JP2017508074A - 有機被覆を備える基材を除去するための方法 - Google Patents
有機被覆を備える基材を除去するための方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2017508074A JP2017508074A JP2016550239A JP2016550239A JP2017508074A JP 2017508074 A JP2017508074 A JP 2017508074A JP 2016550239 A JP2016550239 A JP 2016550239A JP 2016550239 A JP2016550239 A JP 2016550239A JP 2017508074 A JP2017508074 A JP 2017508074A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- organic coating
- coating
- aqueous solution
- mass
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D9/00—Chemical paint or ink removers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/02—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/18—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by dipping
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/18—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C18/1803—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of metallic material surfaces or of a non-specific material surfaces
- C23C18/1824—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of metallic material surfaces or of a non-specific material surfaces by chemical pretreatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/14—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with alkaline solutions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/14—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with alkaline solutions
- C23G1/16—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with alkaline solutions using inhibitors
- C23G1/18—Organic inhibitors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/24—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with neutral solutions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/24—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with neutral solutions
- C23G1/26—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with neutral solutions using inhibitors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G3/00—Apparatus for cleaning or pickling metallic material
- C23G3/02—Apparatus for cleaning or pickling metallic material for cleaning wires, strips, filaments continuously
- C23G3/021—Apparatus for cleaning or pickling metallic material for cleaning wires, strips, filaments continuously by dipping
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G3/00—Apparatus for cleaning or pickling metallic material
- C23G3/02—Apparatus for cleaning or pickling metallic material for cleaning wires, strips, filaments continuously
- C23G3/023—Apparatus for cleaning or pickling metallic material for cleaning wires, strips, filaments continuously by spraying
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- ing And Chemical Polishing (AREA)
- Cleaning Or Drying Semiconductors (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
Abstract
Description
塩基
・NaOH 10%
・KOH 10%
・NH3 15〜25%。
競合する金属イオン
・KCl
・NaCl
・K2CO3 10%
・Na2CO3 10%
・K2SO4 10%。
錯形成剤
・Lupasol G20 15%
・Lupasol FG 15%
・EDTA(エチレンジアミン四酢酸)。
Claims (12)
- イオノゲン性ゲル化によって有機被覆で覆われた基材を除去するための方法において、湿潤した有機被覆、又は乾燥しているがまだ基材上で皮膜化はしていない有機被覆を、元素周期表の第一主族の金属塩の水溶液、錯形成剤、及び/又はpH値が10超の塩基性化合物で処理することを特徴とする前記方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、浸漬法、又は噴霧法によって除去を行うことを特徴とする前記方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、元素Li、Na、及びKのうち少なくとも1種の金属塩の水溶液、好ましくはNa及びKのうち少なくとも1種の金属塩の水溶液を使用することを特徴とする前記方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、錯形成剤が、鉄、亜鉛、マグネシウム及びアルミニウムと強度の錯体化を引き起こすものであって、好ましくはエチレンジアミン四酢酸及び/又はポリエチレンイミンを使用することを特徴とする前記方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、塩基性化合物として、NaOH、KOH、及び/又はNH3の水溶液を使用することを特徴とする前記方法。
- 請求項1から5までに記載の方法において、使用する溶液の濃度が少なくとも5質量%であることを特徴とする前記方法。
- 請求項6に記載の方法において、濃度が10質量%〜70質量%であることを特徴とする前記方法。
- 請求項6又は7に記載の方法において、濃度が20質量%〜45質量%であることを特徴とする前記方法。
- 請求項1から8までに記載の方法において、湿潤性皮膜を除去することを特徴とする前記方法。
- 請求項1から9までに記載の方法において、除去する被覆の厚さが数nm〜数μmであり、好ましくは1μm〜100μm、特に好ましくは5μm〜35μmであることを特徴とする前記方法。
- 請求項1から10までに記載の方法において、有機被覆除去後の基材を、再度被覆に使用してよいことを特徴とする前記方法。
- 請求項11に記載の方法において、得られた基材を再度被覆する前に、前処理を実施してよいことを特徴とする前記方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102014201919.2 | 2014-02-04 | ||
| DE102014201919 | 2014-02-04 | ||
| PCT/EP2015/052203 WO2015117959A1 (de) | 2014-02-04 | 2015-02-03 | Verfahren zum entfernen von mit organischen beschichtungen versehenen substraten |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2017508074A true JP2017508074A (ja) | 2017-03-23 |
| JP6566959B2 JP6566959B2 (ja) | 2019-08-28 |
Family
ID=52440694
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2016550239A Expired - Fee Related JP6566959B2 (ja) | 2014-02-04 | 2015-02-03 | 有機被覆を備える基材を除去するための方法 |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10040955B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP3102719A1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP6566959B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR20170009816A (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN106232875A (ja) |
| AU (1) | AU2015215023B2 (ja) |
| BR (1) | BR112016017499A2 (ja) |
| CA (1) | CA2944830A1 (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE102015201866A1 (ja) |
| MX (1) | MX2016010108A (ja) |
| SG (1) | SG11201606471UA (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2015117959A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR102019961B1 (ko) | 2018-06-08 | 2019-09-11 | 동우 화인켐 주식회사 | 하드코팅 필름 및 이를 포함하는 화상표시장치 |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS60235873A (ja) * | 1984-04-25 | 1985-11-22 | イ−コラブ インコ−ポレイテイド | ペイントリムーバー用濃厚物 |
| JPH02274775A (ja) * | 1989-04-14 | 1990-11-08 | Neos Co Ltd | 塗膜剥離剤 |
| WO2013117611A1 (de) * | 2012-02-07 | 2013-08-15 | Chemetall Gmbh | Verfahren zum beschichten von metallischen oberflächen von substraten und nach diesem verfahren beschichteten gegenstände |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3124348A1 (de) * | 1980-07-02 | 1982-04-01 | Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur entfernung von phosphat- und/oder reaktionsschmiermittelschichten |
| US4539134A (en) * | 1982-12-02 | 1985-09-03 | Halliburton Company | Methods and cleaning compositions for removing organic materials from metallic surfaces |
| DE3838188A1 (de) | 1988-11-10 | 1990-05-17 | Fourne Maschinenbau Gmbh | Reinigung polymerbehafteter teile |
| JP2597931B2 (ja) * | 1991-08-19 | 1997-04-09 | 株式会社不二越 | 高速度工具鋼のチタンコーティング被膜の除去剤 |
| JP2778863B2 (ja) | 1991-11-06 | 1998-07-23 | 日本ペイント株式会社 | 脱脂洗浄方法 |
| JP3690619B2 (ja) * | 1996-01-12 | 2005-08-31 | 忠弘 大見 | 洗浄方法及び洗浄装置 |
| US6152148A (en) * | 1998-09-03 | 2000-11-28 | Honeywell, Inc. | Method for cleaning semiconductor wafers containing dielectric films |
| KR100419924B1 (ko) * | 2001-05-02 | 2004-02-25 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 세정액 및 이를 사용한 반사방지막 성분의 세정 방법 |
| US6709707B2 (en) * | 2001-09-07 | 2004-03-23 | The Board Of Regents For Oklahoma State University | Removal of Ormosil films from metal substrates |
| US6855210B1 (en) * | 2004-04-05 | 2005-02-15 | Kolene Corporation | Composition and method for stripping coatings from substrates |
| US20060233955A1 (en) * | 2005-04-14 | 2006-10-19 | Noel Smith | Process for the coating of metallic components with an aqueous organic composition |
| US8377324B2 (en) * | 2005-06-10 | 2013-02-19 | Acromet Technologies Inc. | Methods for removing coatings from a metal component |
| KR101340136B1 (ko) | 2006-01-09 | 2013-12-11 | 바스프 에스이 | 공중합체, 이의 제조 방법 및 표면 처리를 위한 이의 용도 |
| KR101488265B1 (ko) * | 2007-09-28 | 2015-02-02 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | 박리 조성물 및 박리 방법 |
| CN101225522B (zh) | 2008-02-15 | 2010-04-14 | 重庆大学 | 一种金属除油清洗剂及其除油方法 |
| RU2677206C2 (ru) * | 2013-07-18 | 2019-01-15 | Шеметалл Гмбх | Способ нанесения покрытий на металлические поверхности субстратов и покрытые данным способом изделия |
| CA2939783A1 (en) * | 2014-02-27 | 2015-09-03 | Chemetall Gmbh | Process for coating metallic surfaces of substrates and articles coated by this process |
-
2015
- 2015-02-03 JP JP2016550239A patent/JP6566959B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2015-02-03 BR BR112016017499A patent/BR112016017499A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2015-02-03 WO PCT/EP2015/052203 patent/WO2015117959A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2015-02-03 CN CN201580006770.XA patent/CN106232875A/zh active Pending
- 2015-02-03 AU AU2015215023A patent/AU2015215023B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2015-02-03 MX MX2016010108A patent/MX2016010108A/es unknown
- 2015-02-03 KR KR1020167024179A patent/KR20170009816A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2015-02-03 SG SG11201606471UA patent/SG11201606471UA/en unknown
- 2015-02-03 CA CA2944830A patent/CA2944830A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-02-03 EP EP15702000.9A patent/EP3102719A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2015-02-03 DE DE102015201866.0A patent/DE102015201866A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2015-02-03 US US15/115,872 patent/US10040955B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS60235873A (ja) * | 1984-04-25 | 1985-11-22 | イ−コラブ インコ−ポレイテイド | ペイントリムーバー用濃厚物 |
| JPH02274775A (ja) * | 1989-04-14 | 1990-11-08 | Neos Co Ltd | 塗膜剥離剤 |
| WO2013117611A1 (de) * | 2012-02-07 | 2013-08-15 | Chemetall Gmbh | Verfahren zum beschichten von metallischen oberflächen von substraten und nach diesem verfahren beschichteten gegenstände |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP6566959B2 (ja) | 2019-08-28 |
| CA2944830A1 (en) | 2015-08-13 |
| US10040955B2 (en) | 2018-08-07 |
| WO2015117959A1 (de) | 2015-08-13 |
| AU2015215023B2 (en) | 2018-11-01 |
| CN106232875A (zh) | 2016-12-14 |
| EP3102719A1 (de) | 2016-12-14 |
| AU2015215023A1 (en) | 2016-08-25 |
| SG11201606471UA (en) | 2016-09-29 |
| KR20170009816A (ko) | 2017-01-25 |
| DE102015201866A1 (de) | 2015-08-06 |
| US20170009088A1 (en) | 2017-01-12 |
| BR112016017499A2 (pt) | 2017-08-08 |
| MX2016010108A (es) | 2016-10-07 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN106413920B (zh) | 用于涂覆基材的金属表面的方法和根据该方法涂覆的物件 | |
| JP5684255B2 (ja) | 浸漬塗装前の金属表面を処理するための多段階法 | |
| JP2006233335A (ja) | 金属基体の腐食防止用の方法及び組成物 | |
| RU2014120920A (ru) | Способ покрытия металлических поверхностей водной композицией из многих компонентов | |
| CN107075709A (zh) | 避免挂架金属化的电镀挂架处理 | |
| TW201534768A (zh) | 避免掛架金屬化之電鍍掛架處理 | |
| WO2015098623A1 (ja) | アルミニウム又はアルミニウム合金用水系化成処理剤、化成処理方法及び化成処理されたアルミニウム及びアルミニウム合金 | |
| US2535794A (en) | Method of preparing ferrous metal objects for the application of synthetic resins | |
| JP6566959B2 (ja) | 有機被覆を備える基材を除去するための方法 | |
| JP6051171B2 (ja) | ジルコニウム酸化物で前処理された亜鉛表面の腐食性能を改善するためのプロセス及び組成物 | |
| TW201625816A (zh) | 供銅及銅合金微蝕刻之組合物及方法 | |
| CN102400122B (zh) | 制备用于表面处理的镁合金基体的方法 | |
| US6709707B2 (en) | Removal of Ormosil films from metal substrates | |
| EP2986757B1 (en) | Can production process | |
| JP2021501263A (ja) | 三価クロム化合物を使用して金属表面を処理するためのプロセスおよび組成物 | |
| JP5728740B2 (ja) | 化成皮膜の仕上げ剤及び仕上げ処理方法 | |
| TWI385224B (zh) | 防止鐵片生鏽之高分子-氧化矽複合材料塗膜之製造方法 | |
| CN108135433B (zh) | 餐具洗涤烘干机的制造方法 | |
| CN117026239A (zh) | 一种结构钢零件表面镍层的去除方法 | |
| JP2017110242A (ja) | ステンレス鋼用の電解処理液、及びステンレス鋼部品の塗装方法 | |
| JP2016008331A (ja) | 高耐アルカリ性アルミニウム部材及びその製造方法 | |
| RU2025107084A (ru) | Способ предварительной обработки металлических подложек | |
| Nguyen et al. | Deposition and Characterization of Electrophoretic Paint on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy | |
| JP2004285373A (ja) | アルミニウム又はアルミニウム合金に高耐食性の6価クロム及びフッ素を含まない化成皮膜を形成する方法及び高耐食性アルミニウム又はアルミニウム合金 | |
| US20160122893A1 (en) | Method for varnishing plated parts |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20180131 |
|
| A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20181022 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20181029 |
|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20190129 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20190701 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20190730 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 6566959 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |