JP4931348B2 - 半導体ナノクリスタルヘテロ構造体 - Google Patents
半導体ナノクリスタルヘテロ構造体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4931348B2 JP4931348B2 JP2004559043A JP2004559043A JP4931348B2 JP 4931348 B2 JP4931348 B2 JP 4931348B2 JP 2004559043 A JP2004559043 A JP 2004559043A JP 2004559043 A JP2004559043 A JP 2004559043A JP 4931348 B2 JP4931348 B2 JP 4931348B2
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- semiconductor material
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- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
- G01N33/588—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with semiconductor nanocrystal label, e.g. quantum dots
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- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
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- C30B29/60—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape characterised by shape
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Description
本発明は、半導体ナノクリスタルヘテロ構造体に関するものである。
(連邦政府委託研究、または開発)
米国政府は、海軍研究事務所により授与された契約N00014-01-1-0787号に従う本発明において、特定の権利を有することができる。
半導体ナノクリスタルは、非常に興味のある対象となっており、ディスプレイデバイス、情報記憶、生物学的タグ材料、光電池、センサー、及び触媒を含む、有望で、広範囲の応用が見込まれている。小さい直径を有するナノクリスタルは、分子と物質のバルク形態との間の中間的な属性を有し得る。例えば、小さい直径を有する半導体物質を基礎とするナノクリスタルは、3次元すべてにおいて、該電子及び正孔、双方の量子閉じ込めを示すことができ、微結晶サイズの減少とともに、該物質の有効バンドギャップを増加させる。その結果、該微結晶のサイズ減少に伴い、ナノクリスタルの光吸収、及び発光の双方は、青(すなわち、高エネルギー)にシフトする。
一般に、半導体ナノクリスタルヘテロ構造体は、第二半導体物質のオーバーコーティングにより囲まれた第一半導体物質のコアを有する。該第一半導体物質、及び該第二半導体物質は、励起時に、一のキャリアが該コアに実質的に閉じ込められ、かつ他のキャリアが該オーバーコーティング層に実質的に閉じ込められるように選択される。一例において、該第一半導体物質の伝導帯は、該第二半導体物質の伝導帯よりも高エネルギーであり、かつ該第一半導体物質の価電子帯は、該第二半導体物質の価電子帯よりも高エネルギーである。他の例において、該第一半導体物質の伝導帯は、該第二半導体物質の伝導帯よりも低エネルギーであり、かつ該第一半導体物質の価電子帯は、該第二半導体物質の価電子帯よりも低エネルギーである。これらのバンド配置は、励起時に、エネルギー的に好ましい、キャリア(すなわち、該正孔と該電子)の空間的分離を創る。これらの構造は、II型へテロ構造である。対照的に、該第二半導体物質の伝導帯が、該第一半導体物質の伝導帯よりも高エネルギーであり、かつ該第二半導体物質の価電子帯が、該第一半導体物質の価電子帯よりも低エネルギーである構造は、I型ヘテロ構造である。I型へテロ構造のナノクリスタルは、該コア内に正孔と電子、双方の閉じ込めに有利である。I型、及びII型の用語は、量子井戸の文献から借用したもので、このような構造は、広く研究されている。
該ナノクリスタルは、励起時に、光を発することができ、最大発光強度の波長は、700 nmよりも長波長であり、又は700 nmから1500 nmの間である。該ナノクリスタルは、10%よりも大きい量子効率を有することができる。
本発明の他の特徴、目的、及び利点は、本説明と図面から、及び請求項から明らかになるであろう。
ナノクリスタルのコロイド合成法を、コアとオーバーコーティングと(コア-シェル)の構造を有し、かつII型へテロ構造を有するナノクリスタルの製造に使用することができる。コロイド合成法は、例えばMurray, C. B.らの論文(J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993、115、8706)、Peng, X.らの論文(J Am. Chem. Soc. 1997、119、7019)、Dabbousi, B. O.らの論文(J. Phys. Chem. B 1997、101、9463)、及びCao, Y. W.とBanin, U.の論文(Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 1999、38、3692)に記述されており、各論文は、その全体を引用により取り込まれている。該コロイド合成手段は、II-VI族、及びIII-V族の半導体物質すべてに適用することができる。
II型へテロ構造を有する半導体ナノクリスタルの例を、図1に示す。II型へテロ構造を有するナノクリスタルの励起時に、該キャリアは、一の半導体物質内に閉じ込められない。II型へテロ構造を有するナノクリスタルは、第二半導体のシェルにより囲まれた、一の半導体のコアナノクリスタルを含む。一のキャリアは、該コアに閉じ込めることができ、一方、他のキャリアは、ほとんど該シェルに閉じ込めることができる。図1に図示するように、該キャリアの相対的位置は、該コア、及び該シェルの物質に依存し得る。該二つの半導体物質のバンドオフセットは、エネルギー的に有利な、該正孔、及び該電子の空間的分離を作ることができる。II型へテロ構造を有するナノクリスタルは、I型へテロ構造を有するナノクリスタルでは生じない、キャリアの空間的分離のため、新たな特性を有することができる。他には、II型構造を有するナノクリスタルは、該ナノクリスタルを形成する半導体では、利用できないであろう発光波長(すなわち、最大発光強度の波長)を利用することができる。
ナノクリスタルの集団は、狭いサイズ分布を有することができる。該集団を単分散性とすることができ、かつ該ナノクリスタル直径の15%rms未満の偏差、好ましくは、10%未満、さらに好ましくは5%未満を示すことができる。最大強度の半値における全幅値(半値全幅)(FWHM)が10から150 nmの狭い範囲のスペクトル発光を観測することができる。II型構造を有する半導体ナノクリスタルは、2%、5%、10%、20%、40%、60%、70%、又は80%より大きい発光量子効率を有することができる。
該反応の成長段階の間のサイズ分布は、該粒子の吸収線幅をモニタリングすることによって評価することができる。該粒子の吸収スペクトルの変化に応答する反応温度の改質により、成長の間、鋭い粒子サイズ分布の維持が可能になる。反応物を、結晶成長の間、該核形成溶液に添加し、より大きな結晶に成長させることができる。特定のナノクリスタルの平均直径で、成長を停止し、平均して150Å未満のナノクリスタル直径を有する集団を得ることができる。ナノクリスタルの集団は、15Å〜125Åの範囲の平均直径を有することができる。
ビス-(トリメチルシリル)セレニドを、次のように調製した。スーパーヒドリド(superhydride)の溶液200 mL(Aldrich社製、テトラヒドロフラン中、水素化トリエチルホウ素リチウムの1.0 M溶液)に、Se塊7.89 g(Strem社製、99.99%)を加え、かつ室温で2時間攪拌した。クロロトリメチルシラン(25.2 g、Aldrich社製、99%)を、導入し、かつさらに、2〜3時間攪拌した。溶媒を、真空中で取り除いた。該生成物を、減圧蒸留により得た。
CdTe/CdSe(コア/シェル)ナノクリスタルの集団を、次のように調製した。沈殿したCdTeナノクリスタルを、トリオクチルホスフィンオキシド(TOPO、Alfa社製、95%)中に分散し、かつ減圧下160℃で乾燥した。トリオクチルホスフィン(TOP、Fluka社製、90%)中に、化学量論で1:1モル濃度のジメチルカドミウム(Strem社製、97%)とビス(トリメチルシリル)セレニドとを所望量混合することにより、オーバーコーティング原液を調製した。該CdTe-TOPO混合物を、Arフロー下で強く攪拌しながら、調製したオーバーコーティング原液を、ゆっくりと滴下して加えた。温度を、使用するCdTeナノクリスタルサイズに依存する、130℃から180℃の効果範囲に設定した。高温は、大きなサイズのCdTeナノクリスタルに必要である。
通常、CdSe/ZnTe(コア/シェル)ナノクリスタル集団を、CdTe/CdSeナノクリスタル用に記述された方法により調製した。ジエチル亜鉛(Strem社製、99.99%)とTOPTeとを、該前駆体として使用した。TOPTeは、室温下、TOP中にTe粉末(Strem社製、99.999%)を溶解することにより作った。
図3は、コアCdTe、及びCdSeナノクリスタル、及びII型構造を有する、CdTe/CdSe(コア/シェル)、及びCdSe/ZnTe(コア/シェル)ナノクリスタルの吸収と発光スペクトルとを示す。該左図は、半径32ÅのCdTeナノクリスタル(点線)、及びCdTe/CdSe(コア半径32Å/シェル厚さ11Å)ナノクリスタルのスペクトルを示す。該右図は、半径22ÅのCdSeナノクリスタル(点線)、及びCdSe/ZnTe(コア半径22Å/シェル厚さ18Å)ナノクリスタルのスペクトルを示す。該ナノクリスタルを、533 nmで励起することにより、該光ルミネッセンススペクトルを得た。該シェル成長前後の該ナノクリスタル振動子強度の総和の変化を、比較することができる。その理由は、これらは、該ナノクリスタルの空間的に積分した吸収率に比例するためである。該II型の発光は、該コアナノクリスタルのディープトラップ発光と関連していない。図3において、裸CdSeナノクリスタルのディープトラップ発光を、750 nm辺りに見い出すことができ、II型構造を有する、該対応するCdSe/ZnTe(コア/シェル)ナノクリスタルの発光波長とは一致しない。このことは、該ディープトラップ発光が残存する場合、シェル層の付着が、該コアのバンド端の発光を、単に消光するという可能性を排除している。
他の実施態様は、請求項の範囲内である。
Claims (13)
- 被覆されたナノクリスタルであって:
第一半導体物質を含むコアナノクリスタル;
該コアクリスタル上に第二半導体物質を含むオーバーコート;及び
被覆された該ナノクリスタルの表面上の有機層を含み、
該第一半導体物質、及び該第二半導体物質は、該ナノクリスタルが励起子を形成する励起時に、該励起子の一の電荷キャリアは該コアに実質的に閉じ込められ、かつ励起子の他の電荷キャリアは該オーバーコート層に実質的に閉じ込められるように選択され、
該第一半導体物質の伝導帯が該第二半導体物質の伝導帯よりも高いエネルギーであり、かつ該第一半導体物質の価電子帯が該第二半導体物質の価電子帯よりも高いエネルギーであり、
該第二半導体物質の伝導帯が、エネルギーにおいて、該第一半導体物質の価電子帯と伝導帯との中間にあるか;又は
該第一半導体物質の伝導帯が該第二半導体物質の伝導帯よりも低いエネルギーであり、かつ該第一半導体物質の価電子帯が該第二半導体物質の価電子帯よりも低いエネルギーであり、
該第二半導体物質の価電子帯が、エネルギーにおいて、該第一半導体物質の価電子帯と伝導帯との中間にある、
前記被覆されたナノクリスタル。 - CdTeを含む該第一半導体物質の伝導帯が、CdSeを含む該第二半導体物質の伝導帯よりも高いエネルギーであり、かつCdTeを含む該第一半導体物質の価電子帯が、CdSeを含む該第二半導体物質の価電子帯よりも高いエネルギーであるか;又は
CdSeを含む該第一半導体物質の伝導帯が、ZnTeを含む該第二半導体物質の伝導帯よりも低いエネルギーであり、かつCdSeを含む該第一半導体物質の価電子帯が、ZnTeを含む該第二半導体物質の価電子帯よりも低いエネルギーである、請求項1記載のナノクリスタル。 - 該ナノクリスタルが、励起時に光を発し、その最大発光強度の波長が、700nmより長波である、請求項1又は2記載のナノクリスタル。
- 該ナノクリスタルが、励起時に光を発し、その最大発光強度の波長が、700nmから1500nmの間である、請求項1から3のいずれか一項記載のナノクリスタル。
- 複数個のナノクリスタルが単分散性である、請求項1から4のいずれか一項記載の複数のナノクリスタルで構成された、該被覆ナノクリスタルの集団。
- 該第一被覆層上に第三半導体物質を含む、第二被膜層を更に有する、請求項1から4のいずれか一項記載のナノクリスタル。
- 量子効率が10%より大きい、請求項1から4及び6のいずれか一項記載のナノクリスタル。
- 請求項1から4、6及び7のいずれか一項記載の被覆されたナノクリスタルの製造方法であって:
第一半導体物質を含むコアナノクリスタルをオーバーコーティング反応混合物へ投入すること;及び
該コアナノクリスタル上の第二半導体物質をオーバーコーティングすることを含み、
該第一半導体物質、及び該第二半導体物質は、該ナノクリスタルが励起子を形成する励起時に、該励起子の一の電荷キャリアは該コアに実質的に閉じ込められ、かつ該励起子の他の電荷キャリアは該オーバーコート層に実質的に閉じ込められるように選択され、
該第一半導体物質の伝導帯が該第二半導体物質の伝導帯よりも高いエネルギーであり、かつ該第一半導体物質の価電子帯が該第二半導体物質の価電子帯よりも高いエネルギーであり、
該第二半導体物質の伝導帯が、エネルギーにおいて、該第一半導体物質の価電子帯と伝導帯との中間にあるか;又は
該第一半導体物質の伝導帯が該第二半導体物質の伝導帯よりも低いエネルギーであり、かつ該第一半導体物質の価電子帯が該第二半導体物質の価電子帯よりも低いエネルギーであり、
該第二半導体物質の価電子帯が、エネルギーにおいて、該第一半導体物質の価電子帯と伝導帯との中間にある、
前記製造方法。 - 該ナノクリスタルを、該被覆ナノクリスタルの表面への親和性を有する有機化合物へ曝露することを更に含む、請求項8記載の製造方法。
- 該被覆ナノクリスタルが液体中において分散性を有する、請求項8又は9記載の製造方法。
- 該第二半導体物質上に第三半導体物質をオーバーコートすることを更に含む、請求項8から10のいずれか一項記載の製造方法。
- 該第三半導体物質が、該第二半導体物質と比較して、不整合なバンドオフセットを有する、請求項11記載の製造方法。
- CdTeを含む該第一半導体物質の伝導帯が、CdSeを含む該第二半導体物質の伝導帯よりも高いエネルギーであり、かつCdTeを含む該第一半導体物質の価電子帯が、CdSeを含む該第二半導体物質の価電子帯よりも高いエネルギーであるか;又は
CdSeを含む該第一半導体物質の伝導帯が、ZnTeを含む該第二半導体物質の伝導帯よりも低いエネルギーであり、かつCdSeを含む該第一半導体物質の価電子帯が、ZnTeを含む該第二半導体物質の価電子帯よりも低いエネルギーである、請求項8から12のいずれか一項記載の製造方法。
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| EP2336409B1 (en) * | 2002-08-13 | 2023-05-10 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | Coated nanocrystal and method of preparing a coated nanocrystal |
| US7253452B2 (en) * | 2004-03-08 | 2007-08-07 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Blue light emitting semiconductor nanocrystal materials |
| US7394094B2 (en) * | 2005-12-29 | 2008-07-01 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Semiconductor nanocrystal heterostructures |
| US7807265B2 (en) * | 2006-05-12 | 2010-10-05 | University Of Central Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Partially passivated quantum dots, process for making, and sensors therefrom |
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2003
- 2003-08-12 EP EP10188259.5A patent/EP2336409B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2003-08-12 AT AT03810871T patent/ATE488625T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
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2008
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS63178194A (ja) * | 1987-01-19 | 1988-07-22 | Tosoh Corp | マイクロカプセル化アルカリ土類硫化物蛍光体 |
| US6251303B1 (en) * | 1998-09-18 | 2001-06-26 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Water-soluble fluorescent nanocrystals |
| JP2002020740A (ja) * | 2000-05-01 | 2002-01-23 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | 超分岐構造配位子を有する半導体結晶超微粒子 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2004053929A3 (en) | 2005-01-27 |
| EP1537263A4 (en) | 2008-07-02 |
| US20090301564A1 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
| EP1537263A2 (en) | 2005-06-08 |
| US7825405B2 (en) | 2010-11-02 |
| US8277942B2 (en) | 2012-10-02 |
| WO2004053929A2 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
| US20040110002A1 (en) | 2004-06-10 |
| DE60335001D1 (de) | 2010-12-30 |
| US20110012061A1 (en) | 2011-01-20 |
| AU2003302316A8 (en) | 2004-06-30 |
| EP2336409A2 (en) | 2011-06-22 |
| CA2495309C (en) | 2011-11-08 |
| EP2336409B1 (en) | 2023-05-10 |
| AU2003302316A1 (en) | 2004-06-30 |
| US20120319054A1 (en) | 2012-12-20 |
| US7390568B2 (en) | 2008-06-24 |
| JP2006508012A (ja) | 2006-03-09 |
| EP1537263B1 (en) | 2010-11-17 |
| ATE488625T1 (de) | 2010-12-15 |
| EP2336409A3 (en) | 2011-11-02 |
| JP2012102011A (ja) | 2012-05-31 |
| CA2495309A1 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
| US9410959B2 (en) | 2016-08-09 |
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