JP2012507471A - アルキル化種の被爆に関連する損傷の処置方法 - Google Patents
アルキル化種の被爆に関連する損傷の処置方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【選択図】図8
Description
本出願は、米国特許法35巻第119(e)条のもと、2008年5月23日出願の米国仮出願シリアル番号第61/055,919号に対し優先権の利益を主張する。かかる開示は本明細書中、その全体が参照として含まれる。
本出願は少なくとも一部、国立衛生研究所により支払われた助成金第U54 ES015678号の合衆国政府支援に基づきなされた。合衆国政府は本願に対し一定の権利を有する。
R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10、R11、R12、R13、R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19、R20、R21、R22、R23、及びR24は同一でも異なっていてもよく、それぞれ独立して、水素、ハロゲン、−CN、−CF3、−OH、−NH2、−COOH、−COOR25、非置換若しくは置換アルキル、非置換若しくは置換へテロアルキル、非置換若しくは置換シクロアルキル、非置換若しくは置換ヘテロシクロアルキル、非置換若しくは置換アリール、及び非置換若しくは置換ヘテロアリールでありえる。R25は、C1−10アルキル(たとえばCH3)などの非置換アルキルでありえる。
CEESは2−クロロエチルエチルスルフィドである。
SODはスーパーオキシド・ジスムターゼである。
ROSは活性酸素種である。
RNSは活性窒素種である。
GSHはグルタチオンである。
80HdGは、8−ヒドロキシデオキシグアノシンである。
MTTは3−(4,5−ジメチルチアゾール−2−イル)−2,5−ジフェニルテトラゾリウムジブロミドである。
ANOVAは分散分析である。
HBEはヒト細気管上皮細胞である。
SAECはヒト小気道上皮細胞である。
4−HNEは4−ヒドロキシノネナールである。
(A) −OH、−NH2、−SH、−CN、−CF3、−NO2、オキソ、ハロゲン、非置換アルキル、非置換へテロアルキル、非置換シクロアルキル、非置換ヘテロシクロアルキル、非置換アリール、非置換ヘテロアリール、及び
(B) 以下のものから選択される少なくとも一つの置換基で置換されたアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、シクロアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、アリール及びヘテロアリール:
(i)オキソ、−OH、−NH2、−SH、−CN、−CF3、−NO2、ハロゲン、非置換アルキル、非置換へテロアルキル、非置換シクロアルキル、非置換ヘテロシクロアルキル、非置換アリール、非置換ヘテロアリール、及び
(ii)以下のものから選択される少なくとも一つの置換基で置換されたアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、シクロアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、アリール及びヘテロアリール:
(a)オキソ、−OH、−NH2、−SH、−CN、−CF3、−NO2、ハロゲン、非置換アルキル、非置換へテロアルキル、非置換シクロアルキル、非置換ヘテロシクロアルキル、非置換アリール、非置換ヘテロアリール、及び
(b)オキソ、−OH、−NH2、−SH、−CN、−CF3、−NO2、ハロゲン、非置換アルキル、非置換へテロアルキル、非置換シクロアルキル、非置換ヘテロシクロアルキル、非置換アリール、及び非置換ヘテロアリールから選択される少なくとも一つの置換基で置換されたアルキル、ヘテロアルキル、シクロアルキル、ヘテロシクロアルキル、アリール、またはヘテロアリール。
以下の
一態様において、置換ポルフィリン類を使用してアルキル化剤への被爆によって生じる悪影響から患者の臓器及び臓器系を処置、救済及び/または保護するための方法を提供する。一態様において、患者においてアルキル化剤への被爆に関連する損傷を処置するための方法は、以下に記載の化合物(本明細書中、「置換ポルフィリン」ともいう)の有効量をアルキル化剤への被爆に関連する損傷の処置の必要な患者に投与することを含む。別の態様では、アルキル化剤への被爆に関連する毒性作用から患者を保護する方法は、以下に記載の化合物(本明細書中、「置換ポルフィリン」ともいう)の有効量をアルキル化剤への被爆に関連する毒性作用から保護することが必要な患者に予防的に投与することを含む。他の態様では、アルキル化剤防止剤の活性剤として置換金属ポルフィリンなどの置換ポルフィリン類を投与することによって臓器損傷を救済または保護するための方法を提供する。
具体的な態様では、金属はマンガンであり、式:
R1、R2、R3、及びR4はそれぞれ独立して、−H、−CF3、−CO2R8、
アルキル化剤は、通常、共有結合を介して他の分子に容易に結合するアルキル基を含む。アルキル化剤は三つの機構により、DNA機能を混乱させる:(i)DNA塩基をアルキル化し、これによってDNA合成及びRNA転写を阻害する;(ii)DNA鎖の原子間の架橋、結合形成を仲介する;または(iii)DNA鎖のヌクレオチドの誤対合を促進して、DNA鎖中に突然変異を生じさせる。また、アルキル化剤は、露出された臓器系の細胞内で酸化的ストレスを開始して、細胞内グルタチオン(GSH)を全体として減少させ、DNA酸化を上昇させる。
本発明の具体的な態様は、アルキル化剤被爆の特徴を示しているバイオマーカーを対象とする。アルキル化剤被爆のバイオマーカーとしては、ROS、たとえばスーパーオキシドラジカル、過酸化水素、ペルオキシ亜硝酸、過酸化脂質、ヒドロキシルラジカル、チイルラジカル(thiyl radical)、スーパーオキシドアニオン、有機ヒドロペルオキシド、RO・アルコキシ及びROO・ペルオキシラジカル、及び次亜塩素酸、活性窒素化合物(reactive nitrogen compound)、並びに酸化的ストレスを示す化合物、たとえば脂質過酸化生成物が挙げられる。
別の態様では、本発明は医薬的に許容可能な賦形剤(たとえばキャリヤ)と組み合わせた本発明の低分子量置換ポルフィリンまたは低分子量置換ポルフィリン化合物を含む医薬組成物を提供する。好適な医薬的に許容可能なキャリヤとしては、水、塩溶液(たとえばリンガー溶液)、アルコール、オイル、ゼラチン及び炭水化物、たとえばラクトース、アミロース若しくはスターチ、脂肪酸エステル、ヒドロキシメチルセルロース、及びポリビニルピロリジンが挙げられる。そのような製剤は滅菌することができ、所望により、補助剤、たとえば滑剤、防腐剤、安定剤、湿潤剤、乳化剤、浸透圧に影響を与える塩、緩衝液、着色剤及び/または本発明の化合物と有害に反応しない芳香族物質と混合しえる。
医薬製剤は、単位剤形であるのが好ましい。そのような形状では、製剤は活性成分の好適量を含む単位用量に再分割される。単位剤形は、包装された製剤、製剤の個別量を含むパッケージ、たとえば包装済み錠剤、カプセル及びバイアルまたはアンプル中の粉末でありえる。また、単位剤形はカプセル、錠剤、サシェ、若しくはロゼンジでありえるか、または包装済み形状の好適数のこれらの任意のものでありえる。
ヒト肺16HBE細胞を約90%コンフルエンスまで成長させ、約600〜約000μMの範囲でCEES濃度を増加させながら処置した。細胞生存性(cell viability)は、カルセインAMの蛍光を測定することにより決定し、600μMのCEESでは80%から1000μMのCEESでは10%以下に用量依存性で減少することが知見された(図2)。細胞保護作用研究を実施するための最適用量として900μMのCEESを使用した。というのも、これは二つの細胞系で効能及び最も着実な細胞損傷応答を示すのに有効な治療法に十分な細胞損傷(約50%)を提供したからである。16HBE細胞に関して観察されたように、CEES毒性に対するSAE細胞の観察された耐性が高かったので、これらの被爆はSAE細胞で48時間まで延長して、細胞系の間で酸化防止剤保護能力を比較するための同様の損傷応答を提供した。
上記のように、ミトコンドリアは細胞ROS産生の主要な供給源である。SAE及び16HBE細胞はいずれも900μMのCEESに、2、4、6、8、12、24及び48時間被爆し、その後、細胞をMitoSOX(MitoSOXはミトコンドリア的に標的化したROSプローブである)とでインキュベートし、フローサイトメトリーを使用して蛍光を測定した。CEES被爆によりROSレベルが上昇し、これは12時間でピークに達し、この時間依存性の増加はSAE(図3A)及び16HBE(図3B)細胞の両方で見られた。結果として、細胞ストレスのマーカーを測定するさらなる被爆研究は、被爆12時間後に観察した。
幾つかの構造的に異なる金属ポルフィリン(AEOL 10150,AEOL 10113,AEOL 10303及びMnTBAP)を初期被爆後1時間でのCEES毒性に対する効能に関して16HBE細胞でスクリーニングした(図4)。細胞はCEESで37℃で1時間処理し、その後、式10150(上記式VI)、式10113(上記式IX)、式10103(上記式VIII)の化合物及びMnTBAPを終濃度50μMで添加した。24時間後、カルセインAM蛍光を使用して細胞生存性を測定した。三つの触媒酸化防止剤化合物(catalytic antioxidant compound)は、20%CEESだけで被爆した細胞と比較して、10150、10113、10103群で60、56及び41%までCEES−被爆細胞で細胞生存性が顕著に上昇した(図5)。試験した四種類の化合物のうち、MnTBAPだけがまったく保護を示さなかった。
プライマリーヒト肺SAE細胞及び16HBE細胞を900μM CEESに48時間被爆した。AEOL 10150(10、25及び50μM)との処理は、初期CEES被爆1時間後に実施した。カルセインAM(図6,A及びC)及びMTT(図6、B及びD)アッセイのいずれもから示されるように、AEOL 10150(50μM)単独では細胞生存性は変化しなかった。CEES単独では細胞生存性で50%減少し、これはAEOL 10150の最高濃度で顕著に、SAE細胞における対照の80%(図6A及びB)まで、16HBE細胞の殆ど90%(図6C及びD)まで顕著に弱まった。10μMおよび25μMのAEOL 10150のいずれもが、SAE細胞の生存性で顕著な増加を示さなかったが、25μM AEOL 10150は16HBE細胞の生存性で顕著な増加を示した。細胞生存性を評価するのに使用したカルセインAM及びMTTアッセイのいずれにおいても、同様の結果が観察された。
その細胞保護効果がミトコンドリアROS及び機能障害におけるCEES媒介変化と関連しているかどうかを測定するために、AEOL 10150を評価した。細胞は約90%コンフルエンスまで成長させ、任意にAEOL 10150(50μM)を使用して900μM CEESに被爆した。CEES被爆12時間後、細胞をMitoSOXとインキュベートし、フローサイトメトリーを使用して蛍光を測定した。CEES処理1時間後に添加したAEOL 10150は、SAE(図7A)及び16HBEL(図7B)細胞のいずれにもおけるCEES被爆細胞と比較して、ミトコンドリアROSを顕著に減少させた。
酸化的ストレスは、オキシダント産生と酸化防止剤防御との間の不均衡により生じえる。上記の如く、GSHは主な細胞酸化防止剤である。ゆえに、AEOL 10150がGSHレベルにおけるCEES媒介変化を変えたかどうかと同様に全細胞GSHレベルにおけるCEESの作用を測定した。ヒト肺16HBE細胞をCEESに12時間被爆し、CEES処理1時間後にAEOL 10150(50μM)を添加した。AEOL 10150単独では細胞内GSHレベルを変化させなかったが、CEESは、細胞内GSHレベルにおいて大きく減少させた(図8A:AEOL 10150処理は、GSHにおけるCEES誘導減少を防ぎ、さらにAEOL 10150により可逆的であったCEESにより生じた細胞のレドックス状態における不均衡に影響を与える)。
ラットを5% CEESに15分間被爆し、18時間後に殺した。ラット群はCEES被爆1時間後にAEOL 10150(5mg/kg sc,bid)を受けた。ラットの肺を洗浄し、気管支肺胞の洗浄液(BALF)中で細胞毒性、炎症及び浮腫のマーカーを測定した。図9に示されているように、CEESはROSを顕著に増加させた。さらにCEES被爆1時間後に添加したAEOL 10150により、CEES媒介DNA酸化が減少した。これらのデータはさらに、触媒酸化防止剤金属ポルフィリンAEOL 10150により改善されるCEES媒介損傷における酸化的ストレスの役割を支持する。
CEES−誘導細胞毒性は、肺におけるLDH放出を測定することにより評価することができる。気管支肺胞洗浄液(BAL)中のLDH放出は、上皮組織中の細胞損傷のマーカーである。図10は、LDH放出レベルは、EtOH+PBSとEtOH+AEOL 10150処理動物との間で大差ないことを示す。CEES被爆後PBS処理では、対照群と比較してLDH放出は二倍になった(p<0.01)。CEES被爆後にラットにAEOL 10150を投与すると、CEES+PBS群と比較してLDHレベルは大きく減衰した(p<0.001)。
AEOL 10150を投与すると、肺のタンパク質及びIgMのアルキル化剤−誘導増加を減少させる。正常ラットのBALはマクロファージとアルブミンなどの少量の大きなタンパク質からなる。BAL中のタンパク質レベルを測定することは、気道中の血管外タンパク質の蓄積を測定する一つの方法である。図11Aに示されているように、EtOH+PBSまたはEtOH+AEOL 10150と比較して、BALのタンパク質レベルは、5%CEES+PBSの結果として顕著に増加した(p<0.001)。BALのタンパク質レベルは、動物にAEOL 10150を添加すると、CEES+PBSから大きく減少した(p<0.001)。BALのタンパク質レベル増加はCEES被爆によって生じる損傷を受けた上皮組織の溶解も示すかもしれないので、血管透過性のはっきりした標示ではないかもしれないが、IgM(900kD)などの非常に高分子量の分子の存在は、血管透過性が高いことをはっきりと示している。従って図11Bは、EtOH+PBSまたはEtOH+AEOL 10150と比較して、BALのIgMレベルはCEES+PBSラットにおける結果で大きく増加したことを示す(p<0.001)。IgMレベルは、CEES+PBSと比較して、CEES+AEOL 10150処理により大きく減少した。これらを組み合わせると、これらのデータはCEES被爆後にAEOL 10150を投与すると、BALにおけるタンパク質レベル並びにIgMレベルを減少させることを示す。
アルキル化剤被爆後にAEOL 10150を投与すると、肺の炎症性細胞及び赤血球(RBC)レベルを減少させる。RBCは出血性の損傷がない限り、どのレベルでも肺に存在すべきではない。5%CEES+PBSへの被爆により、BALにおけるRBCレベル増加により示されるように、顕著に出血が増加した(p<0.001)。このCEES−誘導損傷は、CEES被爆18時間後のAEOL 10150処置により改善する(p<0.05)。BALの好中球またはPMNレベルはEtOH+PBSまたはEtOH+10150と比較して、CEES+PBSラットで大きく上昇した(p<0.001)。CEES−誘導好中球増加は、AEOL 10150処置により大きく減少した(p<0.05)。CEES被爆でマクロファージレベルが減少したが、これはEtOH被爆動物と比較して、有意性には到達しなかった。
MPOは、骨髄細胞系列の全細胞内で発現される糖タンパク質であるが、PMNのアズール顆粒が最も豊富である。全肺ホモジネート中で測定された活性化PMNにより放出されたMPOは組織蓄積を示すが、BAL中のPMNの測定に対して有用な捕捉物である。MPOレベルは、CEES+PBSの結果として大きく増加したが、このことはPMN組織蓄積が増加したことを示す(p<0.01,図12)。CEES処理後のAEOL 10150処置は、PMNの組織蓄積を大きく減少させた(p<0.05)。
オキシダント産生が酸化防止剤防御を超えると、酸化的ストレスが発生する。酸化的損傷の一つマーカーはDNA酸化であり、これは8−ヒドロキシ−2−デオキシグアノシン(8OHdG)の形成により測定することができる。8OHdGは、HPLCにより測定して被爆18時間後にEtOH+PBS(p<0.01)またはEtOH+10150(p<0.05)処置におけるレベルと比較して、CEES+PBSラットにおいて顕著に増加した(図13)。ラットをCEESに被爆し、ついでAEOL 10150を与えると、8O−HdGレベルはCEES+PBSと比較して大きく減少した(p<0.05)。これらのデータはさらに、触媒酸化防止剤金属ポルフィリンAEOL 10150により改善されるCEES−媒介損傷における酸化的ストレスの役割を支持する。
Claims (32)
- 前記化合物は金属に結合している、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記金属が、マンガン、鉄、コバルト、銅、ニッケル及び亜鉛からなる群から選択される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物がマンガンに結合する、請求項3に記載の方法。
- R5、R6及びR7が独立して置換または非置換C1−20アルキルである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- R5、R6及びR7が独立して置換若しくは非置換C1−10アルキルである、請求項5に記載の方法。
- R5、R6及びR7が独立して水素、メチル、エチル及びプロピルからなる群から選択される、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記損傷が患者の臓器に対する損傷である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記臓器が皮膚、肺、鼻、食道、気管、または気管支である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記アルキル化剤が、硫黄マスタード、塩素ガス、ホスゲン及び2−クロロエチルエチルスルフィドからなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記アルキル化剤が硫黄マスタードである、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記投与が、吸入投与、局所投与、静脈内投与、皮下投与、腹腔内(intraperitonal)投与及び筋肉内投与からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記アルキル化剤への被爆によりミトコンドリア機能障害が発生する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ミトコンドリア機能障害により、活性酸素種産生または酸化的ストレスが増加する、請求項17に記載の方法。
- アルキル化剤への非被爆に対してアルキル化剤への被爆により、乳酸脱水素(LDH)レベルの上昇、IgMレベルの上昇、グルタチオンレベルの低下及びミエロペルオキシダーゼ(myleperoxidase)レベルの上昇をもたらす、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物を、前記アルキル化剤への被爆約0.5時間〜約48時間以内に患者に投与する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物を、前記アルキル化剤への被爆約1時間〜約10時間以内に患者に投与する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物が金属に結合している、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 前記金属が、マンガン、鉄、コバルト、銅、ニッケル及び亜鉛からなる群から選択される、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物がマンガンに結合する、請求項24に記載の方法。
- R5、R6及びR7が独立して置換または非置換C1−20アルキルである、請求項22に記載の方法。
- R5、R6及びR7が独立して置換若しくは非置換C1−10アルキルである、請求項26に記載の方法。
- R5、R6及びR7が独立して水素、メチル、エチル及びプロピルからなる群から選択される、請求項27に記載の方法。
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| PCT/US2009/045198 WO2010016965A2 (en) | 2008-05-23 | 2009-05-26 | Methods for treating injury associated with exposure to an alkylating species |
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| EP2785339A4 (en) * | 2011-12-02 | 2015-11-25 | Univ Colorado Regents | NEUROLOGICAL TREATMENTS WITH METALOPORPHYRINE |
| MX2016006644A (es) * | 2013-11-22 | 2016-12-02 | Aeolus Sciences Inc | Síntesis y formulaciones de compuestos de porfirina. |
| RU2629602C1 (ru) * | 2016-12-01 | 2017-08-30 | Войсковая Часть 41598 | Бициллин-3 как средство профилактики и ранней терапии острых поражений сернистым ипритом |
| RU2635504C1 (ru) * | 2016-12-01 | 2017-11-13 | Войсковая Часть 41598 | Бензилпенициллина натриевая соль как средство профилактики и ранней терапии острых поражений сернистым ипритом |
| RU2635476C1 (ru) * | 2016-12-02 | 2017-11-13 | Войсковая Часть 41598 | Бициллин-1 как средство профилактики и ранней терапии острых поражений сернистым ипритом |
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| US7807825B2 (en) | 2004-02-09 | 2010-10-05 | Duke University | Substituted porphyrins |
| WO2006083381A2 (en) * | 2004-12-03 | 2006-08-10 | University Of Maryland, Baltimore | Composition for treating sulfur mustard toxicity and methods of using same |
| CA2850858A1 (en) * | 2005-09-16 | 2007-04-05 | Allergan, Inc. | Compositions and methods for the intraocular transport of therapeutic agents |
| US7947827B2 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2011-05-24 | State Of Oregon Acting By And Through The State Board Of Higher Education On Behalf Of Oregon State University | Pharmaceutical formulation comprising a metaloporphyrin and method for its purification and use |
| JP2013503895A (ja) | 2009-09-02 | 2013-02-04 | ザ リージェンツ オブ ザ ユニバーシティー オブ コロラド,ア ボディー コーポレート | 金属ポルフィリン類を使用するミトコンドリア病の処置法 |
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2009
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- 2009-05-26 ES ES14154916.2T patent/ES2600469T3/es active Active
- 2009-05-26 KR KR1020107028981A patent/KR101646066B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-05-26 KR KR1020167007897A patent/KR20160036108A/ko not_active Ceased
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| US5994339A (en) * | 1993-10-15 | 1999-11-30 | University Of Alabama At Birmingham Research Foundation | Oxidant scavengers |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US11382895B2 (en) | 2022-07-12 |
| CA2725012C (en) | 2019-05-07 |
| CN102105146A (zh) | 2011-06-22 |
| EP2300003A4 (en) | 2012-04-04 |
| DK2300003T3 (da) | 2014-05-26 |
| US20110136775A1 (en) | 2011-06-09 |
| KR20110017398A (ko) | 2011-02-21 |
| IL209435A0 (en) | 2011-01-31 |
| EP2300003B1 (en) | 2014-03-05 |
| ES2464728T3 (es) | 2014-06-03 |
| CA2725012A1 (en) | 2010-02-11 |
| WO2010016965A9 (en) | 2010-04-01 |
| JP5608644B2 (ja) | 2014-10-15 |
| WO2010016965A2 (en) | 2010-02-11 |
| MX2010012593A (es) | 2011-03-04 |
| RU2506083C2 (ru) | 2014-02-10 |
| US20230000830A1 (en) | 2023-01-05 |
| KR20160036108A (ko) | 2016-04-01 |
| EP2300003A2 (en) | 2011-03-30 |
| KR101646066B1 (ko) | 2016-08-05 |
| AU2009280042A1 (en) | 2010-02-11 |
| ES2600469T3 (es) | 2017-02-09 |
| IL209435A (en) | 2015-04-30 |
| EP2732817A1 (en) | 2014-05-21 |
| RU2010152638A (ru) | 2012-06-27 |
| EP2732817B1 (en) | 2016-08-24 |
| AU2009280042B2 (en) | 2015-06-04 |
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