JP4436675B2 - 水素及び一酸化炭素含有ガスの温度低下方法、及び該方法に使用される熱交換器 - Google Patents
水素及び一酸化炭素含有ガスの温度低下方法、及び該方法に使用される熱交換器 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4436675B2 JP4436675B2 JP2003538633A JP2003538633A JP4436675B2 JP 4436675 B2 JP4436675 B2 JP 4436675B2 JP 2003538633 A JP2003538633 A JP 2003538633A JP 2003538633 A JP2003538633 A JP 2003538633A JP 4436675 B2 JP4436675 B2 JP 4436675B2
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
- F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
- F28F21/081—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys
- F28F21/087—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys from nickel or nickel alloys
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- B01J19/02—Apparatus characterised by being constructed of material selected for its chemically-resistant properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
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- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/36—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using oxygen; using mixtures containing oxygen as gasifying agents
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- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
- C01B3/382—Processes with two or more reaction steps, of which at least one is catalytic, e.g. steam reforming and partial oxidation
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- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen; Production of gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide or air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
- C01B3/386—Catalytic partial combustion
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C27/00—Alloys based on rhenium or a refractory metal not mentioned in groups C22C14/00 or C22C16/00
- C22C27/06—Alloys based on chromium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
- F22B37/02—Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler
- F22B37/04—Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler and characterised by material, e.g. use of special steel alloy
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F19/00—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00074—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids
- B01J2219/00087—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids with heat exchange elements outside the reactor
- B01J2219/00094—Jackets
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/02—Apparatus characterised by their chemically-resistant properties
- B01J2219/025—Apparatus characterised by their chemically-resistant properties characterised by the construction materials of the reactor vessel proper
- B01J2219/0277—Metal based
- B01J2219/029—Non-ferrous metals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/04—Welding for other purposes than joining, e.g. built-up welding
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
- C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
- C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
- C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
- C01B2203/0238—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a carbon dioxide reforming step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/025—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step
- C01B2203/0255—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a partial oxidation step containing a non-catalytic partial oxidation step
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
- C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0838—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by heat exchange with exothermic reactions, other than by combustion of fuel
- C01B2203/0844—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by heat exchange with exothermic reactions, other than by combustion of fuel the non-combustive exothermic reaction being another reforming reaction as defined in groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/0294
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- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
- C01B2203/0872—Methods of cooling
- C01B2203/0883—Methods of cooling by indirect heat exchange
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/14—Details of the flowsheet
- C01B2203/142—At least two reforming, decomposition or partial oxidation steps in series
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- C01B2203/14—Details of the flowsheet
- C01B2203/148—Details of the flowsheet involving a recycle stream to the feed of the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
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- Industrial Gases (AREA)
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Description
本発明を以下の非限定的実施例により説明する。
天然ガスの部分酸化により製造した第1表に示す特性を有するガス混合物を4000時間、約600℃で第2表に示す組成を有する金属合金表面と接触させた。金属合金表面は、EP−A−1043084に記載の肉盛溶接法により支持体層上に設けた。支持体層は、比較例A(第2表参照)で使用した金属の特性を有する低合金鋼である。視覚及び機械的検査により、4000時間後の金属合金表面に欠陥は見られなかった。更に、コークスの生成も観察されなかった。
異なる金属合金表面(第2表参照)を使用した他は、実施例1を繰り返した。結果は実施例1と同様であった。
異なる金属合金表面(第2表参照)を使用した他は、実施例1を繰り返した。実施例1、2にとは対照的に、多量のコークスの生成が観察された。
Claims (17)
- 水素及び一酸化炭素含有ガスを、該ガスの温度よりも低い温度を有し、鉄を0〜20重量%、アルミニウムを0〜5重量%、珪素を1〜5重量%、クロムを20〜50重量%、及びニッケルを35重量%以上含有し、かつ冷却水を利用して該ガスの温度よりも低い温度に維持される金属合金表面と接触させることにより、水素及び一酸化炭素含有ガスの温度を低下させる方法。
- 前記クロムの含有量が、30重量%を超える請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記金属合金表面が、アルミニウムを1〜5重量%含有する請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記金属合金表面が、チタン及び/又はREMを0〜2重量%含有する請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記金属合金表面が、該表面層よりも機械的特性が良い金属合金支持体層で支持される請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記金属合金支持体層が、鉄を7〜98重量%含有する請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記金属合金表面層が、肉盛溶接法により金属合金支持体層に付加される請求項5又は6に記載の方法。
- 前記水素含有ガスの温度が、1000〜1500℃の温度から300〜750℃の温度に低下する請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記水素含有ガスが、一酸化炭素も1.6〜2.5の水素対COのモル比で含有する請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記ガスが、水蒸気を15容量%未満含有する請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記水素及び一酸化炭素含有ガスが、部分酸化法で製造される請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記ガスを、容器に入れた冷却水中に浸漬した1つ以上の導管に通すことにより、該ガスが冷却される、但し、該容器中で水蒸気が生成し、容器から放出され、また該管の内側は、前記金属合金表面層からなり、該管の外側は前記金属合金支持体層からなる、請求項5〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 冷却水用の区画を有する容器、冷却すべき熱ガスの入口、冷却したガスの出口、加熱水蒸気の出口、発生した水蒸気を保持するための収集空間、該冷却水用区画中に配置され、該冷却すべきガスの入口に流動可能に接続した少なくとも1つの主蒸発管、該発生した水蒸気を保持するための収集空間から発生水蒸気を取り出すための少なくとも1つの水蒸気管、及び新鮮水の入口を備え、該主蒸発管材料の内側は、鉄を0〜20重量%、アルミニウムを0〜5重量%、珪素を1〜5重量%、クロムを20〜50重量%、及びニッケルを35重量%以上含有する金属合金表面を有し、該表面層は、この表面層よりも機械的特性が良い金属合金支持体層で支持されている、熱ガスの温度低下に好適な熱交換器。
- 前記金属合金表面中のクロムの含有量が、25重量%を超える請求項13に記載の熱交換器。
- 前記金属合金表面が、アルミニウムを1〜5重量%含有する請求項13又は14に記載の熱交換器。
- 前記金属合金表面が、チタン及び/又はREMを0〜2重量%含有する請求項13〜15のいずれか1項に記載の熱交換器。
- 前記金属合金表面層が、肉盛溶接法により金属合金支持体層に付加される請求項13〜16のいずれか1項に記載の熱交換器。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01204009 | 2001-10-22 | ||
| PCT/EP2002/011801 WO2003036165A2 (en) | 2001-10-22 | 2002-10-22 | Process to reduce the temperature of a hydrogen and carbon monoxide containing gas and heat exchanger for use in said process |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2005506443A JP2005506443A (ja) | 2005-03-03 |
| JP2005506443A5 JP2005506443A5 (ja) | 2006-01-05 |
| JP4436675B2 true JP4436675B2 (ja) | 2010-03-24 |
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Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003538634A Pending JP2005515140A (ja) | 2001-10-22 | 2002-10-22 | 水素及び一酸化炭素含有ガスの製造方法 |
| JP2003538633A Expired - Lifetime JP4436675B2 (ja) | 2001-10-22 | 2002-10-22 | 水素及び一酸化炭素含有ガスの温度低下方法、及び該方法に使用される熱交換器 |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003538634A Pending JP2005515140A (ja) | 2001-10-22 | 2002-10-22 | 水素及び一酸化炭素含有ガスの製造方法 |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (3) | US7422706B2 (ja) |
| EP (2) | EP1438259A2 (ja) |
| JP (2) | JP2005515140A (ja) |
| AU (2) | AU2002350595B2 (ja) |
| GC (2) | GC0000326A (ja) |
| MY (2) | MY136087A (ja) |
| NO (2) | NO20042086L (ja) |
| RU (2) | RU2300493C2 (ja) |
| WO (2) | WO2003036166A2 (ja) |
| ZA (2) | ZA200402448B (ja) |
Families Citing this family (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8603430B2 (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2013-12-10 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Controlling the synthesis gas composition of a steam methane reformer |
| US7125913B2 (en) * | 2003-03-14 | 2006-10-24 | Conocophillips Company | Partial oxidation reactors and syngas coolers using nickel-containing components |
| CN1774391A (zh) * | 2003-04-15 | 2006-05-17 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 制备氢气和氢气与一氧化碳混合物的方法 |
| JP4527426B2 (ja) * | 2004-03-25 | 2010-08-18 | アイシン精機株式会社 | 燃料改質器 |
| EP1610081A1 (en) * | 2004-06-25 | 2005-12-28 | Haldor Topsoe A/S | Heat exchange process and heat exchanger |
| CN101027378B (zh) | 2004-10-08 | 2011-01-19 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 由费-托合成产物制备低级烯烃的方法 |
| EP1838611B1 (en) * | 2004-11-18 | 2013-09-25 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Steam methane reforming method |
| US7037485B1 (en) * | 2004-11-18 | 2006-05-02 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Steam methane reforming method |
| US7354660B2 (en) | 2005-05-10 | 2008-04-08 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | High performance alloys with improved metal dusting corrosion resistance |
| US7485767B2 (en) | 2005-06-29 | 2009-02-03 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Production of synthesis gas blends for conversion to methanol or Fischer-Tropsch liquids |
| US20070237710A1 (en) * | 2006-04-05 | 2007-10-11 | Genkin Eugene S | Reforming apparatus and method for syngas generation |
| US7772292B2 (en) | 2006-05-31 | 2010-08-10 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Synthesis gas production and use |
| EP1995543A1 (fr) * | 2007-05-10 | 2008-11-26 | AGC Flat Glass Europe SA | Echangeur de chaleur pour oxygène |
| US8168687B2 (en) | 2009-11-30 | 2012-05-01 | L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Process for decreasing or eliminating unwanted hydrocarbon and oxygenate products caused by Fisher Tropsch synthesis reactions in a syngas treatment unit |
| US8163809B2 (en) * | 2009-11-30 | 2012-04-24 | L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Process for decreasing or eliminating unwanted hydrocarbon and oxygenate products caused by Fisher Tropsch Synthesis reactions in a syngas treatment unit |
| US8202914B2 (en) * | 2010-02-22 | 2012-06-19 | L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Process for decreasing or eliminating unwanted hydrocarbon and oxygenate products caused by Fisher Tropsch Synthesis reactions in a syngas treatment unit |
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2002
- 2002-10-18 MY MYPI20023896A patent/MY136087A/en unknown
- 2002-10-18 MY MYPI20023897A patent/MY138154A/en unknown
- 2002-10-20 GC GCP20022283 patent/GC0000326A/en active
- 2002-10-20 GC GCP20022282 patent/GC0000404A/en active
- 2002-10-22 AU AU2002350595A patent/AU2002350595B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-10-22 RU RU2004115633/15A patent/RU2300493C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-10-22 RU RU2004115603/06A patent/RU2293912C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-10-22 EP EP02785275A patent/EP1438259A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-10-22 AU AU2002350598A patent/AU2002350598B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-10-22 US US10/493,323 patent/US7422706B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-10-22 JP JP2003538634A patent/JP2005515140A/ja active Pending
- 2002-10-22 JP JP2003538633A patent/JP4436675B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-10-22 WO PCT/EP2002/011804 patent/WO2003036166A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-10-22 EP EP02785273A patent/EP1438534B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-10-22 WO PCT/EP2002/011801 patent/WO2003036165A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-10-22 US US10/493,328 patent/US7597067B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2004-03-29 ZA ZA200402448A patent/ZA200402448B/en unknown
- 2004-04-06 ZA ZA2004/02707A patent/ZA200402707B/en unknown
- 2004-05-21 NO NO20042086A patent/NO20042086L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-05-21 NO NO20042088A patent/NO20042088L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
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|---|---|
| WO2003036165A3 (en) | 2003-10-23 |
| WO2003036166A2 (en) | 2003-05-01 |
| US20040262579A1 (en) | 2004-12-30 |
| WO2003036165A2 (en) | 2003-05-01 |
| GC0000404A (en) | 2007-03-31 |
| RU2300493C2 (ru) | 2007-06-10 |
| US20040241086A1 (en) | 2004-12-02 |
| US7597067B2 (en) | 2009-10-06 |
| ZA200402448B (en) | 2006-05-31 |
| GC0000326A (en) | 2006-11-01 |
| ZA200402707B (en) | 2005-02-23 |
| RU2004115633A (ru) | 2005-05-27 |
| JP2005515140A (ja) | 2005-05-26 |
| NO20042088L (no) | 2004-05-21 |
| MY138154A (en) | 2009-04-30 |
| NO20042086L (no) | 2004-05-21 |
| US7422706B2 (en) | 2008-09-09 |
| EP1438534A2 (en) | 2004-07-21 |
| RU2004115603A (ru) | 2005-05-20 |
| RU2293912C2 (ru) | 2007-02-20 |
| WO2003036166A3 (en) | 2003-10-23 |
| JP2005506443A (ja) | 2005-03-03 |
| US20090294103A1 (en) | 2009-12-03 |
| EP1438259A2 (en) | 2004-07-21 |
| MY136087A (en) | 2008-08-29 |
| EP1438534B1 (en) | 2012-11-14 |
| AU2002350595B2 (en) | 2008-01-31 |
| AU2002350598B2 (en) | 2007-04-26 |
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