JP2012144574A - 薬剤組成物及び使用方法 - Google Patents
薬剤組成物及び使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2012144574A JP2012144574A JP2012102499A JP2012102499A JP2012144574A JP 2012144574 A JP2012144574 A JP 2012144574A JP 2012102499 A JP2012102499 A JP 2012102499A JP 2012102499 A JP2012102499 A JP 2012102499A JP 2012144574 A JP2012144574 A JP 2012144574A
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Abstract
【解決手段】誘導性酸化窒素シンターゼ及び誘導性シクロオキシゲナーゼ遺伝子の転写または翻訳を抑制する効果を有し、上記疾患を防止、治療する、トリテルペノイド誘導体である、2−シアノ−3,12−ジオキソオレアナ−1,9−ジエン−28酸や2−シアノ−3,11−ジオキソオレアナ−1,12−ジエン−28酸等。
【選択図】なし
Description
本発明は、ガン、アルツハイマー病、パーキンソン病、多発性硬化症、関節リューマチ、及び他の炎症性疾患等の疾患の防止または治療に有用なことが判明している化合物に関する。
本発明は、ガン、アルツハイマー病、パーキンソン病、多発性硬化症等の疾患の防止または治療の方法及び組成物を提供する。本発明の方法は対象に式:
本発明の更なる説明の前に、本明細書、実施例及び添付のクレームで使用され
る語を便宜のためにここに集める。
本願で使用される「有機部分」という語は、アルキル、アルキルアミノ、アルコキシ、アリール、アラルキル、アリールオキシ、アルキルチオ、及びアルキルカルボキシル等の炭素をベースとする官能基を含むことを意図する。
アリール基は、また、ナフチル、キノリル、インドリル等の多環縮合芳香族基を含む。芳香環は、一つあるいはそれ以上の環位置で例えば、アルキル基について上述されたような部分により置換され得る。好ましいアリール基は、非置換及び置換フェニル基を含む。
1)悪性及び非悪性細胞の双方における分化の誘導のための有効な薬剤である。
2)それは、多くの悪性及び前悪性細胞の増殖のインヒビターとしてナノモルレベルで活性である。
3)それは、炎症性酵素、iNOS及びCOX−2のデノボ合成の抑制においてこれ迄のいかなるトリテルペノイドよりも100から500倍の効力がある。
これらの3つの作用は有用な新しい化学防御薬剤の開発に重要であり、これらは、また、それ自体、悪性腫瘍の治療に関連がある。
例えば、Genetics; Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, J. et al. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989)); Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 3rd Ed., ed. by Ausubel, F. et al. (Wiley, NY (1995)); DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover ed., 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait ed. (1984)); Mullis et al. 米国特許番号: 4,683,195; Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. (1984)); the treatise, Methods In Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc., N. Y.); Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology (Mayer and Walker, eds., Academic Press, London (1987)); Handbook OfExperimental Immunology, Volumes I- IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds. (1986)); and Miller, J. Experiments in Molecular Genetics (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. (1972))、を参照。
CDDOは、NCI小児腫瘍学部門(Pediatric Oncology Branch)の化学療法耐性の患者に由来する、不充分に分化したLCDB急性骨髄性白血病細胞株に単球分化を誘導する。図11は、RPMI1640/2%FBS中に、単独で(11A)、2.5ng/mlTGF−β1(11B)と共に、10−8M CDDO(11C)と共に、あるいはTGF−β1及びCDDO(11D)の双方と共に播種されたLCDB細胞を図示する。48時間後、サイトスピンスライドプレパラート(cytospin slide preparations)を作製し、α−ナフチルアセテートエステラーゼ活性(Sigmaのキット)について染色した。格子付きの皿中のDMEM/10%FBS及び5%ウマ血清中で(Smith et al., 1997)、単独で(11E)、100ng/ml7S NGF(11F)と共に、10−6 MCDDO(11G)と共に、あるいはNGF及びCDDO(11H)の双方と共に、PC12細胞を5日間培養した。三度細胞を蒔き、少なくとも2つの別な細胞のプレーティングにおいて、各処理に対して類似の結果を観察した。細胞及び神経突起のサイズの定量的な像分析についての方法が記述されている(De la Torre et al., 1997)。図11Eのコントロール細胞は直径がほぼ10μmである。3T3−L1細胞をDMEM/5%子牛血清中でコンフルエントな状態まで育成し、DMEM/10%FBS中CDDO(図12A)により、あるいはDMEM/10%FBS中CDDO及び/またはLG100268(図12B)により一度処理した。その後2日毎に、CDDOまたはLG100268の添加なしで、培地をDMEM/10%FBSに変えた。8日目(図12A)または6日目(図12B)に細胞を収集し、340nmにおけるNADHの消費に対する標準のアッセイを用いて、GPDHを溶解物中で測定した(Wise and Green, 1979)。これらの細胞は単球/マクロファージマーカー、α−ナフチルエステラーゼを発現しない(図11A)。しかしながら、48時間内に、CDDO(10−8M)は、組織化学的に決定されるように、この酵素の活性を誘導した(図11C)。TGF−β1によるLCDB細胞の処理(2.5ng/ml)は、また、α−ナフチルエステラーゼ活性を誘導し(図11B)、双方の薬剤を使用する場合には相加的な効果があった(図11D)。CDDOは、それ自身であるいはTGF−β1と組み合わせて、ヒト単球白血病株、THP−1、及びヒト前骨髄性白血病株、NB4(データは示さず)に対して分化効果を有することが示された。
細胞増殖のインヒビターは、有用な化学防御及び化学治療薬剤であることが知られている。極めて攻撃的な白血病及び悪性腫瘍、並びに非腫瘍性組織に由来する広範な多様な細胞に対して、CDDOを試験した。Danielpourら、1994に記述されているように、NRP−152細胞を成長させた。17−β−エストラジオール(10pM)を添加したフェノールレッドを含まないRPMI 1640/10%炭除去したFBS中でMCF−7細胞を成長させた。プレーティング時、トリテルペノイドを添加し、72時間後3H−チミジン(1μCi/穴)を添加し、2時間の最終インキュベーションを行った。細胞をTCA(10%)により沈殿させ、洗浄し、可溶化した後チミジンの取り込みを測定した。図13で使用されたシンボルは、CDDO(中黒の正方形)、TP−82(○)、及びオレアノール酸(●)である。
CDDOは、酵素のiNOS及びCOX−2のデノボ生成を誘導するいくつかの炎症性サイトカインの能力を阻害することにおいて高活性である(図14)。図14(A)はウエスターンブロットを図示する。初代マウスマクロファージ、IFN−γ,10ng/ml、LPS,2ng/mlをトリテルペノイドまたはデキサメタソンと一緒に培養物に添加した(濃度はμMで示す)。細胞を12時間で収集した。図14(B)はRAW264.7マクロファージ様細胞株のノーザンブロットを図示する。IFN−γ,10ng/ml、LPS,1ng/ml、TNF−α,10ng/mlをCDDOまたはデキサメタソンと一緒に培養物に添加した。RNAを12時間後に調製した。GAPHDHをローディングコントロールとして使用した。図14(C)は初代マクロファージにおけるNO及びPGE2の生成の抑制を図示する。NOの試験には、CDDO(中黒の正方形)、デキサメタソン(○)、TP−82(□)、またはオレアノール酸(中黒の三角形)と一緒に、細胞をIFN−γ,10ng/mlにより処理した。48時間後、上澄みをグリース反応によりNOについて分析した。PGE2の試験には、同じセットのインヒビターと一緒に、細胞をIFN−γ,5ng/ml、及びにLPS,5ng/mlにより処理した。48時間後、PGE2をイムノアッセイにより上澄み中で測定した。NO及びPGE2に対するコントロール値(阻害なし)は、それぞれ4.7nmol/2×105細胞及び2.2ng/ml/2×105細胞であった。図14(D)及び14(E)は、MEM/10%FBS中で成長させた18Co細胞を図示する(ヒト結腸筋繊維芽細胞)。他の方法はマウスマクロファージについて上記に報告したのと同じである。図14(D)は、IL−1β(30pg/ml)による誘導の後のCOX−2mRNAの抑制に対する用量−応答を示すノーザンブロットを図示する。IL−1と一緒にCDDOを添加した。図(E)においては、ウエスターンブロットは、COX−2蛋白質の抑制を示す。IL−1β(30pg/ml)と一緒にCDDOを添加した。また、CDDOによる細胞上清におけるPGE2の蓄積性の生成の抑制も示される。
ガン及びアルツハイマー病の発生における炎症性メディエーターの役割、並びに細胞生き残りとアポトーシスに対する異常プログラムは今真剣な研究が行われている(McGeer and McGeer, 1995; Merrill and Benveniste, 1996; Akama et al., 1998)。この実施例ではCDDOを、培養小膠細胞(脳のレジデントマクロファージ)におけるiNOSのデノボ生成のサプレッサーとして並びにβ−アミロイドにより誘導される細胞死から培養海馬ニューロンを保護する能力を試験した。CDDOは、初代マクロファージ培養において、初代腹膜マクロファージ培養について上記に報告されたものと類似ので作用することが見出された。かくして、LPS(5ng/ml)は、初代小膠細胞培養においてiNOSを誘導し、18時間内にNOの生成において27倍の増加を引き起こした。10-6または10-7MでのCDDOによるこれらの培養の付随する処理はこの誘導を、それぞれ73%及び52%阻害した。我々は、また、アルツハイマー病(Selkoe, 1997)の中心的病原であるこのペプチドβ−アミロイドの神経毒作用において、NOが関連付けられているので(Akama et al., 1998)、CDDOが、このペプチドβ−アミロイドにより誘導される細胞死から培養海馬ニューロンを保護する可能性を探究した。16日ラット胚から海馬ニューロンを単離し、培養し、CDDOにより24時間処理し、その後にβ−アミロイドペプチドフラグメント、アミノ酸25−35を、10μMの最終濃度で添加した。β−アミロイド単独によるこの投与は、MTTアッセイにより測定されるように、培養中24時間内に培養物中の半分以上のニューロンの死を引き起こした。しかしながら、CDDO(10-8及び10-7M)によるニューロン培養の前処理はこの細胞死を完全に防止し、一部のCDDOの防止活性は10-10Mという低用量にあることが判明した。
上記に見られるように、CDDO等の本発明の化合物は、広範囲の作用を有する強力な、多機能分子であり、これらの多くはガン等の疾患の防止または治療に潜在的に有用である。エストロゲン受容体ポジティブ及びネガティブの乳ガン、骨髄性白血病、及びSmad−4突然変異を持ついくつかの悪性腫瘍由来のものを含むヒト腫瘍細胞株の増殖が阻害される。マウス腹膜マクロファージ、ラット脳細胞小膠細胞、またはヒト結腸筋繊維芽細胞において酵素、誘導性一酸化窒素シンターゼ(iNOS)、または誘導性シクロオキシゲナーゼ(COX−2)のデノボ形成を誘導する、インターフェロン−γ、インターフェロン−1、または腫瘍壊死因子−α等の種々の炎症性サイトカインの能力が抑制される。また、脳海馬ニューロンはβ−アミロイドにより誘導される細胞死から保護される。上記は、本発明の化合物、例えばCDDOは、悪性腫瘍の化学防御または化学治療に、並びに神経保護にインビボで有用であることを示す。
均等物
本願明細書に記載される特定の態様は、例示によるものであり、本願発明を限定するためのものではない。本願発明の重要な特徴は、本願発明の範囲を超えることなく様々な態様で実施され得る。当業者であれば、普通の実験を用いるだけで、本願明細書に記載される特定の手順の多数の均等物を認識し、確かめることができるであろう。
Claims (73)
- R1がシアノ基である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- Bが二重結合であり、XがOであり、R3が−OHであり、且つR1がシアノ基である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 上記組成物が3,11−ジオキソオレアナ−1,12−ジエン−28酸、2−シアノ−3,11−ジオキソオレアナ−1,12−ジエン−28酸及び2−シアノ−3,12−ジオキソオレアナ−1,9−ジエン−28酸からなる群から選ばれる、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- R1がシアノ、ハロ、または−OR’からなる群から選ばれ、ここでR’はHまたは有機部分である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- R1が電子吸引性部分である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- R1が2の位置にある、請求項6に記載の組成物。
- Rxがメチルである、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- Yがヒドロキシルである、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- マクロファージ中のインターフェロン−γ(IFN−γ)誘導NO生成を調節するのに有効なトリテルペノイド組成物であって、上記組成物が少なくとも0.6μM未満のIC50値を有する組成物。
- 上記組成物が少なくとも0.001μM未満のIC50値を有する、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 上記疾患がガン、神経変性疾患、炎症性腸疾患、及び関節リューマチからなる群から選ばれる、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 上記神経変性疾患がパーキンソン病、アルツハイマー病、多発性硬化症、及び筋萎縮性側索硬化症からなる群から選ばれる、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 上記ガンが乳ガン、前立腺ガン、結腸ガン、脳腫瘍、及び骨ガンからなる群から選ばれる、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 上記対象が哺乳動物である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 上記対象がヒトである、請求項13に記載の方法。
- R1がシアノ基である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- Bが二重結合であり、XがOであり、且つR3が−OHであり、R1がシアノ基である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 上記組成物が3,11−ジオキソオレアナ−1,12−ジエン−28酸、2−シアノ−3,11−ジオキソオレアナ−1,12−ジエン−28酸及び2−シアノ−3,12−ジオキソオレアナ−1,9−ジエン−28酸からなる群から選ばれる、請求項13に記載の方法。
- R1がシアノ、ハロ、または−OR’からなる群から選ばれ、ここでR’はHまたは有機部分である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- R1が電子吸引性部分である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 上記炎症性腸疾患がクローン病及び潰瘍性大腸炎からなる群から選ばれる、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 下記式を有する組成物を、一酸化窒素またはプロスタグランジンの生成を調節するために、対象に、医薬として有効な量で投与することを含んでなる、対象における過剰な一酸化窒素またはプロスタグランジンの生成を調節する方法:
ここで、AまたはBは二重結合であって、Aが二重結合である場合には、C11は有機あるいは無機の置換部分=Xを有し、またBが二重結合である場合には、C12は有機あるいは無機の置換部分=Xを有し、R1は1から10により表される6員環のいずれかの位置で置換されていてもよい有機あるいは無機の部分であり、R2及びR3は水素または有機あるいは無機部分であって、ここでR2基は式(I)で表される構造のいずれかの位置で置換されてもよく、且つnは0から100の数である。 - R1がシアノ基である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- Bが二重結合であり、XがOであり、R3が−OHであり、且つR1がシアノ基である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 上記組成物が3,11−ジオキソオレアナ−1,12−ジエン−28酸、2−シアノ−3,11−ジオキソオレアナ−1,12−ジエン−28酸及び2−シアノ−3,12−ジオキソオレアナ−1,9−ジエン−28酸からなる群から選ばれる、請求項25に記載の方法。
- R1がシアノ、ハロ、または−OR’からなる群から選ばれ、ここでR’はHまたは有機部分である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- R1が電子吸引性部分である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- R1が2の位置にある、請求項30に記載の方法。
- Rxがメチルである、請求項25に記載の方法。
- Yがヒドロキシルである、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 下記式を有する組成物を、iNOSまたはCOX−2遺伝子の転写または翻訳を調節するために、対象に、医薬として有効な量で投与することを含んでなる、iNOSまたはCOX−2遺伝子の転写または翻訳を調節する方法:
ここで、AまたはBは二重結合であって、Aが二重結合である場合には、C11は有機あるいは無機の置換部分=Xを有し、またBが二重結合である場合には、C12は有機あるいは無機の置換部分=Xを有し、R1は1から10により表される6員環のいずれかの位置で置換されていてもよい有機あるいは無機の部分であり、R2及びR3は水素または有機あるいは無機部分であって、ここでR2基は式(I)で表される構造のいずれかの位置で置換されていてもよく、且つnは0から100の数である。 - R1がシアノ基である、請求項35に記載の方法。
- Bが二重結合であり、XがOであり、R3が−OHであり、且つR1がシアノ基である、請求項35に記載の方法。
- 上記組成物が3,11−ジオキソオレアナ−1,12−ジエン−28酸、2−シアノ−3,11−ジオキソオレアナ−1,12−ジエン−28酸及び2−シアノ−3,12−ジオキソオレアナ−1,9−ジエン−28酸からなる群から選ばれる、請求項35に記載の方法。
- R1がシアノ、ハロ、または−OR’からなる群から選ばれ、ここでR’はHまたは有機部分である、請求項35に記載の方法。
- R1が電子吸引性部分である、請求項35に記載の方法。
- 上記電子吸引性部分がシアノ、アリール、ハロ置換アルキル部分からなる群から選ばれる、請求項40に記載の方法。
- Rxがメチルである、請求項42に記載の方法。
- Yがヒドロキシルである、請求項43に記載の方法。
- 下記式を有する組成物を、神経変性疾患を防止または治療するために、対象に、医薬として有効な量で投与することを含んでなる、神経変性疾患の防止または治療の方法:
ここで、AまたはBは二重結合であって、Aが二重結合である場合には、C11は有機あるいは無機の置換部分=Xを有し、またBが二重結合である場合には、C12は有機あるいは無機の置換部分=Xを有し、R1は1から10により表される6員環のいずれかの位置で置換されていてもよい有機あるいは無機の部分であり、R2及びR3は水素または有機あるいは無機部分であって、ここでR2基は式(I)で表される構造のいずれかの位置で置換されていてもよく、且つnは0から100の数である。 - 上記神経変性疾患がパーキンソン病、アルツハイマー病、多発性硬化症、及び筋萎縮性側索硬化症からなる群から選ばれる、請求項45に記載の方法。
- 上記対象が哺乳動物である、請求項45に記載の方法。
- 上記対象がヒトである、請求項45に記載の方法。
- R1がシアノ基である、請求項45に記載の方法。
- Bが二重結合であり、XがOであり、R3が−OHであり、且つR1がシアノ基である、請求項45に記載の方法。
- 上記組成物が3,11−ジオキソオレアナ−1,12−ジエン−28酸、2−シアノ−3,11−ジオキソオレアナ−1,12−ジエン−28酸及び2−シアノ−3,12−ジオキソオレアナ−1,9−ジエン−28酸からなる群から選ばれる、請求項45に記載の方法。
- R1がシアノ、ハロ、または−OR’からなる群から選ばれ、ここでR’はHまたは有機部分である、請求項45に記載の方法。
- R1が電子吸引性部分である、請求項45に記載の方法。
- R1が2の位置にある、請求項53に記載の方法。
- Rxがメチルである、請求項55に記載の方法。
- Yがヒドロキシルである、請求項56に記載の方法。
- 活性化マクロファージにより引き起こされる対象における状態を治療する方法であって、マクロファージ活性を減少させ、それにより該状態を治療するための有効量の医薬的に有効なキャリア中の請求項1に記載の化合物を、該対象に投与することを含む方法。
- 化合物がCDDOである、請求項60に記載の方法。
- 下記式を有する組成物を、下記疾患を防止又は治療するために、対象に、医薬として有効な量で投与することを含んでなる、iNOSまたはCOX−2遺伝子の過剰発現を特徴とする疾患を防止又は治療する方法:
ここで、AまたはBは二重結合であって、Aが二重結合である場合には、C11は有機あるいは無機の置換部分=Xを有し、またBが二重結合である場合には、C12は有機あるいは無機の置換部分=Xを有し、R1は1から10により表される6員環のいずれかの位置で置換されていてもよい有機あるいは無機の部分であり、R2及びR3は水素または有機あるいは無機部分であって、ここでR2基は式(I)で表される構造のいずれかの位置で置換されていてもよく、且つnは0から100の数である。 - 上記疾患がガン、神経変性疾患及び関節リューマチからなる群から選ばれる、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 上記神経変性疾患がパーキンソン病、アルツハイマー病、多発性硬化症、及び筋萎縮性側索硬化症からなる群から選ばれる、請求項63に記載の方法。
- 上記ガンが乳ガン、前立腺ガン、結腸ガン、脳腫瘍、及び骨ガンからなる群から選ばれる、請求項63に記載の方法。
- 上記対象が哺乳動物である、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 上記対象がヒトである、請求項62に記載の方法。
- R1がシアノ基である、請求項62に記載の方法。
- Bが二重結合であり、XがOであり、R3が−OHであり、且つR1がシアノ基である、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 上記組成物が3,11−ジオキソオレアナ−1,12−ジエン−28酸、2−シアノ−3,11−ジオキソオレアナ−1,12−ジエン−28酸及び2−シアノ−3,12−ジオキソオレアナ−1,9−ジエン−28酸からなる群から選ばれる、請求項62に記載の方法。
- R1がシアノ、ハロ、または−OR’からなる群から選ばれ、ここでR’はHまたは有機部分である、請求項62に記載の方法。
- R1が電子吸引性部分である、請求項62に記載の方法。
- R1が2の位置にある、請求項72に記載の方法。
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-
1999
- 1999-06-17 US US09/335,003 patent/US6326507B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-18 EP EP99928731A patent/EP1089724B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-18 WO PCT/US1999/013635 patent/WO1999065478A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-06-18 AT AT99928731T patent/ATE430563T1/de active
- 1999-06-18 JP JP2000554358A patent/JP4541548B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-18 EP EP09154222A patent/EP2062577A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-06-18 CA CA2335505A patent/CA2335505C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-18 ES ES99928731T patent/ES2324966T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-18 DK DK99928731T patent/DK1089724T3/da active
- 1999-06-18 PT PT99928731T patent/PT1089724E/pt unknown
-
2001
- 2001-08-09 US US09/927,081 patent/US6552075B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-03-24 US US10/395,372 patent/US7288568B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2005
- 2005-05-03 US US11/121,316 patent/US7863327B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-10-29 US US11/927,418 patent/US8034955B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2009
- 2009-06-05 JP JP2009136739A patent/JP5210971B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2009-07-15 CY CY20091100756T patent/CY1109256T1/el unknown
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2011
- 2011-08-24 US US13/217,127 patent/US8586775B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2012
- 2012-04-27 JP JP2012102499A patent/JP2012144574A/ja not_active Withdrawn
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2013
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US7863327B2 (en) | 2011-01-04 |
| US20130237721A1 (en) | 2013-09-12 |
| CY1109256T1 (el) | 2014-07-02 |
| DK1089724T3 (da) | 2009-07-27 |
| US20050288363A1 (en) | 2005-12-29 |
| JP2002530272A (ja) | 2002-09-17 |
| CA2335505A1 (en) | 1999-12-23 |
| WO1999065478A1 (en) | 1999-12-23 |
| US20080234368A9 (en) | 2008-09-25 |
| EP1089724A4 (en) | 2004-06-09 |
| US20080220057A1 (en) | 2008-09-11 |
| EP1089724B1 (en) | 2009-05-06 |
| US9278913B2 (en) | 2016-03-08 |
| US6326507B1 (en) | 2001-12-04 |
| EP1089724A1 (en) | 2001-04-11 |
| US8586775B2 (en) | 2013-11-19 |
| ES2324966T3 (es) | 2009-08-20 |
| JP2009242409A (ja) | 2009-10-22 |
| JP5210971B2 (ja) | 2013-06-12 |
| US20030236303A1 (en) | 2003-12-25 |
| JP4541548B2 (ja) | 2010-09-08 |
| EP2062577A1 (en) | 2009-05-27 |
| CA2335505C (en) | 2010-06-15 |
| ATE430563T1 (de) | 2009-05-15 |
| US8034955B2 (en) | 2011-10-11 |
| PT1089724E (pt) | 2009-07-20 |
| US20140275618A1 (en) | 2014-09-18 |
| US6552075B2 (en) | 2003-04-22 |
| US7288568B2 (en) | 2007-10-30 |
| US20020042535A1 (en) | 2002-04-11 |
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