ES2559936T3 - Dispositivo de articulación de la cadera - Google Patents

Dispositivo de articulación de la cadera Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2559936T3
ES2559936T3 ES10797408.1T ES10797408T ES2559936T3 ES 2559936 T3 ES2559936 T3 ES 2559936T3 ES 10797408 T ES10797408 T ES 10797408T ES 2559936 T3 ES2559936 T3 ES 2559936T3
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Spain
Prior art keywords
hip joint
femur
head
artificial
medical device
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ES10797408.1T
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English (en)
Inventor
Peter Forsell
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
KIRK PROMOTION Ltd
KIRK PROMOTION Ltd
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KIRK PROMOTION Ltd
KIRK PROMOTION Ltd
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Landscapes

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  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)

Abstract

Un dispositivo médico para el tratamiento de la osteoartritis de la articulación de la cadera contribuyendo con la inyección de una superficie artificial de la articulación de la cadera sobre la superficie natural de la articulación de la cadera o sobre una superficie natural de la articulación de la cadera modificada quirúrgicamente, donde dicho dispositivo médico comprende un primer elemento de cierre (84) adaptado para estar colocado en la articulación de la cadera para crear un espacio hueco junto con el acetábulo, o una sustitución artificial del mismo, y la cabeza del fémur, o una sustitución artificial (45) de la misma, donde dicho primer elemento de cierre tiene un cuerpo alargado adaptado para cerrar dicho espacio hueco confinado por las superficies del acetábulo, o de una sustitución artificial del mismo, y de la cabeza del fémur, o de una sustitución artificial de la misma, con el fin de recibir, en el interior de dicho espacio hueco, un material (93) para revestir por lo menos uno del acetábulo y de la cabeza del fémur, donde dicho dispositivo médico comprende además un segundo elemento de cierre (86), en el que - dichos primer y segundo elementos de cierre definen un espacio hueco cerrado (87) junto con la cabeza del fémur, o una sustitución artificial de la misma, y el acetábulo, o una sustitución artificial del mismo, y - dichos primer y segundo elementos de cierre están adaptados para hacer contacto con dicho material cuando dicho espacio hueco recibe dicho material para revestir por lo menos una de la superficie del acetábulo y la superficie de la cabeza del fémur, y en el que el dispositivo comprende dicho material, caracterizado porque dicho material es biocompatible y está adaptado para ser inyectado de tal modo que se pone en contacto con dicho primer elemento de cierre, y en el que dicho material biocompatible está adaptado para transformarse de estado fluido a estado sólido después de que dicho material ha sido inyectado en dicho molde provisional, y en el que dicho material está adaptado para tener una superficie que tolera el desgaste y la presión cuando dicho material está en dicho estado sólido.

Description

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DESCRIPCION
Dispositivo de articulacion de la cadera Sector tecnico de la invencion
La presente invencion se refiere, en general, a un dispositivo medico para su utilizacion en un procedimiento quirurgico o laparoscopico de tratamiento de osteoartritis de la calera en un paciente humano.
Antecedentes
La osteoartritis de la articulacion de la cadera es un smdrome en el que una inflamacion de baja intensidad tiene como resultado un dolor en las articulaciones de la cadera, provocado por un desgaste anomalo del cartflago que actua como un amortiguador en el interior de la articulacion de la cadera. Este desgaste anomalo del cartflago tiene como resultado asimismo una disminucion del fluido de lubricacion de las articulaciones denominado lfquido sinovial. Se estima que la osteoartritis de la articulacion de la cadera afecta al 80% de la poblacion mayor de 65 anos de edad, de forma mas o menos severa.
El tratamiento actual de la osteoartritis de la cadera comprende medicamentos NSAID, inyecciones locales de acido hialuronico o de glucocorticoide para ayudar a lubricar la articulacion de la cadera, y la sustitucion de partes de la articulacion de la cadera con una protesis por medio de cirugfa de la articulacion de la cadera.
La sustitucion de partes de la articulacion de la cadera es una de las cirugfas mas comunes a dfa de hoy, realizada cada ano en cientos de miles de pacientes en todo el mundo. El procedimiento mas comun comprende colocar una protesis de metal en el femur y un cuenco de plastico en el acetabulo. Esta operacion se realiza a traves de una incision lateral en la cadera y en la parte superior del muslo, y a traves de la fascia lata y de los musculos laterales del muslo. Para conseguir acceso a la articulacion, es necesario penetrar la capsula fibrosa de soporte acoplada al femur y al ilion, lo que hace diffcil conseguir una articulacion totalmente funcional despues de la cirugfa. El femur se corta en el cuello con una sierra para huesos y la protesis se coloca en el femur con cemento oseo o bien sin este. El acetabulo se amplfa ligeramente utilizando un ensanchador acetabular, y el cuenco de plastico se coloca utilizando tornillos o cemento oseo.
La cirugfa requiere habitualmente una semana de hospitalizacion debido al aumento del riesgo de infeccion. El proceso de recuperacion dura un promedio aproximado de 6 semanas, pero incluso despues de este penodo el paciente no debena realizar ninguna actividad ffsica que suponga un esfuerzo elevado sobre la articulacion.
La memoria DE10339605 (de Priebs) da a conocer una superficie polfmera de articulacion de la cadera que se podna llenar con un lubricante y aire.
La memoria US2009/076605 (de Linares) da a conocer un procedimiento de inyeccion de un fluido solidificante en un molde colocado en una articulacion.
Resumen
Se da a conocer un dispositivo medico para el tratamiento de la osteoartritis de la articulacion de la cadera mediante la disposicion de una superficie de la articulacion de la cadera. La articulacion de la cadera comprende un acetabulo, que es una parte del hueso pelvico, que comprende una superficie del acetabulo, y una cabeza del femur, que es una parte del hueso femoral, que comprende una superficie de la cabeza del femur. El dispositivo medico comprende un primer elemento de cierre adaptado para ser colocado en la articulacion de la cadera para crear un espacio hueco junto con el acetabulo, o una sustitucion artificial del mismo, y la cabeza del femur, o una sustitucion artificial de la misma. El primer elemento de cierre esta adaptado ademas para tener una forma adaptada para cerrar el espacio hueco con el fin de recibir, en el interior de dicho espacio hueco, un material para revestir por lo menos una de la superficie del acetabulo y la superficie de la cabeza del femur.
De acuerdo con la invencion, el dispositivo medico comprende ademas un segundo elemento de cierre. El primer y el segundo elementos de cierre definen por lo tanto un espacio hueco cerrado, junto con la cabeza del femur, o una sustitucion artificial de la misma, y el acetabulo, o una sustitucion artificial del mismo. Ademas, el primer y el segundo elementos de cierre estan adaptados para hacer contacto con el material cuando el espacio hueco recibe material para revestir por lo menos una de la superficie del acetabulo y la superficie de la cabeza del femur.
De acuerdo con la invencion, el material utilizado en cualquiera de las realizaciones de la presente memoria es biocompatible. El material podna estar adaptado asimismo para ser inyectado en contacto con el primer elemento de cierre, y estar adaptado para transformarse de estado fluido a estado solido despues de que el material ha sido inyectado en el molde provisional. El material podna estar adaptado ademas para tener una superficie que tolere el desgaste y la presion cuando el material esta en estado solido.
Se definen realizaciones preferidas de la invencion mediante las reivindicaciones dependientes. Tengase en cuenta que cualquier realizacion o parte de realizacion se podna combinar de cualquier modo.
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Breve descripcion de los dibujos
A continuacion se describen las realizaciones, a modo de ejemplo, haciendo referencia a los dibujos adjuntos, en los cuales:
la figura 1 muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion,
la figura 2 muestra una vista a lateral de una cirugfa convencional de la articulacion de la cadera,
la figura 3 muestra una cabeza del femur artificial que se utiliza en cirugfa convencional,
la figura 4 muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion cuando se crea un orificio en el hueso pelvico,
la figura 5 muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion cuando se crea un pequeno orificio en el hueso pelvico,
la figura 6 muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion cuando se crea un orificio en el femur,
la figura 7 muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion cuando se crea un orificio en la capsula de la articulacion de la cadera,
la figura 8 muestra el ensanchador expansible,
la figura 9 muestra el ensanchador expansible en su estado plegado,
la figura 10 muestra el ensanchador expansible desde abajo,
la figura 11 muestra el ensanchador expansible siendo utilizado en el procedimiento quirurgico o laparoscopico,
la figura 12 muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion, en la que esta situada una camara en la articulacion de la cadera,
la figura 13a muestra un instrumento para la introduccion de un elemento de cierre en una articulacion de la cadera,
la figura 13b muestra el instrumento para la introduccion de un elemento de cierre en una articulacion de la cadera, en seccion,
la figura 13c muestra el instrumento para la introduccion de un elemento de cierre en una articulacion de la cadera, de acuerdo con una segunda realizacion,
la figura 14a muestra un instrumento para la introduccion de un elemento de cierre en una articulacion de la cadera, de acuerdo con una primera realizacion,
la figura 14b muestra un instrumento para la introduccion de un elemento de cierre en una articulacion de la cadera, de acuerdo con una segunda realizacion,
la figura 14c muestra un instrumento para la introduccion de un elemento de cierre en una articulacion de la cadera, de acuerdo con una tercera realizacion,
la figura 15 muestra la introduccion de un primer elemento de cierre en una articulacion de la cadera, la figura 16a muestra la introduccion de un segundo elemento de cierre,
la figura 16b muestra un elemento de cierre que esta premontado en una superficie de la cabeza del femur artificial, la figura 17a muestra la creacion de un orificio en el femur,
la figura 17b muestra un instrumento que puede introducir un elemento de cierre en una articulacion de la cadera a traves del femur,
la figura 17c muestra la colocacion de un elemento de cierre en el interior de la articulacion de la cadera utilizando un instrumento que funciona a traves del femur,
la figura 18 muestra la colocacion de un elemento de cierre en el interior de la articulacion de la cadera utilizando un instrumento que funciona a traves de la capsula de la articulacion de la cadera,
la figura 19 muestra el llenado de un area cerrada en el interior de la articulacion de la cadera utilizando un instrumento que funciona a traves del hueso pelvico,
la figura 20 muestra el llenado de un area cerrada en el interior de la articulacion de la cadera utilizando un instrumento que funciona a traves del femur,
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la figura 21 muestra el llenado de un area cerrada en el interior de la articulacion de la cadera utilizando un instrumento que funciona a traves de la capsula de la articulacion de la cadera,
la figura 22a muestra una articulacion de la cadera en seccion, despues de que un area cerrada en la articulacion de la cadera se ha llenado con un fluido,
la figura 22b muestra un elemento inyector que inyecta un fluido a traves de un elemento de cierre, la figura 23 muestra la inyeccion de fluido en una zona de la articulacion de la cadera;
la figura 24 muestra un elemento inyector en mayor detalle,
la figura 25 muestra un elemento inyector en mayor detalle, de acuerdo con una segunda realizacion,
la figura 26 muestra un elemento inyector en mayor detalle, de acuerdo con una tercera realizacion.
Descripcion detallada
A continuacion se proporcionara una descripcion detallada de las realizaciones. En las figuras, los numerales de referencia similares indican elementos identicos o correspondientes en la totalidad de las diversas figuras. Se apreciara que estas figuras son solamente ilustrativas y no limitan el alcance en modo alguno. Por lo tanto, cualesquiera referencias a direcciones, tales como "arriba" o "abajo", se refieren solamente a las direcciones mostradas en las figuras. Asimismo, cualesquiera dimensiones, etc., mostradas en las figuras, tienen propositos ilustrativos.
Un material reabsorbible se debe entender con un material que esta adaptado para ser reabsorbido por el cuerpo humano despues de algun tiempo de implantacion, y por lo tanto, por lo menos parcialmente, desaparecer del lugar de implantacion.
Un material biocompatible se debe entender como un material con un bajo nivel de respuesta inmunitaria. Los materiales biocompatibles se denominan en ocasiones biomateriales.
La figura 1 muestra la articulacion de la cadera de un paciente humano, en seccion. La articulacion de la cadera comprende una cabeza del femur 5 situada en la parte mas superior del cuello del femur 6, que es la parte superior del hueso femoral 7. La cabeza del femur esta en conexion con el acetabulo 8, que es una parte en forma de cuenco del hueso pelvico 9. Tanto la superficie 10 de la cabeza del femur como la superficie 11 del acetabulo estan cubiertas con cartflago articular 13, que actua como un amortiguador en la articulacion de la cadera. En los pacientes con osteoartritis de la articulacion de la cadera, este cartflago articular 13 esta desgastado de manera anomala debido a una inflamacion de baja intensidad. La articulacion de la cadera esta rodeada por la capsula 12 de la articulacion de la cadera, que proporciona soporte para la articulacion y previene la luxacion. Despues de una cirugfa convencional de la articulacion de la cadera, que penetra la capsula 12 de la articulacion de la cadera, la capsula 12 se debilita drasticamente debido a las limitadas posibilidades de curacion de su tejido del ligamento. Realizando una cirugfa de la articulacion de la cadera sin danar la capsula 12 de la articulacion de la cadera, el paciente se puede recuperar completamente y realizar en una articulacion artificial una cantidad de esfuerzo igual a la que es posible en una articulacion natural.
La figura 2 muestra una vista lateral de una cirugfa convencional de la articulacion de la cadera en la que se ha realizado una incision 112 en el apretado 113 que permite al cirujano llegar al femur 7 en el que esta situada la cabeza del femur 5. En una cirugfa convencional de la articulacion de la cadera, se accede a la articulacion de la cadera a traves de la capsula de la articulacion de la cadera, lo que tiene como resultado una gran cicatriz.
La figura 3 muestra la colocacion de una superficie artificial 45 de la cabeza del femur sobre la cabeza del femur 5, en cirugfa convencional.
Para permitir la disposicion de material que se pueda utilizar como superficie de contacto de soporte en la articulacion de la cadera, es necesario acceder a la articulacion de la cadera. Haciendo referencia a la figura 1, esto podna ser por medio de un orificio realizado en el hueso pelvico 9, en el hueso femoral 7 o en la capsula 12 de la articulacion de la cadera.
La figura 4 muestra el orificio 18 en el hueso pelvico 9 segun una primera realizacion, el orificio 18 es grande, lo que permite que una protesis pase a traves de dicho orificio 18 en su tamano totalmente funcional.
La figura 5 muestra el orificio 20 segun una segunda realizacion, en la que el orificio 20 creado en un procedimiento quirurgico o laparoscopico es mucho menor, lo que permite que el instrumento quirurgico que crea el orificio sea menor, y por lo tanto la incision y la diseccion realizadas en el cuerpo humano.
La figura 6 muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion cuando se crea un orificio en el femur 7. El orificio en el femur pasa a traves de la cabeza del femur 5 a la articulacion de la cadera y permite al cirujano llegar a la articulacion de la cadera.
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La figura 7 muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion durante la creacion de un orificio en la capsula 12 de la articulacion de la cadera. El orificio en la capsula de la articulacion de la cadera pasa a la articulacion de la cadera y permite al cirujano llegar a la articulacion de la cadera.
Antes de la introduccion de elementos o materiales de cierre en la articulacion de la cadera, podna ser necesario preparar las superficies de la articulacion de la cadera. Esta preparacion se podna llevar a cabo ensanchando el acetabulo y/o la superficie de la cabeza del femur.
La figura 8 muestra un ensanchador segun una primera realizacion, donde dicho ensanchador es expansible. El ensanchador expansible comprende por lo menos una pala de ensanchado 40 que comprende una superficie de ensanchado 41a,b. Dicho ensanchador expansible podfa estar adaptado para ensanchar el acetabulo 8, la cabeza del femur 5 o ambos. En la realizacion en la que dicho ensanchador expansible esta adaptado para ensanchar el acetabulo 8, dicha superficie de ensanchado 4la esta situada en la parte exterior de, por lo menos, una pala de ensanchado 40, mientras que en la realizacion en la que dicho ensanchador expansible esta adaptado para ensanchar la cabeza del femur 5, dicha superficie de ensanchado 41b esta situada en la parte interior de, por lo menos, una pala de ensanchado 40. De acuerdo con una segunda realizacion, dicho ensanchador expansible esta adaptado para ensanchar tanto el acetabulo como la cabeza del femur, en cuyo caso el ensanchador tiene superficies de ensanchado 41a,b en las partes tanto exterior como interior de, por lo menos, una pala de ensanchado 40.
La figura 9 muestra el ensanchador expansible segun la primera realizacion, en el que las palas de ensanchado 40 se pueden plegar hacia el centro de la semiesfera que produce el ensanchador expansible en su situacion expandida, mostrada en la figura 15. El plegado de las palas de ensanchado 40 permite que el ensanchador expansible sea introducido en una articulacion de la cadera a traves de un orificio menor que el area que se puede ensanchar utilizando dicho ensanchador expansible.
La figura 10 muestra el interior mencionado del ensanchador expansible con las palas de ensanchado 40. En la realizacion, cuando el ensanchador expansible esta adaptado para ensanchar la cabeza del femur, dicho lado interior de, por lo menos, una pala de ensanchado 40 comprende una superficie de ensanchado 41b.
La figura 11 muestra el ensanchador expansible segun cualquiera de las realizaciones, cuando ensancha el acetabulo 8 y/o la cabeza del femur 5. El ensanchador puede estar adaptado para ser manejado manualmente o por medio de un dispositivo de accionamiento giratorio, vibratorio u oscilante.
Para conseguir una vision interior de la articulacion de la cadera, es concebible que el cirujano pueda realizar un segundo orificio en el hueso pelvico, el hueso femoral o la capsula de la articulacion de la cadera para introducir una camara.
La figura 12 muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion, en la que un segundo orificio 18b en el hueso pelvico 9 permite al cirujano situar una camara 34 en la articulacion de la cadera, utilizada preferentemente en un procedimiento laparoscopico.
La figura 13a muestra un instrumento para colocar el primer y/o el segundo elementos de cierre en la articulacion de la cadera a traves de un orificio en el hueso pelvico, el femur o la capsula de la articulacion de la cadera. El instrumento comprende un piston 89 para transportar dicho primer y/o segundo elementos de cierre a la articulacion de la cadera.
La figura 13b muestra una seccion del instrumento quirurgico, que comprende un elemento de tipo tubo 90 para alojar dicho primer y/o segundo elementos de cierre.
La figura 13c muestra el instrumento quirurgico segun otra realizacion en la que el instrumento quirurgico comprende una parte flexible o doblada 91 que mejora el alcance del instrumento quirurgico. El instrumento quirurgico segun cualquiera de las realizaciones puede ser utilizado para colocar dichos primer o segundo elementos de cierre en el interior de la articulacion de la cadera, de cualquiera de las maneras descritas en las realizaciones siguientes.
La figura 14a muestra un instrumento adaptado para introducir el primer y/o el segundo elementos de cierre en la articulacion de la cadera, de acuerdo con una segunda realizacion. De acuerdo con esta realizacion, el instrumento quirurgico comprende una parte de agarre 76 y una parte de manipulacion 77. De acuerdo con las realizaciones mostradas en la figura 14a,b,c, el instrumento comprende ademas un elemento de rotacion 78 que permite que la parte de agarre 76 rote en relacion con la parte de manipulacion 77, si bien es concebible igualmente que el instrumento quirurgico carezca de este elemento de rotacion 78.
La figura 14b muestra el instrumento quirurgico adaptado para introducir el primer y/o el segundo elementos de cierre en la articulacion de la cadera, de acuerdo con una tercera realizacion. De acuerdo con esta realizacion, el instrumento quirurgico comprende ademas una seccion desplazada paralela 79, que aumenta el alcance del instrumento y facilita el acceso a la articulacion de la cadera a traves de un orificio en el hueso pelvico, el hueso femoral o la capsula de la articulacion de la cadera.
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La figura 14c muestra el instrumento quirurgico adaptado para introducir el primer y/o el segundo elementos de cierre en la articulacion de la cadera, de acuerdo con una tercera realizacion. De acuerdo con esta realizacion, el instrumento quirurgico comprende ademas dos elementos de ajuste del angulo 80a,b. Los elementos de ajuste del angulo podnan ser ajustables para variar el angulo de dicha parte de agarre 76 con respecto a la parte de manipulacion 77, o estar fijos en un angulo adecuado para operar en una articulacion de la cadera a traves de un orificio en el hueso pelvico, el femur o la capsula de la articulacion de la cadera.
La figura 15 muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion, en la que se ha introducido un primer elemento de cierre 84 a traves de un orificio 18 en el hueso pelvico 9 utilizando un instrumento adaptado para el mismo 85. La etapa de colocacion de dicho primer elemento de cierre 84 se puede llevar a cabo en un procedimiento quirurgico o laparoscopico.
La figura 16a muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion, en la que se ha introducido un segundo elemento de cierre 86 a traves de un orificio en el hueso pelvico 9 en un procedimiento quirurgico o laparoscopico. El primer 84 y el segundo 86 elementos de cierre crean un espacio cerrado 87 entre el acetabulo 8 y la cabeza del femur 5, adaptado para ser utilizado como un molde para la disposicion de un acetabulo artificial 65 y/o de una superficie 45 de la cabeza del femur.
La figura 16b muestra una superficie 45 de la cabeza del femur artificial en una realizacion en la que la superficie de la cabeza del femur artificial comprende un primer elemento de cierre premontado 84. El elemento de cierre premontado 84 esta adaptado para ser colocado en contacto con el acetabulo, o con una sustitucion artificial del mismo. La superficie 45 de la cabeza del femur artificial con el elemento de cierre 84 esta adaptada para ser implantada en la articulacion de la cadera de un paciente y crear en la misma un espacio hueco cerrado, adaptado para recibir un material, junto con el acetabulo, o una sustitucion artificial del mismo. El elemento de cierre se podna acoplar a la superficie de la cabeza del femur utilizando un adhesivo o la forma de la superficie 45 de la cabeza del femur artificial.
Las figuras 17a,b,c muestran un enfoque alternativo para la colocacion de dicho primer elemento de cierre 84 en la articulacion de la cadera de un paciente humano. Dicho enfoque alternativo comprende las etapas de crear un orificio 82 en el femur 7 siguiendo un eje longitudinal del cuello del femur 6, tal como se muestra en la figura 17a, comenzando dicho orificio desde la cara lateral del muslo, penetrando el cortex del femur 7 y alcanzando finalmente el cortex de la cabeza del femur 5 desde el interior de la misma, penetrando dicho cortex y entrando en la articulacion de la cadera. Despues de la creacion del orificio 82 en el femur 7, el primer elemento de cierre 84 es introducido en la articulacion de la cadera a traves del orificio 82 utilizando un instrumento quirurgico 88 adaptado para ello, tal como se muestra en la figura 17c. Este enfoque se podna utilizar asimismo para colocar un segundo elemento de cierre 86 en el hueso pelvico 9 o en el femur 7 a traves del orificio 82 en el femur 7.
La figura 18 muestra un tercer enfoque para la colocacion de un primer elemento de cierre 84 en el interior de la articulacion de la cadera. De acuerdo con este enfoque, el primer elemento de cierre 84 se coloca en la articulacion de la cadera a traves de la capsula 12 de la articulacion de la cadera.
Ademas, es concebible que el primer elemento de cierre 84 se coloque en la articulacion de la cadera utilizando cualquiera de los enfoques anteriores, mientras que el segundo elemento de cierre 86 se coloque en la articulacion de la cadera utilizando otro de los enfoques anteriores.
La figura 19 muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion, donde un elemento inyector 92 inyecta un fluido 93 al interior de un area cerrada 87 en la articulacion de la cadera, a traves de un orificio 18 en el hueso pelvico 9 desde el lado opuesto respecto del acetabulo 8. Estando dicha area cerrada 87 cerrada mediante un primer 84 y un segundo 86 elementos de cierre. El elemento inyector 92 comprende un piston 94 que empuja dicho fluido 93 al area cerrada 87. Dicho fluido 93 esta adaptado para endurecerse, ya sea mediante la utilizacion de un agente catalizador o no. Despues de que dicho fluido 93 se ha endurecido, esta adaptado para servir como superficie de la articulacion de la cadera.
La figura 20 muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion, en la que un elemento inyector 92 inyecta un fluido 93 al area cerrada 87, segun el segundo enfoque. En este enfoque, un elemento inyector 92 inyecta un fluido 93 al area cerrada 87 en la articulacion de la cadera, a traves de un orificio 82 en el femur 7. Estando cerrada dicha area cerrada 87 mediante, por lo menos, un primer elemento de cierre 84, y posiblemente un segundo elemento de cierre 86. El elemento inyector 92 comprende un piston 94 que empuja dicho fluido 93 al area cerrada 87.
La figura 21 muestra la articulacion de la cadera en seccion, en la que un elemento inyector 92 inyecta un fluido 93 al area cerrada 87, segun el tercer enfoque. En este enfoque, un elemento inyector 92 inyecta un fluido 93 a un area cerrada 87 en la articulacion de la cadera, a traves de la capsula 12 de la articulacion de la cadera.
La figura 22a muestra el area cerrada 87 cerrada mediante el primer 84 y el segundo 86 elementos de cierre, junto con la cabeza del femur 5 y el hueso pelvico 9. Se ha inyectado al area cerrada un fluido adaptado para endurecerse 93, y despues del endurecimiento de dicho fluido, este proporciona por lo menos una superficie de la articulacion de la cadera.
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La figura 22b muestra un elemento inyector 105 inyectando un fluido en dicha area cerrada 87 en la articulacion de la cadera, a traves de un elemento de cierre 84. El elemento inyector 105 comprende una aguja para penetrar el elemento de cierre 84, que comprende preferentemente un material autosellante, tal como silicona. De acuerdo con una realizacion alternativa (no mostrada), el elemento de cierre comprende un elemento tubular que penetra el elemento de cierre, a cuyo traves se puede inyectar el material. El elemento tubular podna estar adaptado para fabricarse del mismo material que el elemento de cierre y llegar desde la zona de la articulacion de la cadera y hasta el exterior del cuerpo, donde podna estar conectado a un elemento inyector. El elemento tubular podna estar fabricado de material reabsorbible, o de un material adaptado para fundirse.
La figura 23 muestra una seccion lateral del cuerpo humano, en la que un elemento inyector 92 inyecta un fluido en dicha area cerrada 87 en la articulacion de la cadera, a traves de un orificio 18 en el hueso pelvico 9 desde el lado opuesto respecto del acetabulo 8.
La figura 24 muestra el elemento inyector 105 segun cualquiera de las realizaciones anteriores, adaptado para inyectar fluido 93 a un area cerrada 87 o a un area de conexion entre el hueso pelvico 9 y una parte protesica, el hueso pelvico 9 y un taco oseo 31, o la cabeza del femur 5 y una parte protesica. Dicho elemento inyector comprende un recipiente 107 adaptado para contener un fluido para inyeccion. De acuerdo con una primera realizacion, dicho recipiente comprende dos compartimentos 108a,b adaptados para contener dos diferentes fluidos, estando adaptados dichos fluidos para endurecerse cuando se mezclan. En la realizacion en la que el recipiente 107 esta adaptado para contener dos fluidos, es concebible que el elemento inyector 105 comprenda ademas un elemento mezclador 109 en el que dichos dos fluidos se mezclan antes de la inyeccion. De acuerdo con una segunda realizacion (no mostrada) dicho recipiente 107 esta adaptado para mantener esteril dicho fluido. De acuerdo con una tercera realizacion (no mostrada) dicho recipiente 107 esta adaptado para mantener dicho fluido fno o caliente, y de acuerdo con una cuarta realizacion (no mostrada) dicho recipiente 107 esta adaptado para mantener dicho fluido en un entorno oscuro. Ademas, es concebible una combinacion de las realizaciones mencionadas anteriormente.
De acuerdo con cualquiera de las realizaciones anteriores, dichos dos fluidos podnan estar adaptados para endurecerse cuando se mezclan, en cuyo caso uno de los fluidos podna ser un agente catalizador. Es concebible ademas que uno de dichos dos fluidos sea un gas, tal como gas nitrogeno, que actua como agente catalizador cuando se mezcla con dicho primer fluido. Dicho primer fluido, segundo fluido o fluido mezclado podna estar adaptado asimismo para endurecerse por medio de luz UV, de un cambio termico o del contacto con un fluido corporal.
La figura 25 muestra un elemento inyector 105 en el que el elemento inyector comprende una parte o seccion adaptada para doblarse. El instrumento podna estar adaptado para doblarse al ser flexible dicho elemento inyector, mostrado en la figura 25, o comprendiendo por lo menos una articulacion 1050, mostrada en la figura 26.
Material
El area cerrada se podna llenar con una solucion que comprende multiples fluidos. De acuerdo con una realizacion, dicho primer fluido es igual que dicho segundo fluido que comprende un componente endurecible, y la estabilizacion se inicia anadiendo un iniciador de polimerizacion, un catalizador, sometiendo el fluido a radiacion, o sometiendo dicho fluido a un cambio de temperatura. En esta realizacion, el area cerrada se llena con un fluido que comprende un componente endurecible, que puede ser estabilizado en un instante deseado. Hay varios iniciadores de polimerizacion y catalizadores bien conocidos por los expertos en la materia, y se puede elegir un iniciador o catalizador adecuado cuando se haya elegido el monomero o los monomeros. La radiacion puede ser cualquiera de ultravioleta, infrarroja y rayos X, en funcion del material inyectado. Se ha concebido asimismo que la radiacion tenga lugar antes de que el componente endurecible se introduzca en el dispositivo, iniciando una polimerizacion que prosigue a continuacion y se completa en el interior del dispositivo. Dicho segundo fluido es, por ejemplo, un fluido con un punto de fusion suficientemente por encima de la temperatura corporal normal para solidificarse a la temperatura corporal, pero no tan alto que ponga en peligro la salud del paciente cuando esta en forma fundida. Se contempla que una diferencia de temperaturas adecuada sea de por lo menos aproximadamente 4 °C, preferentemente de aproximadamente 6 °C o mayor.
Alternativamente, dicho componente endurecible es un componente que puede cambiar de fluido a solido cuando se expone a un componente gaseoso, y en el que dicho dispositivo hidraulico implantado en el cuerpo no contiene gas.
El componente endurecible es preferentemente un componente biocompatible.
Ademas, en realizaciones, el componente endurecible y por lo menos una camara que contiene dicho componente se mantienen preferentemente en condiciones de esterilidad. Por consiguiente, una realizacion comprende la utilizacion de un deposito esteril que contiene el componente endurecible, y el procedimiento incluye las etapas de desplazar en condiciones de esterilidad el componente esteril endurecible desde dicho deposito al area cerrada. Ademas, de acuerdo con otra realizacion, el componente endurecible comprende dos sustancias esteriles y el procedimiento incluye, antes de la introduccion de dichas sustancias en el cuerpo, la etapa de mezclar dichas sustancias en condiciones de esterilidad.
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De acuerdo con una realizacion, dicho poKmero es un gel tixotropico.
En combinacion con cualquiera de los anteriores, es preferible que dicho polfmero sea un polfmero biocompatible.
De acuerdo con una realizacion espedfica, dicho polfmero se elige entre polfmeros de acido polihidroxi y copolfmeros tales como poli-L-lactida, poli-DL-lactida, acido poliglicolico y polidioxanona.
En combinacion con cualquiera de las realizaciones anteriores, se contempla asimismo que dicho polfmero comprenda ademas partfculas de refuerzo. Dichas partfculas de refuerzo se escogen preferentemente entre partfculas de ceramicas biocompatibles o fibras compuestas de fosfatos de calcio.
En otra realizacion, combinada opcionalmente con cualquiera de las anteriores, dicha composicion comprende ademas un reticulante o un iniciador de polimerizacion.
Analogamente, combinada opcionalmente con cualquiera de las anteriores, dicha composicion comprende asimismo un agente propulsor. Agentes propulsores utiles comprenden, pero no se limitan a, gases comprimidos, tales como aire, nitrogeno, oxfgeno o gases nobles comprimidos; agentes propulsores licuados tales como propano licuado, isobuteno, n-butano o una mezcla de los mismos, eter dimetflico; o clorofluorocarbonos.
Ejemplos de polfmeros biocompatibles adecuados que podnan ser utilizados incluyen polfmeros seleccionados del grupo que consiste en poliesteres alifaticos, poli(aminoacidos), copoli(eter-esteres), oxalatos de polialquilenos, poliamidas, poli(iminocarbonatos), poliortoesteres, polioxaesteres, poliamidoesteres, polioxaesteres que contienen grupos amino, poli(anhndridos), polifosfacenos, biomoleculas (es decir, biopolfmeros tales como colageno, elastina, almidones bioabsorbibles y similares) y mezclas de los mismos. Los poliesteres alifaticos incluyen, de forma no limitativa, homopolfmeros y copolfmeros de lactida (que incluyen acido lactico, D-,L- y meso lactida), glicolido (que incluye acido glicolico), epsilon-caprolactona, p-dioxanona (1,4-dioxan-2-ona), carbonato de trimetileno (1,3-dioxan- 2-ona), derivados de alquilo de carbonato de trimetileno, delta-valerolactona, beta-butirolactona, gama-butirolactona, epsilon-decalactona, hidroxibutirato (unidades repetidas), hidroxivalerato (unidades repetidas), 1,4-dioxepano-2-ona (incluyendo su dfmero 1,5,8,12-tetraoxaciclotetradecano-7,14-diona), 1,5-dioxepano-2-ona, 6,6-dimetil-1,4-dioxan-2- ona 2,5-dicetomorfolina, pivalolactona, alfa, alfa-dietilpropiolactona, carbonato de etileno, oxalato de etileno, 3-metil- 1,4-dioxan-2,5-diona, 3,3-dietilo-1,4-dioxan-2,5-dione, 6,8-dioxabiciclooctano-7-ona y mezclas polfmeras de los mismos. Los poli(iminocarbonatos) incluyen los descritos por Kemnitzer y Kohn, en el documento Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, editado por Domb, Kost and Wisemen, Hardwood Academic Press, 1997, paginas 251 a 272. Los copoli(eter-esteres) para el objetivo de esta invencion incluyen los copoliester-eteres descritos en el documento "Journal of Biomaterials Research", volumen 22, paginas 993 a 1009, 1988, de Cohn and Younes and Cohn, Polymer Preprints (ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry) volumen 30(1), pagina 498, 1989 (por ejemplo, PEO/PLA). Los oxalatos de polialquileno para el objetivo de esta invencion incluyen los mencionados en las patentes U.S.A. numeros 4.208.511; 4.141.087; 4.130.6,39; 4.140.678; 4.105.034; y 4.205.399 (incorporadas como referencia a la presente memoria). Los polifosfacenos, polfmeros basados en monomeros mezclados co-, ter- y de orden superior fabricados a partir de L-lactida, D, L-lactida, acido lactico, glicolido, acido glicolico, para-dioxanona, carbonato de trimetileno y epsilon-caprolactona descritos, entre otros, por Allcock en el documento The Encyclopedia of Polymer Science, volumen 13, paginas 31 a 41, Wiley Intersciences, John Wiley & Sons, 1988 y por Vandorpe, Schacht, Dejardin y Lemmouchi en el documento Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, editado por Domb, Kost and Wisemen, Hardwood Academic Press, 1997, paginas 161 a 182 (que se incorporan como referencia a la presente memoria). Polianhudridos a partir de diacidos de la forma HOoC-C6H4-O-(CH2)m-O-C6H4-COOH donde m es un entero comprendido en el intervalo de 2 a 8, y copolfmeros de los mismos, con diacidos alfa-omega alifaticos de hasta 12 carbonos.
Se describen polioxaesteres, polioxamidas y polioxaesteres que contienen aminas y/o grupos amido en una o varias de las siguientes patentes U.S.A. numeros 5.464.929; 5.595.751; 5.597.579; 5.607.687; 5.618.552; 5.620.698; 5.645.850; 5.648.088; 5.698.213; 5.700.583; y 5.859.150 (que se incorporan como referencia a la presente memoria). Poliortoesteres tales como los descritos por Heller en el documento Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, editado por Domb, Kost and Wisemen, Hardwood Academic Press, 1997, paginas 99 a 118 (incorporado como referencia a la presente memoria).
El termino "biocompatible" se define como la capacidad de un biomaterial para llevar a cabo su funcion deseada con respecto a una terapia medica, sin provocar ningun efecto local o sistemico no deseable en el receptor o beneficiario de dicha terapia, sino generando la respuesta celular o de tejido beneficiosa mas adecuada en dicha situacion espedfica, y optimizando el resultado relevante clmicamente de dicha terapia (David F. Williams, "On the mechanisms of biocompatibility" Biomaterials, volumen 29, numero 20, julio de 2008, paginas 2941 a 2953).
Tengase en cuenta que cualquier realizacion o parte de realizacion, asf como cualquier procedimiento o parte de procedimiento, se podna combinar de cualquier modo. Todos los ejemplos de la presente memoria se deberan considerar como parte de la descripcion general y, por lo tanto, aptos para combinarse de cualquier modo, en terminos generales.

Claims (13)

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    REIVINDICACIONES
    1. Un dispositivo medico para el tratamiento de la osteoartritis de la articulacion de la cadera contribuyendo con la inyeccion de una superficie artificial de la articulacion de la cadera sobre la superficie natural de la articulacion de la cadera o sobre una superficie natural de la articulacion de la cadera modificada quirurgicamente, donde dicho dispositivo medico comprende un primer elemento de cierre (84) adaptado para estar colocado en la articulacion de la cadera para crear un espacio hueco junto con el acetabulo, o una sustitucion artificial del mismo, y la cabeza del femur, o una sustitucion artificial (45) de la misma, donde dicho primer elemento de cierre tiene un cuerpo alargado adaptado para cerrar dicho espacio hueco confinado por las superficies del acetabulo, o de una sustitucion artificial del mismo, y de la cabeza del femur, o de una sustitucion artificial de la misma, con el fin de recibir, en el interior de dicho espacio hueco, un material (93) para revestir por lo menos uno del acetabulo y de la cabeza del femur, donde dicho dispositivo medico comprende ademas un segundo elemento de cierre (86), en el que
    - dichos primer y segundo elementos de cierre definen un espacio hueco cerrado (87) junto con la cabeza del femur, o una sustitucion artificial de la misma, y el acetabulo, o una sustitucion artificial del mismo, y
    - dichos primer y segundo elementos de cierre estan adaptados para hacer contacto con dicho material cuando dicho espacio hueco recibe dicho material para revestir por lo menos una de la superficie del acetabulo y la superficie de la cabeza del femur,
    y en el que el dispositivo comprende dicho material, caracterizado porque
    dicho material es biocompatible y esta adaptado para ser inyectado de tal modo que se pone en contacto con dicho primer elemento de cierre, y en el que dicho material biocompatible esta adaptado para transformarse de estado fluido a estado solido despues de que dicho material ha sido inyectado en dicho molde provisional, y en el que dicho material esta adaptado para tener una superficie que tolera el desgaste y la presion cuando dicho material esta en dicho estado solido.
  2. 2. El dispositivo medico acorde con la reivindicacion 1, en el que dicho primer elemento de cierre comprende una abertura adaptada para recibir dicho material para revestir por lo menos una de la superficie del acetabulo y la superficie de la cabeza del femur.
  3. 3. El dispositivo medico acorde con cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 2, en el que dicho primer elemento de cierre define un espacio hueco cerrado junto con por lo menos una de;
    - dicha sustitucion artificial de la cabeza del femur, y el acetabulo, y en el que dicha abertura de dicho primer elemento de cierre esta adaptada para recibir dicho material para revestir dicha por lo menos una superficie de la articulacion de la cadera,
    - dicha sustitucion artificial del acetabulo, y la cabeza del femur, y en el que dicha abertura de dicho primer elemento de cierre esta adaptada para recibir dicho material para revestir dicha por lo menos una superficie de la articulacion de la cadera, y
    - dicha sustitucion artificial de la cabeza del femur y dicha sustitucion artificial del acetabulo, y en el que dicha abertura de dicho primer elemento de cierre esta adaptada para recibir dicho material, para crear una superficie de contacto intermedia entre dicha sustitucion artificial de la cabeza del femur y dicha sustitucion artificial del acetabulo, superficie de la articulacion de la cadera.
  4. 4. El dispositivo medico acorde con cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 3, en el que por lo menos uno de dichos primer y segundo elementos de cierre esta adaptado para ser por lo menos uno de; introducido en la articulacion de la cadera a traves de un orificio en cualquiera de: el hueso pelvico, el hueso femoral y la capsula de la articulacion de la cadera, en el que dicho primer elemento de cierre esta adaptado para ser introducido en la articulacion de la cadera a traves de dicho orificio, dicho segundo elemento de cierre esta adaptado para cerrar dicho orificio.
  5. 5. El dispositivo medico acorde con cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, en el que dicho por lo menos un elemento de cierre esta adaptado para por lo menos uno de; ser reabsorbible y fundirse despues de haber servido a su proposito como elemento de cierre.
  6. 6. El dispositivo medico acorde con cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 5, que comprende ademas por lo menos una de; una superficie de la cabeza del femur artificial y una superficie del acetabulo artificial, adaptada para sustituir la superficie en una articulacion de la cadera, donde dicho primer elemento de cierre comprende una parte integrada de dicha superficie de la cabeza del femur artificial o de dicha superficie del acetabulo artificial.
  7. 7. El dispositivo medico acorde con cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, que comprende ademas un elemento inyector (92) en conexion con, por lo menos, uno de dichos primer y segundo elementos de cierre, adaptado para inyectar material en dicho espacio hueco, en el que dicho elemento inyector adaptado para inyectar material en dicho espacio hueco comprende por lo menos un recipiente (107), y por lo menos uno de;
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    - un elemento inyector de material en conexion con, por lo menos, uno de dicho primer y dicho segundo elementos de cierre, y un elemento de suministro de material en conexion con dicho elemento inyector de material, y
    - un conducto de fluido y un elemento de inyeccion de fluido adaptados para estar en conexion con dicho molde.
  8. 8. El dispositivo medico acorde con la reivindicacion 7, en el que dicho elemento inyector comprende ademas un segundo recipiente, y en el que dichos primer (108a) y segundo (108b) recipientes estan adaptados para contener diferentes fluidos, donde dicho elemento inyector adaptado para inyectar material en dicho espacio hueco comprende ademas por lo menos uno de;
    - una unidad mezcladora adaptada para mezclar dichos fluidos contenidos en dichos por lo menos dos recipientes, y
    - uno de dichos dos diferentes fluidos adaptado para actuar como agente catalizador.
  9. 9. El dispositivo medico acorde con cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 7 a 8, en el que dicho elemento inyector esta adaptado para por lo menos uno de:
    inyectar un material adaptado para endurecerse,
    inyectar un material adaptado para endurecerse por medio de luz UV,
    inyectar un material adaptado para endurecerse por medio de un gas que sirve como agente catalizador, ser doblado,
    ser doblado en un angulo fijo, y ser doblado en un angulo ajustable.
  10. 10. El dispositivo medico acorde con cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que dicho por lo menos un elemento de cierre comprende por lo menos uno de;
    un material polfmero,
    un material basado en silicona,
    un material basado en latex, y
    un material biocompatible.
  11. 11. El dispositivo medico acorde con cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, que comprende ademas por lo menos un elemento de calentamiento adaptado para calentar el material, en el que dicho elemento de calentamiento esta adaptado para calentar el material a una temperatura comprendida en el intervalo de 40 a 60 grados Celsius, o en el intervalo de 60 a 90 grados Celsius, o en el intervalo de 90 a 200 grados Celsius, o en el intervalo de 200 a 400 grados Celsius o a mas de 400 grados Celsius.
  12. 12. El dispositivo medico acorde con cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que dicho material es un material que tiene un punto de fusion comprendido en el intervalo de 40 a 60 grados Celsius, o en el intervalo de 60 a 90 grados Celsius, o en el intervalo de 90 a 200 grados Celsius, o en el intervalo de 200 a 400 grados Celsius o a mas de 400 grados Celsius.
  13. 13. El dispositivo medico acorde con cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que dicho material es un material seleccionado del grupo que consiste en:
    a. politetrafluoretileno,
    b. perfluoroalkoxi
    c. etileno-propileno fluorado,
    d. polietileno, y
    e. polfmero acnlico mezclado con trihidrato de alumina.
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