ES2473540T3 - Procedimiento para reducir la viscosidad de petróleos crudos - Google Patents
Procedimiento para reducir la viscosidad de petróleos crudos Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ES2473540T3 ES2473540T3 ES10784720.4T ES10784720T ES2473540T3 ES 2473540 T3 ES2473540 T3 ES 2473540T3 ES 10784720 T ES10784720 T ES 10784720T ES 2473540 T3 ES2473540 T3 ES 2473540T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- sample
- microwave
- viscosity
- reactor
- irradiation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229940127240 opiate Drugs 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 28
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 15
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000009530 blood pressure measurement Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 7
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 4
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010794 Cyclic Steam Stimulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010796 Steam-assisted gravity drainage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 3
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000015076 Shorea robusta Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000166071 Shorea robusta Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-2-ene Chemical compound CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010793 Steam injection (oil industry) Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-ARJAWSKDSA-N cis-but-2-ene Chemical compound C\C=C/C IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-ARJAWSKDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl butane Natural products CCCC(C)C AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNMQEEKYCVKGBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylacetylene Natural products CC#CC XNMQEEKYCVKGBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004058 oil shale Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013520 petroleum-based product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G15/00—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils by electric means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, by particle radiation or with gases superheated in electric arcs
- C10G15/08—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils by electric means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, by particle radiation or with gases superheated in electric arcs by electric means or by electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G32/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation, or by using microorganisms
- C10G32/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation, or by using microorganisms by electric or magnetic means
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1033—Oil well production fluids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
- C10G2300/30—Physical properties of feedstocks or products
- C10G2300/302—Viscosity
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT002183A ITMI20092183A1 (it) | 2009-12-14 | 2009-12-14 | Procedimento per diminuire la viscosita' dei greggi |
| ITMI20092183 | 2009-12-14 | ||
| PCT/EP2010/007284 WO2011072804A1 (en) | 2009-12-14 | 2010-11-30 | Process for reducing the viscosity of crude oils |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES2473540T3 true ES2473540T3 (es) | 2014-07-07 |
Family
ID=42557310
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES10784720.4T Active ES2473540T3 (es) | 2009-12-14 | 2010-11-30 | Procedimiento para reducir la viscosidad de petróleos crudos |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2513256B1 (pl) |
| CY (1) | CY1115207T1 (pl) |
| ES (1) | ES2473540T3 (pl) |
| HR (1) | HRP20140574T1 (pl) |
| IT (1) | ITMI20092183A1 (pl) |
| PL (1) | PL2513256T3 (pl) |
| PT (1) | PT2513256E (pl) |
| SI (1) | SI2513256T1 (pl) |
| WO (1) | WO2011072804A1 (pl) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108003921B (zh) * | 2017-12-26 | 2019-11-05 | 广东石油化工学院 | 一种重油临氢微波热解反应系统及方法 |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3104711A (en) | 1963-09-24 | haagensen | ||
| US4067683A (en) * | 1976-06-14 | 1978-01-10 | Frank T. Sullivan, Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling fluency of high viscosity hydrocarbon fluids |
| US4234402A (en) * | 1978-10-24 | 1980-11-18 | Kirkbride Chalmer G | Sulfur removal from crude petroleum |
| CA2009782A1 (en) | 1990-02-12 | 1991-08-12 | Anoosh I. Kiamanesh | In-situ tuned microwave oil extraction process |
| WO1996010065A1 (en) * | 1994-09-28 | 1996-04-04 | Phonon Technologies, Inc. | A differential dielectric heating process for crude petroleum |
| WO1996013621A1 (en) * | 1994-10-31 | 1996-05-09 | Krogh Ole D | An ecr plasma source |
| BRPI0503793B1 (pt) * | 2005-09-15 | 2014-12-30 | Petroleo Brasileiro Sa | Processo para redução de acidez de misturas de hidrocarbonetos |
| CA2633091A1 (en) | 2005-12-14 | 2007-07-19 | Mobilestream Oil, Inc. | Microwave-based recovery of hydrocarbons and fossil fuels |
| PE20110446A1 (es) * | 2008-06-27 | 2011-07-01 | Prad Res & Dev Ltd | Aparato para mejorar petroleo crudo y sistema para la incorporacion del mismo |
| WO2010039782A1 (en) * | 2008-09-30 | 2010-04-08 | Global Resource Corporation | Microwave-based conveying devices and processing of carbonaceous materials |
| IT1396576B1 (it) * | 2009-10-22 | 2012-12-14 | Eni Spa | Procedimento per la riduzione di viscosita' di residui petroliferi provenienti dalla distillazione a pressione atmosferica o sotto vuoto |
-
2009
- 2009-12-14 IT IT002183A patent/ITMI20092183A1/it unknown
-
2010
- 2010-11-30 PT PT107847204T patent/PT2513256E/pt unknown
- 2010-11-30 EP EP10784720.4A patent/EP2513256B1/en active Active
- 2010-11-30 HR HRP20140574AT patent/HRP20140574T1/hr unknown
- 2010-11-30 ES ES10784720.4T patent/ES2473540T3/es active Active
- 2010-11-30 WO PCT/EP2010/007284 patent/WO2011072804A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2010-11-30 SI SI201030650T patent/SI2513256T1/sl unknown
- 2010-11-30 PL PL10784720T patent/PL2513256T3/pl unknown
-
2014
- 2014-06-18 CY CY20141100444T patent/CY1115207T1/el unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2513256A1 (en) | 2012-10-24 |
| CY1115207T1 (el) | 2017-01-04 |
| HRP20140574T1 (hr) | 2014-08-01 |
| WO2011072804A1 (en) | 2011-06-23 |
| WO2011072804A8 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
| PL2513256T3 (pl) | 2014-09-30 |
| EP2513256B1 (en) | 2014-03-19 |
| ITMI20092183A1 (it) | 2011-06-15 |
| PT2513256E (pt) | 2014-06-25 |
| SI2513256T1 (sl) | 2014-08-29 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Taheri-Shakib et al. | Experimental investigation of comparing electromagnetic and conventional heating effects on the unconventional oil (heavy oil) properties: Based on heating time and upgrading | |
| Taheri-Shakib et al. | The experimental investigation of effect of microwave and ultrasonic waves on the key characteristics of heavy crude oil | |
| Taheri-Shakib et al. | The experimental study of effect of microwave heating time on the heavy oil properties: Prospects for heavy oil upgrading | |
| Pipintakos et al. | Experimental investigation of the oxidative ageing mechanisms in bitumen | |
| US7441597B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for in-situ radiofrequency assisted gravity drainage of oil (RAGD) | |
| Zhang et al. | Geochemical signatures of thermochemical sulfate reduction in controlled hydrous pyrolysis experiments | |
| US8464789B2 (en) | Process for enhanced production of heavy oil using microwaves | |
| US20100294489A1 (en) | In-situ upgrading of heavy crude oil in a production well using radio frequency or microwave radiation and a catalyst | |
| Neto et al. | The oil shale transformation in the presence of an acidic BEA zeolite under microwave irradiation | |
| US20040031731A1 (en) | Process for the microwave treatment of oil sands and shale oils | |
| BRPI0701638B1 (pt) | reator e sistema para hidroprocessamento assistido por microondas | |
| Vaccaro et al. | Luminescence of the surface nonbridging oxygen hole center in silica: Spectral and decay properties | |
| US9376634B2 (en) | Hydrocarbon resource processing device including radio frequency applicator and related methods | |
| NO20012689L (no) | Nye fluider og teknikker for matrikssyrebehandling | |
| Taheri-Shakib et al. | Characterization of the wax precipitation in Iranian crude oil based on wax appearance temperature (WAT): The influence of ultrasonic waves | |
| WO2012037230A2 (en) | Enhanced recovery and in situ upgrading using rf | |
| BRPI0620706A2 (pt) | método para decompor uma composição, método para extrair um material a base de petróleo; aparelho para decompor uma composição; aparelho para extrair um material a base de petróleo de um composto; e polìmero, negro de fumo, aço, óleo, gás, monÈmero, material a base de petróleo produzidos pelo método da invenção | |
| WO2015140636A1 (en) | A method of cracking and/or demulsification of hydrocarbons and/or fatty acids in emulsions | |
| US11753915B2 (en) | Laser tool with color applicator | |
| CA2633885C (en) | Self-sustaining cracking of hydrocarbons | |
| Taheri-Shakib et al. | The influence of electromagnetic waves on the gas condensate characterisation: experimental evaluation | |
| BRPI0905232A2 (pt) | processo para redução de acidez naftênica e aumento simultáneo de api de petróleos pesados | |
| Bilali et al. | A detailed study of the microwave pyrolysis of the Moroccan (Youssoufia) rock phosphate | |
| Poveda et al. | Molecular changes in asphaltenes within H2 plasma | |
| Tanhaei et al. | Investigation of microwave radiation in conjugate with acidizing as a novel hybrid method of oil well stimulation |