las costuras 42 y 43 se espera que proporcione un cuerpo de la válvula de gran duración que perdurará durante muchos años una vez implantado en un paciente.
De acuerdo con otra forma de realización de la presente invención, el centro de coaptación de las valvas 22 es una distancia L por debajo del punto en el cual las comisuras son fijadas al armazón tal y como se muestra en la FIG. 5. En comparación con los diseños anteriormente conocidos, las longitudes globales de los bordes de coaptación son incrementados, mientras que las valvas 22 se coaptan a lo largo de una porción más corta de aquellas longitudes. De este diseño se derivan varias ventajas:
- •
- las valvas requieren solo una presión mínima para abrirse y presentan un tiempo de cierre rápido.
- •
- La válvula demuestra una mejor dinámica de lavado cuando se abre, esto es, una menor turbulencia a lo largo de los bordes libres de las valvas.
- •
- La valva proporciona una distribución más uniforme de los esfuerzos a lo largo de los bordes de coaptación de las valvas 22.
- •
- El ángulo en el cual la fuerza es transmitida a las comisuras se incrementa, reduciendo de esta manera de forma sustancial las fuerzas horizontales aplicadas sobre las comisuras que tienden a traccionar las comisuras lejos del armazón.
- •
- El control del centro de la altura de coaptación hace posible que las comisuras sean situadas en posición proximal respecto del centro de coaptación, reduciendo con ello el perfil contraído de introducción de la prótesis de válvula.
Todos los beneficios expuestos se espera que reduzcan las cargas no uniformes aplicadas al cuerpo de la válvula, y potencien de manera sustancial la durabilidad de la prótesis de válvula.
Como resultará, por supuesto, evidente para el experto en la materia del diseño de válvula protésica, las etapas del montaje descritas con anterioridad son meramente ilustrativas, y puede ser empleado un orden diferente del montaje de las valvas y de la faldilla para constituir el cuerpo 14 de la válvula. En una forma de realización alternativa, un anillo de cosido convencional puede ser fijado al cuerpo 14 de la válvula y el armazón 12 puede ser omitido. En este caso, la prótesis de válvula puede ser implantada quirúrgicamente mejor que mediante la instalación transluminal percutánea. En este caso, las comisuras 24 pueden ser fijadas a la aorta ascendente mediante suturas u otro medio, de acuerdo con lo descrito con anterioridad.
Con referencia ahora a la FIG. 6, en ella se describe la implantación de la prótesis de válvula 10 y se muestra incorporando la faldilla 46 de la FIG. 4D. De acuerdo con lo analizado con anterioridad, la prótesis de válvula comprende, de modo preferente, un armazón autoextensible de varios niveles que puede ser comprimido hasta adoptar una configuración de introducción contraída tal y como se representa en la FIG. 3, sobre un miembro interior de un catéter de introducción. La prótesis de válvula y el miembro interno pueden, a continuación ser cargados dentro de una vaina de introducción de diseño convencional, por ejemplo, con un diámetro de 6 -7 mm o inferior. Debido en parte al hecho de que las comisuras 24 están descentradas en sentido longitudinal respecto de los bordes de coaptación de las valvas, la capacidad para personalizar el patrón de celdas a lo largo de la extensión del armazón, y a la estructura de la faldilla, se espera que la prótesis de válvula pueda ser diseñada para conseguir un perfil de introducción considerablemente más pequeño que en las valvuloplastias de instalación percutáneas previamente conocidas.
El catéter de introducción y la prótesis de válvula son a continuación avanzadas en un movimiento retrógrado mediante un corte sobre la arteria femoral hasta llegar a la aorta descendente del paciente. El catéter es a continuación avanzado, con la guía del radioscopio, sobre el arco aórtico, a través de la aorta ascendente y a mitad de camino a través de la válvula aórtica defectuosa. Una vez que se ha confirmado la posición del catéter, la vaina del catéter de introducción puede ser retirada en sentido proximal, permitiendo con ello que la prótesis de válvula se autoexpanda.
Cuando la prótesis de válvula se expande, atrapa las valvas naturales, LN, de la válvula aórtica defectuosa del paciente contra el ánulo de la válvula, reteniendo la válvula natural en un estado permanentemente abierto. Tal y como se ilustra con mayor detalle en la FIG. 6, la sección de salida de flujo 15 de la prótesis de válvula se expande contra y alinea la prótesis dentro de la aorta ascendente, mientras que la sección de flujo de entrada 16 queda anclada en el ánulo aórtico del ventrículo izquierdo, de manera que la faldilla 21 reduce el riesgo de fugas perivalvulares.
Como se muestra también en la FIG. 6, la configuración desplegada de la zona estructural 17 mantiene el cuerpo 14 de la válvula en una posición supraanular, lejos de las paredes del corazón, asegurando de esta manera que la zona de constricción se expanda hasta el diámetro fijo predeterminado. Esto, a su vez, asegura que el cuerpo de la válvula no experimente ningún tipo de cargas laterales inesperadas y, por consiguiente, se expanda hasta adoptar el diámetro deseado, por ejemplo, de manera ilustrativa, o bien 22 o 24 mm como en la Tabla 1 anterior.
Debido a que la sección de flujo de salida 15 del armazón 12 emplea unas celdas relativamente más grandes que el resto de armazón, la prótesis de válvula 10 no perturba el flujo sanguíneo hasta el interior de las arterias coronarias, CA, cuando está desplegado y, así mismo, no obstruye el acceso posterior del catéter hasta las arterias coronarias. De acuerdo con ello, un facultativo puede acceder con facilidad a las arterias coronarias, por ejemplo, para llevar a cabo una angioplastia o para la colocación de una endoprótesis vascular, simplemente mediante la dirección del alambre de guía del sistema de instalación de la angioplastia o de la endoprótesis vascular a través de las aberturas existentes en el patrón de celdas del armazón 12.
Aunque se han descrito en las líneas anteriores formas de realización preferentes, debe resultar palmario para el experto en la materia que pueden llevarse a cabo diversos cambios y modificaciones.
Claims (28)
- REIVINDICACIONES1. -Una prótesis de válvula (10) que comprende:un armazón de varios niveles autoexpansible (12) que presenta una configuración de introducción contraída y una configuración desplegada expandida, presentando el armazón de varios niveles unos niveles, en la configuración desplegada expandida, de una sección de flujo de salida (15) con un primer diámetro nominal (Do), una sección de flujo de entrada (16) que presenta un segundo diámetro nominal (Dl), y una zona de constricción (17) que presenta un tercer diámetro (Dc) más pequeño que los primero y segundo diámetros nominales; yun cuerpo (14) de la válvula fijado al armazón de varios niveles, comprendiendo el cuerpo de la válvula una pluralidad de valvas (22)caracterizado porquela sección de flujo de salida ( 15) está aumentada de tamaño y presenta un primer diámetro nominal (Do) que oscila entre 30 mm y 55 mm,la sección de flujo de entrada (16) es cónica y presenta un segundo diámetro nominal (Dl) más pequeño que el primer diámetro nominal y oscila entre 19 mm y 34 mm,el tercer diámetro (Dc) es fijo, y porquela pluralidad de valvas (22) está fijada a una faldilla (21).
- 2.-La prótesis de válvula de la reivindicación 1, en la que el armazón de varios niveles comprende un patrón de celdas definido por unos zigzags de igual longitud (18, 19).
- 3.-La prótesis de válvula de las reivindicaciones 1 o 2, en la que la sección de flujo de entrada cónica presenta un extremo proximal y la sección cónica se abocina hacia el exterior hacia el extremo proximal.
- 4.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1, 2 o 3, en la que las valvas adyacentes están fijadas entre sí para formar unas comisuras (24) y presentan unos bordes libres que definen unos bordes de coaptación (26) y un centro de coaptación, estando las comisuras longitudinalmente descentradas respecto del centro de coaptación.
- 5.-La prótesis de válvula de la reivindicación 4, en la que las comisuras están fijadas al armazón de varios niveles en un emplazamiento proximal al centro de coaptación.
- 6.-La prótesis de válvula de la reivindicación 5, en la que el armazón de varios niveles comprende un patrón de celdas y las comisuras incluyen unas solapas que abarcan un área entera de al menos una celda del patrón de celdas.
- 7.-La prótesis de válvula de las reivindicaciones 4 a 6, en la que las comisuras y los bordes de coaptación de las valvas definen unas catenarias que distribuyen sustancialmente de manera uniforme las cargas sobre las valvas.
- 8.-La prótesis de válvula de la reivindicación 7, en la que las catenarias están configuradas para reducir las cargas horizontales aplicadas a las comisuras.
- 9.-La prótesis de válvula de las reivindicaciones 4 a 8, en la que cada valva está individualmente formada y comprende un extremo lateral de tamaño aumentado (30, 31) que presenta una pluralidad de solapas (34, 35, 36) que están replegadas para incrementar la durabilidad de las comisuras.
- 10.-La prótesis de válvula de la reivindicación 1, en la que las valvas están fijadas a la faldilla al nivel de las juntas, el armazón de varios niveles comprende así mismo un patrón de celdas que define un contorno y las juntas están fijadas al armazón, proporcionando la configuración de los contornos un soporte de tal manera que la mayoría de la longitud de cada junta sea directamente soportada por el armazón para distribuir de manera uniforme las fuerzas a través del cuerpo de la válvula al armazón de varios niveles.
- 11.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquier reivindicación precedente, en la que la faldilla comprende así mismo una pluralidad de frunces o lengüetas de refuerzo longitudinalmente orientadas (38, 39).
- 12.-La prótesis de válvula de la reivindicación 11, en la que las lengüetas o los frunces de refuerzo están fijados al armazón de varios niveles.
- 13.-La prótesis de válvula de las reivindicaciones 11 o 12, en la que la faldilla comprende así mismo una pluralidad de lengüetas terminales adaptadas para ser fijadas a la fila más proximal de celdas del armazón de varios niveles.
- 14.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquier reivindicación precedente, en la que las valvas comprenden un material seleccionado entre uno de estos materiales: de porcino, bovino, equino u otro tejido pericárdico de animal mamífero, un material sintético o un material polimérico.
- 15.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquier reivindicación precedente, en la que la prótesis de válvula es una prótesis de válvula cardiaca.
- 16.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquier reivindicación precedente, en la que el cuerpo de la válvula puede ser desplegado de forma supraanular de un ánulo aórtico de un paciente cuando la prótesis de válvula es instalada dentro de la válvula aórtica de un paciente y el armazón de varios niveles está en la configuración desplegada expandida.
- 17.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquier reivindicación precedente, en la que el armazón de varios niveles está configurado para mantener la válvula original de un paciente permanentemente abierta en la configuración desplegada expandida.
- 18.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquier reivindicación precedente, en la que el armazón de varios niveles está configurado para permitir el acceso de varias arterias coronarias del paciente en la configuración desplegada expandida.
- 19.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquier reivindicación precedente, en la que el armazón de varios niveles presenta unos extremos proximal y distal y una pluralidad de patrones de celdas que varían de tamaño entre los extremos proximal y distal.
- 20.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquier reivindicación precedente, en la que la zona de constricción comprende una pluralidad de patrones de celdas configurados para proporcionar un radio de curvatura predeterminado desde la transición de la zona de constricción hasta la sección de flujo de salida.
- 21.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquier reivindicación precedente, en la que la faldilla comprende un material sintético.
- 22.-La prótesis de válvula de la reivindicación 21, en la que la faldilla presenta una forma tubular en una configuración no deformada.
- 23.-La prótesis de válvula de la reivindicación 22, en la que la faldilla está configurada con una forma frustocónica obtenible mediante la deformación del material sintético.
- 24.-La prótesis de válvula de la reivindicación 23, en la que la forma frustocónica está constituida mediante la creación de una pluralidad de frunces orientados en sentido longitudinal en el material sintético.
- 25.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 20, en la que la faldilla comprende dos o más paneles individuales de material pericárdico animal.
- 26.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 20, en la que la faldilla comprende dos o más paneles conjuntos de material pericárdico animal.
- 27.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquier reivindicación precedente, en la que cada una de las secciones de flujo de entrada y de flujo de salida es capaz de deformarse en una sección trasversal no circular para adaptarse a la anatomía del paciente, mientras que la zona de constricción está configurada para mantener una sección transversal circular que preserve el adecuado funcionamiento de la prótesis de válvula.
- 28.-La prótesis de válvula de cualquier reivindicación precedente, en la que la configuración desplegada es tal que el armazón tiene una forma de reloj de arena asimétrico de tres niveles.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/128,826 US7914569B2 (en) | 2005-05-13 | 2005-05-13 | Heart valve prosthesis and methods of manufacture and use |
| US128826 | 2005-05-13 | ||
| PCT/US2006/018514 WO2006124649A2 (en) | 2005-05-13 | 2006-05-12 | Heart valve prothesis and methods of manufacture and use |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES2359335T3 true ES2359335T3 (es) | 2011-05-20 |
| ES2359335T5 ES2359335T5 (es) | 2018-07-09 |
Family
ID=37420182
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES11156387.0T Active ES2536127T3 (es) | 2005-05-13 | 2006-05-12 | Prótesis de válvula cardíaca |
| ES06770296.9T Active ES2359335T5 (es) | 2005-05-13 | 2006-05-12 | Prótesis de válvula cardíaca |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES11156387.0T Active ES2536127T3 (es) | 2005-05-13 | 2006-05-12 | Prótesis de válvula cardíaca |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (10) | US7914569B2 (es) |
| EP (2) | EP2335649B2 (es) |
| JP (1) | JP5681846B2 (es) |
| AT (1) | ATE499907T2 (es) |
| AU (2) | AU2006247573B2 (es) |
| CA (1) | CA2614431C (es) |
| DE (1) | DE602006020442D1 (es) |
| DK (2) | DK1893132T4 (es) |
| ES (2) | ES2536127T3 (es) |
| NZ (1) | NZ564205A (es) |
| WO (1) | WO2006124649A2 (es) |
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2005
- 2005-05-13 US US11/128,826 patent/US7914569B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2006
- 2006-05-12 DE DE602006020442T patent/DE602006020442D1/de active Active
- 2006-05-12 ES ES11156387.0T patent/ES2536127T3/es active Active
- 2006-05-12 ES ES06770296.9T patent/ES2359335T5/es active Active
- 2006-05-12 WO PCT/US2006/018514 patent/WO2006124649A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-05-12 US US11/433,296 patent/US9504564B2/en active Active
- 2006-05-12 EP EP11156387.0A patent/EP2335649B2/en active Active
- 2006-05-12 JP JP2008511424A patent/JP5681846B2/ja active Active
- 2006-05-12 CA CA2614431A patent/CA2614431C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-05-12 AT AT06770296T patent/ATE499907T2/de active
- 2006-05-12 NZ NZ564205A patent/NZ564205A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-05-12 EP EP06770296.9A patent/EP1893132B2/en active Active
- 2006-05-12 DK DK06770296.9T patent/DK1893132T4/en active
- 2006-05-12 DK DK11156387T patent/DK2335649T3/da active
- 2006-05-12 AU AU2006247573A patent/AU2006247573B2/en not_active Ceased
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- 2011-08-09 US US29/399,122 patent/USD732666S1/en active Active
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