ES2565088T3 - Composiciones de transferencia de calor - Google Patents
Composiciones de transferencia de calor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ES2565088T3 ES2565088T3 ES11728912.4T ES11728912T ES2565088T3 ES 2565088 T3 ES2565088 T3 ES 2565088T3 ES 11728912 T ES11728912 T ES 11728912T ES 2565088 T3 ES2565088 T3 ES 2565088T3
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title abstract description 55
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 20
- RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoromethane Chemical compound FCF RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 19
- CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound F\C=C\C(F)(F)F CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 abstract description 17
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 12
- FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene Chemical compound FC(=C)C(F)(F)F FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 5
- NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)F NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UHCBBWUQDAVSMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroethane Chemical compound CCF UHCBBWUQDAVSMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 3
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
- DMUPYMORYHFFCT-UPHRSURJSA-N (z)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound F\C=C(/F)C(F)(F)F DMUPYMORYHFFCT-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-UPHRSURJSA-N (z)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound F\C=C/C(F)(F)F CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NDMMKOCNFSTXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)=C(F)F NDMMKOCNFSTXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAERDLQYXMEHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)=CC(F)(F)F QAERDLQYXMEHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FDMFUZHCIRHGRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C=C FDMFUZHCIRHGRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
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- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/26—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by extraction
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Abstract
Una composición de transferencia de calor, que comprende: (i) de aproximadamente el 10 a aproximadamente el 95 % en peso de trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropeno (R-1234ze(E)); (ii) de aproximadamente el 4 a aproximadamente el 30 % en peso de dióxido de carbono (R-744); y (iii) de aproximadamente el 3 a aproximadamente el 60 % en peso de un tercer componente que comprende difluorometano (R-32) y que tiene una temperatura crítica mayor de aproximadamente 70 ºC.
Description
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En una realización, el tercer componente comprende R-32 y R-134a. El tercer componente puede consistir esencialmente en (o consistir en) R32 y R-134a. Las composiciones de la invención que contienen R-32 y R-134a normalmente contienen de aproximadamente el 5 a aproximadamente el 95 % en peso de R-1234ze(E), de aproximadamente el 4 a aproximadamente el 30 % en peso de R-744, de aproximadamente el 2 a aproximadamente el 30 % en peso de R-32 y de aproximadamente el 2 a aproximadamente el 50 % en peso de R-134a.
Las composiciones preferidas comprenden de aproximadamente el 5 a aproximadamente el 92 % en peso de R1234ze(E), de aproximadamente el 4 a aproximadamente el 30 % en peso de R-744, de aproximadamente el 2 a aproximadamente el 25 % en peso de R-32 y de aproximadamente el 2 a aproximadamente 40 % en peso de R134a.
Las composiciones ventajosas que tienen un GWP relativamente bajo comprenden de aproximadamente el 30 a aproximadamente el 81 % en peso de R-1234ze(E), de aproximadamente el 10 a aproximadamente el 30 % en peso de R-744, de aproximadamente el 5 a aproximadamente el 30 % en peso de R-32 y de aproximadamente el 4 a aproximadamente el 10 % en peso de R-134a. Preferentemente, tales composiciones contienen de aproximadamente el 37 a aproximadamente el 81 % de R-1234ze(E), de aproximadamente el 10 a aproximadamente el 28 % en peso de R-744, de aproximadamente el 5 a aproximadamente el 25 % en peso de R32 y de aproximadamente el 4 a aproximadamente el 10 % en peso de R-134a.
Otras composiciones adicionales de la invención que contienen R-32 y R134a, y que tienen un GWP mayor, comprenden de aproximadamente el 5 a aproximadamente el 75 % en peso de R-1234ze(E), de aproximadamente el 10 a aproximadamente el 30 % en peso de R-744, de aproximadamente el 5 a aproximadamente el 25 % en peso de R-32 y de aproximadamente el 10 a aproximadamente el 50 % en peso de R-134a. Las composiciones preferidas de este tipo comprenden de aproximadamente el 7 a aproximadamente el 75 % en peso de R-1234ze(E), de aproximadamente el 10 a aproximadamente el 28 % en peso de R-744, de aproximadamente el 5 a aproximadamente el 25 % en peso de R-32 y de aproximadamente el 10 a aproximadamente el 40 % en peso de R134a.
Las composiciones de acuerdo con la invención comprenden convenientemente sustancialmente nada de R-1225 (pentafluoropropeno), convenientemente sustancialmente nada de R-1225ye (1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropeno) o R-1225zc (1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropeno), compuestos que pueden tener aspectos de toxicidad asociados.
Por "sustancialmente nada" se incluye el significado de que las composiciones de la invención contienen el 0,5 % en peso o menos del componente indicado, preferentemente el 0,1 % o menos, basado en el peso total de la composición.
Algunas composiciones de la invención pueden contener sustancialmente nada de:
- (i)
- 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropeno (R-1234yf),
- (ii)
- cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropeno (R-1234ze(Z)), y/o
(iii) 3,3,3-trifluoropropeno (R-1243zf).
Las composiciones de la invención tienen un potencial de agotamiento de ozono cero.
Normalmente, las composiciones de la invención tienen un GWP que es menor de 1300, preferentemente menor de 1000, más preferentemente menor de 800, 500, 400, 300 o 200, especialmente menor de 150 o 100, incluso menor de 50 en algunos casos. A menos que se indique de otra manera, en el presente documento se han usado los valores de GWP del TAR (Tercer Informe de Evaluación) del IPCC (Panel Intergubernamental sobre el Cambio Climático).
Ventajosamente, las composiciones tienen un peligro de inflamabilidad reducido cuando se comparan con el tercer o terceros componentes en solitario, por ejemplo R-32. Preferentemente, las composiciones tienen un peligro de inflamabilidad reducido cuando se comparan con R-1234yf.
En un aspecto, las composiciones tienen uno o más de (a) un límite inflamable inferior más alto; (b) una energía de ignición superior; o (c) una velocidad de llama menor en comparación con el tercer o terceros componentes, tales como R-32, o en comparación con R-1234yf. En una realización preferida, las composiciones de la invención no son inflamables. Ventajosamente, las mezclas de vapor que existen en equilibrio con las composiciones de la invención a cualquier temperatura entre aproximadamente -20 ºC y 60 ºC tampoco son inflamables.
La inflamabilidad puede determinarse de acuerdo con la Norma 34 de ASHRAE que incorpora la Norma ASTM E681 con la metodología de ensayo del Apéndice 34p con fecha de 2004, cuyo contenido completo se incorpora en el presente documento por referencia.
En algunas aplicaciones, puede que no sea necesario clasificar la formulación como no inflamable por la metodología 34 de ASHRAE; es posible desarrollar fluidos cuyos límites de inflamabilidad se reduzcan
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suficientemente en el aire para hacerlos seguros para su uso en la aplicación, por ejemplo si físicamente no es posible formar una mezcla inflamable dejando escapar la carga del equipo de refrigeración en los alrededores.
El R-1234ze(E) no es inflamable en aire a 23 ºC, aunque presenta inflamabilidad a mayores temperaturas en aire húmedo. Se ha determinado por experimentación que las mezclas de R-1234ze(E) con fluorocarbonos inflamables, tales como R-32, R-152a o R-161, seguirán siendo no inflamables en aire a 23 ºC si la "relación de flúor" Rf de la mezcla es mayor de aproximadamente 0,57, donde Rf se define por gramo-mol de la mezcla refrigerante total como:
Rf = (gramos-mol de flúor)/(gramos-mol de flúor + gramos-mol de hidrógeno)
De esta manera para R-161, Rf = 1/(1+5) = 1/6 (0,167) y es inflamable, en contraste, R-1234ze(E) tiene Rf = 4/6 (0,677) y no es inflamable. Se ha encontrado por experimentación que una mezcla al 20 % v/v de R-161 en R1234ze(E) similarmente tampoco era inflamable. La relación de flúor de esta mezcla no inflamable es 0,2*(1/6) + 0,8*(4/6) = 0,567.
La validez de esta relación entre la inflamabilidad y la relación de flúor de 0,57 o mayor se ha demostrado hasta ahora experimentalmente para HFC-32, HFC-152a y mezclas de HFC-32 con HFC-152a.
Takizawa et al., Reaction Stoichiometry for Combustion of Fluoroethane Blends, ASHRAE Transactions 112(2) 2006 (que se incorpora en el presente documento por referencia), muestran que existe una relación casi lineal entre esta proporción y la velocidad de llama de mezclas que comprenden R-152a, con un aumento de la proporción de flúor que da como resultado velocidades de llama menores. Los datos en esta referencia indican que es necesario que la proporción de flúor sea mayor de aproximadamente 0,65 para que la velocidad de llama caiga a cero, en otras palabras, para que la mezcla no sea inflamable.
Análogamente, Minor et al. (Solicitud de Patente de Du Pont WO2007/053697) proporcionan enseñanzas sobre la inflamabilidad de muchas hidrofluoroolefinas, mostrando que podría esperarse que dichos compuestos no fueran inflamables si la proporción de flúor es mayor de aproximadamente 0,7.
En vista de estas enseñanzas de la técnica anterior, es inesperado que las mezclas de R-1234ze(E) con fluorocarbonos inflamables, tales como R-32, sigan siendo no inflamables en aire a 23 ºC si la relación de flúor Rf de la mezcla es mayor de aproximadamente 0,57.
Además, se ha identificado que si la relación de flúor es mayor de aproximadamente 0,46, entonces puede esperarse que la composición tenga un límite inflamable inferior en aire de más del 6 % v/v a temperatura ambiente.
Produciendo combinaciones de R-744/tercer componente/R-1234ze(E) poco o nada inflamables que contienen cantidades inesperadamente bajas de R-1234ze(E), las cantidades del tercer componente, en particular, en tales composiciones aumentan. Se cree que esto da como resultado composiciones de transferencia de calor que presentan una mayor capacidad de enfriamiento y/o una disminución de la caída de presión, en comparación con composiciones equivalentes que contienen cantidades mayores (por ejemplo casi el 100 %) de R-1234ze(E).
De esta manera, las composiciones de la invención presentan una combinación completamente inesperada de baja/ninguna inflamabilidad, bajo GWP y propiedades de rendimiento de refrigeración mejoradas. Algunas de estas propiedades de rendimiento de refrigeración se explican con más detalle a continuación.
La variación de temperatura, que puede considerarse como la diferencias entre las temperaturas del punto de burbujeo y del punto de rocío de una mezcla zeotrópica (no azeotrópica) a presión constante, es una característica de un refrigerante; si se desea reemplazar un fluido con una mezcla, entonces a menudo es preferible que tengan una variación similar o reducida en el fluido alternativo. En una realización, las composiciones de la invención son zeotrópicas.
Ventajosamente, la capacidad de refrigeración volumétrica de las composiciones de la invención es al menos el 85 % del fluido refrigerante existente que se está reemplazando, preferentemente al menos el 90 % o incluso al menos el 95 %.
Las composiciones de la invención normalmente tienen una capacidad volumétrica de refrigeración que es al menos el 90 % de la del R-1234yf. Preferentemente, las composiciones de la invención tienen una capacidad volumétrica de refrigeración que es al menos el 95 % de la del R-1234yf, por ejemplo de aproximadamente el 95 % a aproximadamente el 120 % de la del R-1234yf.
En una realización, la eficacia del ciclo (Coeficiente de Rendimiento, COP) de las composiciones de la invención está dentro de aproximadamente el 5 % o incluso mejor que el fluido de refrigerantes existente al que sustituye.
Convenientemente, la temperatura de descarga del compresor de las composiciones de la invención está dentro de aproximadamente 15 K del fluido refrigerante existente que se está reemplazando, preferentemente
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fuentes referenciadas en el artículo de aplicaciones del modelo multi-fluido sencillo para las correlaciones de equilibrio vapor-líquido de mezclas refrigerantes que contienen dióxido de carbono, por R. Akasaka, Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, 159-168, 4, 1, 2009 (que se incorporan en el presente documento por referencia) se usaron después para generar parámetros de mezcla para mezclas binarias relevantes y estas después se incorporaron también en el modelo REFPROP. Los parámetros de mezcla REFPROP convencionales para dióxido de carbono con propano y propileno se incorporaron también a este modelo.
El modelo de software resultante se usó para comparar el rendimiento de los fluidos seleccionados de la invención con R-134a en una aplicación de ciclo de bombeo de calor.
Comparación de un ciclo de bombeo de calor
En una primera comparación, el comportamiento de los fluidos se evaluó para un ciclo de compresión de vapor sencillo con condiciones típicas del ciclo de bombeo de calor para automoción a temperaturas ambientales bajas de invierno. En esta comparación, se incluyeron los efectos de caída de presión en el modelo por asignación de una caída de presión esperada representativa para el fluido de referencia (R-134a) seguido de la estimación de la caída de presión equivalente para el refrigerante mixto de la invención en el mismo equipo a la misma capacidad calorífica. La comparación se realizó basándose en un área igual de intercambio de calor para el fluido de referencia (R-134a) y para los fluidos mixtos de la invención. La metodología usada para este modelo se dedujo usando las suposiciones de un coeficiente de transferencia térmica global eficaz igual para la condensación del refrigerante, la evaporación del refrigerante, el subenfriamiento del líquido refrigerante y procesos de supercalentamiento del vapor refrigerante para deducir lo que se denomina modelo UA para el proceso. La deducción de tal modelo para mezclas refrigerantes no azeotrópicas en ciclos de bomba de calor se explica mejor en el texto de referencia Bombas de Calor con Mezclas Refrigerantes de R. Radermarcher y Y. Hwang (pub Taylor y Francis 2005), Capítulo 3, que se incorpora en el presente documento por referencia.
Brevemente, el modelo comienza con una estimación inicial de las presiones de condensación y evaporación para la mezcla refrigerante y estima las temperaturas correspondientes al comienzo y al final del proceso de condensación en el condensador y el proceso de evaporación en el evaporador. Estas temperaturas después se usan junto con los cambios especificados en las temperaturas del aire sobre el condensador y el evaporador para estimar un área de intercambio de calor global requerida para cada uno de condensador y el evaporador. Este es un cálculo iterativo: las presiones de condensación y evaporación se ajustan para asegurar que las áreas del intercambio de calor globales son las mismas para el fluido de referencia y para el refrigerante mixto.
Para comparación, se supuso el peor de los casos para bombeo de calor en una aplicación de automación con las siguientes suposiciones para la temperatura del aire y para las condiciones del ciclo de R-134a.
Condiciones del ciclo
- Temperatura del aire ambiente que entra al condensador y el evaporador
- -15 ºC
- Temperatura del aire que sale del evaporador
- -25 ºC
- Temperatura del aire que sale del condensador (aire del pasajero)
- +45 ºC
- Temperatura de evaporación de R134a
- -30 ºC
- Temperatura de condensación de R-134a
- +50 ºC
- Subenfriamiento del refrigerante en el condensador
- 1 K
- Supercalentamiento del refrigerante en el evaporador
- 5 K
- Temperatura de succión del compresor
- 0 ºC
- Eficacia isentrópica del compresor
- 66 %
- Carga calorífica del aire del pasajero
- 2 kW
- Caída de presión en el evaporador para R-134a
- 0,03 bar
- Caída de presión en el condensador para R-134a
- 0,03 bar
- Caída de presión en la tubería de succión para R-134a
- 0,03 bar
El modelo suponía un flujo en contracorriente para cada intercambiador de calor en su cálculo de las diferencias de temperatura eficaces para cada uno de los procesos de transferencia de calor.
Las temperaturas de condensación y evaporación para las composiciones se ajustaron para dar un uso del área de intercambio de calor equivalente al del fluido de referencia. Se usaron los siguientes parámetros de entrada.
- Parámetro
- Referencia
- Refrigerante Temperatura media en el condensador Temperatura media en el evaporador Subenfriamiento en el condensador Supercalentamiento en el evaporador Diámetro de succión
- ºC ºC K K mm R134a 50 -30 1 5 16.2
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- Temperatura grados C
- Concentración de lubricante, % en peso
- 50
- Muy ligeramente opaco Muy ligeramente opaco Ligeramente opaco Ligeramente opaco Ligeramente opaco Ligeramente opaco
- 60
- Muy ligeramente opaco Muy ligeramente opaco Ligeramente opaco Ligeramente opaco Ligeramente opaco Ligeramente opaco
- 70
- Muy ligeramente opaco Muy ligeramente opaco 2 capas 2 capas 2 capas Ligeramente opaco
- 80
- 2 capas 2 capas 2 capas 2 capas 2 capas 2 capas
Resultados de miscibilidad para 1234yf con YN12
- Temperatura grados C
- Concentración de lubricante, % en peso
- 4
- 7 10 20 30 50
- -20
- opaco opaco 2 capas opaco 2 capas 2 capas
- -10
- ligeramente opaco ligeramente opaco 2 capas opaco 2 capas 2 capas
- 0
- ligeramente opaco opaco 2 capas opaco opaco opaco
- 10
- ligeramente opaco opaco 2 capas opacas 2 capas opacas 2 capas opacas 2 capas opacas
- 20
- opaco 2 capas ligeramente opacas 2 capas opacas 2 capas 2 capas opacas 2 capas opacas
- 30
- opaco opaco 2 capas opacas 2 capas 2 capas opacas 2 capas opacas
- 40
- 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes 2 capas 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes
- 50
- 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes 2 capas 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes
- 60
- 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes 2 capas 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes
- 70
- 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes 2 capas 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes
- 80
- 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes 2 capas 2 capas transparentes 2 capas transparentes
Se ensayó la miscibilidad de otras composiciones de la invención con el lubricante de polialquilenglicol (PAG) YN12. El lubricante estaba presente en una concentración del 4 % p/p. Esta concentración es representativa de la concentración de aceite típica presente en un sistema de acondicionamiento de aire. Los resultados de estos experimentos se compararon con la miscibilidad del R-1234yf puro. Los resultados se muestran a continuación.
- Temperatura / ºC
- 0 10 20 30 40
- R-1234yf (comparativo)
- opaco opaco opaco muy opaco opaco
- CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze
- ligeramen ligeramente ligeramente muy ligeramente ligeramente
- (15/10/75 % en peso)
- te opaco opaco opaco opaco opaco
- CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze
- opaco ligeramente muy ligeramente ok
- (25/10/65 % en peso)
- opaco opaco
- CO2/R-32/R-1234ze
- opaco ligeramente muy ligeramente ok
- (4/7/89 % en peso)
- opaco opaco
10 Los resultados muestran que las composiciones de la invención tienen una miscibilidad mejorada con lubricantes en comparación con el fluido puro R-1234yf.
En resumen, la invención proporciona nuevas composiciones que presentan una combinación sorprendente de 15 propiedades ventajosas, incluyendo buen rendimiento de refrigeración, baja inflamabilidad, bajo GWP y/o
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- 2011-05-20 CA CA2799840A patent/CA2799840A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-05-20 PL PL11728909T patent/PL2571954T3/pl unknown
- 2011-05-20 JP JP2013510673A patent/JP5824039B2/ja active Active
- 2011-05-20 US US13/698,817 patent/US20130119299A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-05-20 MX MX2012013314A patent/MX2012013314A/es unknown
- 2011-05-20 KR KR1020127033340A patent/KR20130082096A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2011-05-20 WO PCT/GB2011/000772 patent/WO2011144909A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2011-05-20 EP EP11728911A patent/EP2571955A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-05-20 ES ES11728909.0T patent/ES2561671T3/es active Active
- 2011-05-20 CN CN2011800305288A patent/CN102947409A/zh active Pending
- 2011-05-20 WO PCT/GB2011/000768 patent/WO2011144905A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2011-05-20 ES ES11728912.4T patent/ES2565088T3/es active Active
- 2011-05-20 RU RU2012155282/05A patent/RU2582703C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 2011-05-20 US US13/698,803 patent/US8808570B2/en active Active
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2016
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