JP5128544B2 - プレートフィン熱交換器 - Google Patents
プレートフィン熱交換器 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5128544B2 JP5128544B2 JP2009101964A JP2009101964A JP5128544B2 JP 5128544 B2 JP5128544 B2 JP 5128544B2 JP 2009101964 A JP2009101964 A JP 2009101964A JP 2009101964 A JP2009101964 A JP 2009101964A JP 5128544 B2 JP5128544 B2 JP 5128544B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- heat exchanger
- flow path
- sealed space
- heat exchange
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 146
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 140
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 75
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Natural products C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000009530 blood pressure measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D9/0062—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by spaced plates with inserted elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J5/00—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants
- F25J5/002—Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants for continuously recuperating cold, i.e. in a so-called recuperative heat exchanger
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D9/0093—Multi-circuit heat-exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat-exchangers for more than two fluids
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F27/00—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
- F28F3/02—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations
- F28F3/025—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being corrugated, plate-like elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2280/00—Control of the process or apparatus
- F25J2280/02—Control in general, load changes, different modes ("runs"), measurements
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Description
3 熱交換部
30 流路
30a 第1流路
30b 第2流路
30c 密閉空間
31 熱交換部本体
32 フィンプレート(伝熱部材)
32a フィンプレート
33 仕切りプレート(仕切り壁)
34 サイドバー
35 検知部
36 被検知用プレート(被検知用壁)
50 検知手段
Claims (5)
- 第1の流体と第2の流体との両流体間で熱交換が行われるプレートフィン熱交換器であって、
前記第1の流体が流れる流路と前記第2の流体が流れる流路とを有しこれら流路が仕切り壁を介して交互に配置されることにより多数の流路が層状に並ぶ熱交換部本体とこの熱交換部本体の各流路内に配置され当該流路を挟んで対向する前記仕切り壁同士を接続して当該流路内を流れる流体の熱を前記対向する仕切り壁にそれぞれ伝熱する伝熱部材とを有する熱交換部と、
この熱交換部の前記流路の並び方向の両外側にそれぞれ接続され、前記熱交換部の各仕切り壁よりも前記流路を流れる流体の熱に基づく熱応力により損傷し易い被検知用壁を有する検知部と、
この検知部の被検知用壁の損傷を検知するための検知手段とを備え、
各検知部は、前記流路の並び方向に並ぶ複数の密閉空間を内部に有し、この複数の密閉空間のうち最も外側の密閉空間とその内側の密閉空間との間を仕切るように前記被検知用壁が配置されることを特徴とするプレートフィン熱交換器。 - 請求項1に記載のプレートフィン熱交換器において、
前記検知手段は、前記被検知用壁を挟む2つの密閉空間のうち一方の密閉空間内を加圧する加圧手段と、他方の密閉空間内の圧力を測定する圧力測定手段とを有することを特徴とするプレートフィン熱交換器。 - 請求項1又は2に記載のプレートフィン熱交換器において、
前記熱交換部は、前記流路の並び方向の最も外側の流路と外部とを仕切る外側仕切り壁を有し、
前記検知部は、前記流路の並び方向の最も内側の密閉空間が前記外側仕切り壁を介して前記熱交換部の最も外側の流路と隣り合うように当該熱交換部に接続され、各密閉空間内が前記熱交換部の前記流体が流れているときの各流路内の圧力と同じ圧力になっても耐える強度を有することを特徴とするプレートフィン熱交換器。 - 請求項1乃至3の何れか1項に記載のプレートフィン熱交換器において、
前記密閉空間のうち前記流路の並び方向の最も内側の密閉空間内の前記流体の有無を検知するための流体検知手段を備えることを特徴とするプレートフィン熱交換器。 - 請求項1乃至4の何れか1項に記載のプレートフィン熱交換器において、
前記各検知部は、2つの密閉空間を有することを特徴とするプレートフィン熱交換器。
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009101964A JP5128544B2 (ja) | 2009-04-20 | 2009-04-20 | プレートフィン熱交換器 |
| EP10158177.5A EP2244046B1 (en) | 2009-04-20 | 2010-03-29 | Plate fin heat exchanger |
| US12/748,860 US8985192B2 (en) | 2009-04-20 | 2010-03-29 | Plate fin heat exchanger |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009101964A JP5128544B2 (ja) | 2009-04-20 | 2009-04-20 | プレートフィン熱交換器 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2010249475A JP2010249475A (ja) | 2010-11-04 |
| JP5128544B2 true JP5128544B2 (ja) | 2013-01-23 |
Family
ID=42341407
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009101964A Active JP5128544B2 (ja) | 2009-04-20 | 2009-04-20 | プレートフィン熱交換器 |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8985192B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2244046B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5128544B2 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2020200963A (ja) * | 2019-06-06 | 2020-12-17 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | プレートフィン熱交換器の熱交換部及び熱交換システムの製造方法 |
Families Citing this family (29)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2930632B1 (fr) * | 2008-04-28 | 2010-05-07 | Air Liquide | Procede de reparation d'un echangeur de chaleur a plaques |
| NO334102B1 (no) * | 2010-09-07 | 2013-12-09 | Pleat As | Varmeveksler |
| SE536618C2 (sv) | 2010-10-22 | 2014-04-01 | Alfa Laval Corp Ab | Värmeväxlarplatta och plattvärmeväxlare |
| US9395125B2 (en) | 2011-09-26 | 2016-07-19 | Trane International Inc. | Water temperature sensor in a brazed plate heat exchanger |
| US9279626B2 (en) * | 2012-01-23 | 2016-03-08 | Honeywell International Inc. | Plate-fin heat exchanger with a porous blocker bar |
| ES2522869T3 (es) * | 2012-04-20 | 2014-11-18 | Alfa Laval Corporate Ab | Una placa de intercambiador de calor y un intercambiador de calor de placas |
| JP5982221B2 (ja) * | 2012-08-21 | 2016-08-31 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | プレートフィン熱交換器及びプレートフィン熱交換器の補修方法 |
| CN103017579B (zh) * | 2012-12-18 | 2014-10-08 | 中国科学院理化技术研究所 | 一种通道内流体折返流动的板翅式换热器 |
| KR101440723B1 (ko) * | 2013-03-14 | 2014-09-17 | 정인숙 | 현열교환기, 이를 포함하는 열회수 환기장치, 및 그 해빙운전과 점검운전 방법 |
| JP6110168B2 (ja) * | 2013-03-18 | 2017-04-05 | 住友精密工業株式会社 | 熱交換器 |
| JP6079410B2 (ja) * | 2013-04-24 | 2017-02-15 | 株式会社ノーリツ | プレート式熱交換器 |
| US9777970B2 (en) * | 2013-08-09 | 2017-10-03 | Hamilton Sundstrand Coporation | Reduced thermal expansion closure bars for a heat exchanger |
| US10161690B2 (en) * | 2014-09-22 | 2018-12-25 | Hamilton Sundstrand Space Systems International, Inc. | Multi-layer heat exchanger and method of distributing flow within a fluid layer of a multi-layer heat exchanger |
| US20160263703A1 (en) * | 2015-03-13 | 2016-09-15 | Makai Ocean Engineering, Inc. | Laser Welded Foil-fin Heat-Exchanger |
| US20160377350A1 (en) * | 2015-06-29 | 2016-12-29 | Honeywell International Inc. | Optimized plate fin heat exchanger for improved compliance to improve thermal life |
| US9763388B2 (en) | 2015-09-15 | 2017-09-19 | Cnh Industrial America Llc | Agricultural harvester having a header based heat exchanger |
| EP3217132B1 (en) | 2016-03-07 | 2018-09-05 | Bosal Emission Control Systems NV | Plate heat exchanger and method for manufacturing a plate heat exchanger |
| JP6757150B2 (ja) * | 2016-03-17 | 2020-09-16 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 積層型流体加温器及び積層型流体加温器による流体の加温方法 |
| GB2552801B (en) * | 2016-08-10 | 2021-04-07 | Hs Marston Aerospace Ltd | Heat exchanger device |
| JP6911469B2 (ja) | 2017-03-31 | 2021-07-28 | 株式会社Ihi | 熱処理装置 |
| FR3065795B1 (fr) * | 2017-04-27 | 2019-06-14 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Echangeur de chaleur a jonction d'ondes amelioree, installation de separation d'air associee et procede de fabrication d'un tel echangeur |
| US11268877B2 (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2022-03-08 | Chart Energy & Chemicals, Inc. | Plate fin fluid processing device, system and method |
| JP7046767B2 (ja) | 2018-09-11 | 2022-04-04 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 熱交換器 |
| CN109556436B (zh) * | 2018-12-29 | 2023-11-28 | 无锡博利达换热器有限公司 | 高粘度油用板翅式换热器 |
| GB2588117B (en) * | 2019-10-07 | 2024-05-15 | Accutest Int Ltd | Detection of leaks in heat exchangers |
| JP7390929B2 (ja) * | 2020-02-27 | 2023-12-04 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 熱交換器、熱交換器の製造方法、及び熱交換器の閉塞確認方法 |
| EP4300024A1 (de) * | 2022-06-30 | 2024-01-03 | Linde GmbH | Plattenwärmetauscher und verfahren |
| JP2025521637A (ja) * | 2022-06-30 | 2025-07-10 | リンデ ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | プレートフィン熱交換器、プレートフィン熱交換器を製造するための方法及びプレートフィン熱交換器の使用方法 |
| FR3154795B1 (fr) * | 2023-10-27 | 2026-02-13 | Air Liquide | Echangeur de chaleur en titane ou en alliage de titane |
Family Cites Families (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1580856A (ja) * | 1968-02-05 | 1969-09-12 | ||
| US3590914A (en) * | 1969-10-01 | 1971-07-06 | Trane Co | Countercurrent flow plate-type heat exchanger with leak detector |
| US3633661A (en) * | 1970-08-14 | 1972-01-11 | Trane Co | Crossflow plate-type heat exchanger with barrier space |
| US3825061A (en) * | 1971-05-13 | 1974-07-23 | United Aircraft Prod | Leak protected heat exchanger |
| US4090554A (en) * | 1976-11-17 | 1978-05-23 | The Babcock & Wilcox Company | Heat exchanger |
| US4139054A (en) * | 1977-10-28 | 1979-02-13 | Sea Solar Power | Plate-fin heat exchanger |
| US4337820A (en) * | 1979-03-19 | 1982-07-06 | General Electric Company | Leak detector for vaporization cooled transformers |
| FR2511139A1 (fr) * | 1981-08-10 | 1983-02-11 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Echangeur de chaleur a double barriere |
| JPS63163783A (ja) * | 1986-12-26 | 1988-07-07 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 燃料ガス加熱器 |
| JP2824823B2 (ja) * | 1993-12-10 | 1998-11-18 | 東京電力株式会社 | プレートフィン型熱交換器の操業方法 |
| JPH09210592A (ja) * | 1996-01-31 | 1997-08-12 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | 管形熱交換器のリーク検査装置 |
| US6009745A (en) * | 1997-10-10 | 2000-01-04 | Apv Corporation | Method of leak testing an assembled plate type heat exchanger |
| US6273180B1 (en) * | 1998-12-23 | 2001-08-14 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'eploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Heat exchanger for preheating an oxidizing gas |
| US20020036078A1 (en) * | 2000-09-28 | 2002-03-28 | Janezich Robert J. | Heat exchanger seal apparatus |
| SE518475C2 (sv) * | 2001-02-20 | 2002-10-15 | Alfa Laval Ab | Plattvärmeväxlare med sensoranordning |
| FR2823847B1 (fr) * | 2001-04-23 | 2003-09-05 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance | Procede et dispositif de detection de fuite dans un echangeur de chaleur, notamment a plaques |
| JP2002350084A (ja) * | 2001-05-28 | 2002-12-04 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 積層式熱交換器 |
| JP2002365202A (ja) * | 2001-06-07 | 2002-12-18 | Kawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd | ボルトの水素脆化割れ予測方法 |
| JP4105902B2 (ja) * | 2002-06-07 | 2008-06-25 | 財団法人電力中央研究所 | 液体金属冷却炉用熱交換器および液体金属冷却炉用熱交換器の製造方法 |
| US7886580B2 (en) * | 2007-12-06 | 2011-02-15 | Apv North America, Inc. | Heat exchanger leak testing method and apparatus |
-
2009
- 2009-04-20 JP JP2009101964A patent/JP5128544B2/ja active Active
-
2010
- 2010-03-29 US US12/748,860 patent/US8985192B2/en active Active
- 2010-03-29 EP EP10158177.5A patent/EP2244046B1/en active Active
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2020200963A (ja) * | 2019-06-06 | 2020-12-17 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | プレートフィン熱交換器の熱交換部及び熱交換システムの製造方法 |
| JP7173929B2 (ja) | 2019-06-06 | 2022-11-16 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | プレートフィン熱交換器の熱交換部及び熱交換システムの製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2244046B1 (en) | 2017-03-15 |
| EP2244046A2 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
| JP2010249475A (ja) | 2010-11-04 |
| US8985192B2 (en) | 2015-03-24 |
| EP2244046A3 (en) | 2014-01-08 |
| US20100263823A1 (en) | 2010-10-21 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP5128544B2 (ja) | プレートフィン熱交換器 | |
| KR101565436B1 (ko) | 열교환기 및 이를 구비하는 원전 | |
| JP6606248B2 (ja) | 3次元チャネルガス熱交換器 | |
| JP5065383B2 (ja) | プレート熱交換器用のプレートとガスケット | |
| JP5982221B2 (ja) | プレートフィン熱交換器及びプレートフィン熱交換器の補修方法 | |
| US2941787A (en) | Apparatus for heat exchange | |
| CA2522613C (en) | Improved heat exchanger housing and seals | |
| JP6097697B2 (ja) | プレート式熱交換器 | |
| CN108692597B (zh) | 一种防内漏的板式换热器 | |
| CN107167000B (zh) | 板式热交换器和制造板式热交换器的方法 | |
| US20140305620A1 (en) | Plate heat exchanger and method for manufacturing of a plate heat exchanger | |
| JP2012520439A (ja) | プレート式熱交換器 | |
| CN205227939U (zh) | 换热器 | |
| JP7046767B2 (ja) | 熱交換器 | |
| EP3625510B1 (en) | Double wall printed circuit heat exchanger | |
| KR101891111B1 (ko) | 열교환기 및 이를 구비하는 원전 | |
| CN102265109A (zh) | 热交换器 | |
| KR101976543B1 (ko) | 열교환기 및 이를 구비하는 원전 | |
| KR101897927B1 (ko) | 고압용 용접식 판형 열교환기 | |
| KR20090068506A (ko) | 액체용 판형열교환기 | |
| CN102200398A (zh) | 双壳体换热器 | |
| CN115235272A (zh) | 一种耐高压矩形板片板壳式换热器 | |
| JP4549228B2 (ja) | プレート熱交換器 | |
| JP6093240B2 (ja) | 熱交換装置 | |
| CN121898173A (zh) | 一种组合式换热器及压缩空气储能系统 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20110817 |
|
| A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20121005 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20121016 |
|
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20121031 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 Ref document number: 5128544 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20151109 Year of fee payment: 3 |