JP5519152B2 - 光学顕微鏡法を用いて解剖学的サンプルに関わる情報を取得するための装置 - Google Patents
光学顕微鏡法を用いて解剖学的サンプルに関わる情報を取得するための装置 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は光学顕微鏡法を用いて解剖学的サンプルに関わる情報を取得するための方法、装置およびシステムに関し、特に解剖学的構造における散乱に基づく情報を光学的に発生した音響フォノンを通して取得するための方法、システムおよび装置に関する。
この過程は様々なメカニズム、例えば熱効果あるいは電気歪効果により促進される。
励起された音響フォノンは、ブリルアン散乱として知られている光波の非弾性散乱を次々に生じる。
ブリルアン散乱光の強度及び周波数(例えばスペクトラム)は、その中で発生した音響フォノンを用いて測定される。
このようにして生成されたフォノンは、弾性率、密度および構造形状などの媒質の機械的特性に密接に関係する。
それゆえ、これらの機械的特性はブリルアン散乱光を調べることにより測定することができる。
この技術は、ブリルアン分光法として知られている。
ブリルアン信号を検出するために、様々な既存の技術が物理、物質科学および機械工学分野で用いられてきた。
さらに、このブリルアン過程は、媒質9中の音響フォノン周波数と異なる周波数を用いて多重光ポンプ波を通して増強される。
一般にブリルアンシフト(周波数偏移)は10MHz〜10GHzの範囲にあるため、この音波を直接電気的に検出することが可能である。
生体組織に適用された場合、前記顕微鏡システム、装置およびプロセスのこれらの代表的な実施形態は生体力学的特性を組織レベル或いは恐らくは細胞レベルで明らかにすることができる。
測定されたブリルアン信号のスペクトル特性は、例えばデータのスペクトル特性をイメージに関連付ける適切なルックアップ・テーブルまたはソフトウェアを用いて、イメージに変換される。
一例として、厚い生体サンプルの薄い断面イメージを、大開口数対物レンズおよび共焦点検出法を用いて取得することができる。
本発明の代表的な変形例では、多重ポンプ・ビームを用いた反ストークス・ブリルアン散乱技術を用いることができる。
様々なポンプ技術やプローブ技術、及び/またはヘテロダイン方式または分光計に基づいた技術を用いることができる。
本発明のシステム、装置およびプロセスのさらなる代表的な実施形態は、他の方法では容易には入手することが困難な組織生体力学特性の固有の情報を取得することを可能とするものであり、それ故生物学並びに医学において広い範囲に適用されうるものである。
例えば、ブリルアン顕微鏡法は、初期癌或いは術中腫瘍限界を決定するための医療用ツールとなりうるものである。
腫瘍は一般的に健常組織を取り囲んでいるというよりはもっと硬いものであるということを考慮すれば、高い周波数において腫瘍のブリルアン・スペクトルの強度は正常組織の強度よりも大きくなる可能性がある。
アテローム性動脈硬化症は、急性冠動脈症を発症する危険のある血小板を特定するために応力並びに組織のコンプライアンスの特徴づけをする際、ブリルアン顕微鏡法が役に立つ別の医療分野である。
例えば、患者の生体でブリルアン測定を実施するために、走査型カテーテルあるいはハンドヘルド型内視鏡を用いることができる。
例えば、解剖学的サンプル内で少なくとも1つの音波を生成するために少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が用いられる。
この音波に基づいて少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射が発生する。
少なくとも解剖学的サンプルの一部分に関係する情報を測定するために、少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射の少なくとも一部分が用いられる。
この第1の電磁放射は少なくとも1つの第1の強度と少なくとも1つの第1の周波数を含むことができる。
第2の電磁放射は、少なくとも1つの第2の強度と少なくとも1つの第2の周波数とを含むものである。
このデータは、第1の強度と第2の強度との間の第1の差及び/または第1の周波数と第2の周波数と間の第2の差に関係する。
この第2の差は、ゼロHzを除く約−100GHz〜100GHzの間にある。
さらに、前記の少なくとも1つの電磁放射を解剖学的サンプルを横断して併進移動させるように構成された、少なくとも1つの第5の装置が提供される。
第5の装置は、少なくとも一枚のレンズを含み、このレンズは第1の電磁放射を集束させかつ第2の電磁放射を集光することができる。
第2の装置は、第2の電磁放射のスペクトルの測定を補助するためのスペクトル・フィルタを有してよい。
この情報は、解剖学的サンプルの生体力学特性に関係するものである。
この解剖学的サンプルは生体であってよい。
第1の電磁放射は、約100MHzより狭い線幅を有することができる。
この第1の電磁放射は、複数のパルスからなる形状を有し、複数のパルスのそれぞれの持続時間は約10nsより長くできる。
また、第1の電磁放射は、第1の周波数を有する第1番目の第1の電磁放射と、第2の周波数を有する第2番目の第1の電磁放射とからなる少なくとも2種類の第1の電磁放射を含むことができる。
第1の周波数と第2の周波数との差は、ほぼ0〜100GHzの間にある。
少なくとも1つの第3の強度と少なくとも1つの第3の周波数とを有する、少なくとも1つの第3の電磁放射を受信することが可能である。
第2の周波数は、第1の周波数と第3の周波数の関数として決定することができる。
この第3の電磁放射は、電磁放射源から発射されるものである。
本発明のさらなる目的、特徴並びに利点は、下記詳細説明並びに本発明の実施形態を表す添付の図面から明らかである。
更に、対象発明を図面に関して詳述するが、これは実施例との関連において行われる。
なお、記載した実施形態に対する変更及び改変については、添付請求項によって規定される対象発明の範囲及び趣旨から逸脱することなく行える。
例えば、周波数V=ω/2πを有する単色性ポンプ光は検査中の媒質へ入射する。
音響波の典型的な生成は、量子力学的な真空の揺らぎに起因する種光子によって開始される。
単位周波数帯域幅当り1つの種光子が存在しうる。
この応力変調が媒質中で特性音響フォノン・モードの1つと位相整合がとれた場合には、対応する音響フォノンはコヒーレント過程により効率よく増強される。
励起された音響フォノンは媒質を屈折率変調してフォノンの非弾性散乱を次々に惹起する。
フォトンのエネルギおよび運動量は、非弾性散乱過程によって変調される。
散乱されたフォトンの周波数シフトの大きさは、実質的に或いは概ね音響フォノンのそれと等しい。
この典型的な手順は「ブリルアン現象」または「ブリルアン散乱」と呼ばれる。
ストークスおよび反ストークス成分が発生するが、典型的にはストークス・ブリルアン成分(即ち周波数下方シフト)が支配的である。
位相整合フォノンの周波数、即ちポンプと散乱フォトンとの差は次式で与えられる。
式(3)に示すように、ブリルアン・シフトは音響速度に従って増加する。
固体媒質中では、音響速度は弾性率の平方根に比例する。
2波が反対方向へ伝播する場合、θ=180°であって、ブリルアン・シフトの強度は最大になる。
周波数νのポンプ波12が媒質10へ入力して、波頭13で表された音響波および音響周波数νBに相当する波ベクトル14を発生する。位相整合条件を満たすブリルアン散乱光16は周波数ν−νBを有する。例えば、サンプル内に多数の音響モ−ドがある場合、ブリルアン散乱光のスペクトルは、いずれもサンプルの力学的特性に関係する周波数、大きさ及びスペクトル幅により特徴付けられた複数の線により構成されるものとなる。
媒質10が光学的に透明である場合、ポンプ光の周波数よりも高い周波数を有する反ストークス・ブリルアン光18は発生しない。
生体組織のような不透明な媒質中では、この光は、非常に弱い非弾性ブリルアン散乱またはラマン散乱に加えて、強い弾性ミー散乱またはレーリ散乱により散乱される。
弾性的に散乱され、無作為的に各方向へ拡散された光は相互に干渉し、その結果、検出が可能な反ストークス・ブリルアン光となる。
この散乱光は、ポンプ光とコヒーレントであって、共振音響波を増幅し、次いで、ブリルアン散乱を次々に増進させる。
この正帰還は強ブリルアン・シフト散乱光、即ち「誘導ブリルアン散乱」と呼ばれる手順をもたらす。長い光ファイバ中では数10mWの非常に弱い出力で発生し、次式により与えられるブリルアン利得を特徴とする。
ポンプ波の代表的な弾性散乱は、多方向へ伝播する音響波(フォノン)の励起を惹起する。
図1Bの代表的な説明図では、2波のみが前方23および後方24へ伝播する。
この結果として生じたブリルアン散乱光は、ストークス26および反ストークス28を含む複数のスペクトル線を有する。
本発明によるこの代表的な適用例は、反ストークス線の発生を増強するために用いられる。
例えば、最大ブリルアン効率は、周波数の差がこの方法で発生した音響波(フォノン)の少なくとも1波の周波数に実質的に整合する場合に達成される。
集束させることにより、さらに優れた空間識別能力、即ち分解能が得られる。
図2は、本発明の代表的な実施形態による、ポンプ・ビーム32をサンプル34へ集束させかつ後方伝播ブリルアン散乱光36を集光させるための対物レンズ30の代表的な用途の説明図である。
このような代表的な検出のスキームは「エピ構成」と呼ばれる。
例えば、図2は弾性的に散乱され拡散された波40とともに前方へ伝播する関連波38を示すものである。
レンズの開口数内の弾性散乱光の一部分もまた集光される。
ブリルアン過程は位相共役であるため、小開口数対物レンズを用いても後方ブリルアン散乱を効率よく集光することができる。
ブリルアン・スペクトルは、(例えばその最も簡単な形で)式(1)および式(2)で表された位相シフト条件を通して媒質の力学的特性と密接に結びついている。
予め定められた即ち計算値が与えられた変換テーブルを用いて、ブリルアン・スペクトルの空間的変化がイメージとして表わされる。
イメージを生成するために、ポンプ・ビーム或いはプローブ・ビームはサンプルを横断して走査され、かつ/またはこのサンプルは併進移動させられる。
図3Aおよび図3Bは、ガルバノメータ並びに回転カテーテルを用いる本発明の代表的実施形態による適用例であって、2種類のビームの個別走査を図解するものである。
図3Aに示されているように、ポンプ波60はガルバノメータ搭載ミラー62により反射され、対物レンズ64により媒質68へ集束する。
エピ・モードで対物レンズ64により集光された光は後方散乱成分70とブリルアン・シフト成分72とで構成される。
ポリゴンミラー・スキャナやMEMSミラー等の別の簡易スキャナを用いることもできるが、使用できるスキャナはこれらに限るものではない。
図3Bは、例えば管腔イメージングに利用するために光ファイバ・カテーテル或いは内視鏡を基本とする本発明に従う装置の代表的実施形態を用いたビーム走査応用を表す。
例えば、カテーテルは単一モードファイバ80、集束用レンズ82、プリズム84、ドライブシャフト86および保護被覆88を有することができる。
静止被覆88の内部で回転するカテーテル・コアーは、光ビーム90を螺旋を描くように用いて組織92を横断して走査する。
粗い空間分解能で十分であれば、平行光線を用いることができる。
図4Aに示すように、小開口数(NA)を有する対物レンズ100を実装した場合、横方向分解能は劣化する。
軸方向干渉長が長くかつ境界が明瞭である場合(図4A)、図4Bに示すように大NA対物レンズ102は一層優れた横方向および軸方向分解能をもたらす。
大NAを用いればブリルアン相互干渉長は短くなり、また大きな立体角にわたり位相整合がとれる。
両ケースにおいて、後方伝播ブリルアン光はエピ・コンフィグレーションにおいて検出される。
図4Cは、少なくとも2組の対物レンズ104、106を用いた本発明による方法及び装置の代表的実施形態の別の代表的な実行法を表す。
しかしながら、このスキームは厚い組織或いは生体内応用には適していない。
例えば、図5の装置は可視光或いは赤外光を放射する単色レーザが好適な光源110、およびビーム・スプリッタ114、ビーム・スキャナ116および対物レンズ118を通してサンプル112へ照射されるポンプ・ビーム/波111を含んでいる。
光源110は、限定するものではないが、中心波長が0.5〜1.8μmの間にあり、かつ典型的には100MHz未満の狭い線幅を持ちフォノンの寿命よりも長い時間コヒーレンスをもたらす連続波単一周波数レーザである。
別の好適な光源の種類は、Q−スイッチ単一周波数レーザである。
そのパルス繰り返し速度は1〜100KHzの範囲にあり、パルス持続時間は10ns〜1μsの範囲にある。
Q−スイッチポンプ光は、同じ平均出力レベルで連続光より強度が高いため、連続光に比べてブリルアン発生効率はさらに高い。
光源110は1種類以上の周波数成分を搬送するための光学装置を利用或いは具備することができる(図8Aおよび8Bに図示)。
ビーム・スキャンの横方向ステップ・サイズは、サンプル112中のポンプ・ビーム/波111の焦点サイズとほぼ同じである。
散乱光のスペクトルは、例えば走査フィルター、エタロン、仮想干渉計位相アレー、或いは分光計などのスペクトル選択性装置120を用いて測定される。
技術的に、ファブリー・ペロー干渉計を含む様々な走査フィルターが知られているが、フィルターはこれに限るものではない。
例えば、ブリルアン・シフトは数十GHzに及ぶ。
代表的なファブリー・ペロー走査型干渉計は50GHzの自由スペクトル・レンジを持ち精緻度は1000である。
スペクトルで選択されたフォトンは、次いで検出器122(例えば、光電子増倍管、アバランシ・フォトダイオードあるいは電荷結合素子アレー)で電気信号に変換される。
図6Aにおいて、単一周波数レーザ150が代表的な分割比約90対10を有する光ファイバ・ビーム・スプリッタ152に結合されている。
サンプル・アーム154と呼ばれる一光路はサーキュレータ158を経由してビーム・スキャナ156に接続されており、また、レファレンス・アーム170と呼ばれる別の光路は、光−音響或いは光−電気変調器等の周波数シフタ172を有している。
サンプル・アーム154およびレファレンス・アーム170はともに、例えば同じ分割比で、別の光ファイバ・ビーム・スプリッタ180に接続される。
サンプル・アーム154中の後方散乱光と参照アーム170中の周波数シフト参照光との間の干渉信号は、二重平衡受信機182で測定され、コンピュータ184を用いて処理される。
図6Aに示すように、周波数シフタ172が散乱光と参照光との間のビート周波数を低減させるために用いられ、偏光コントローラ174もまた利用される。
本発明の別の代表的な実施形態では、電気的スペクトル・アナライザはコンピュータ184に置き代わるか或いはこれを補完する。
別の方法として、ブリルアン・スペクトルは、シフタ172により周波数シフトの大きさに同調させ、また狭帯域幅検出器182を用いてビート(唸り)信号を検出して測定される。
第1のレーザ200はポンプ波を搬送するためにサンプル・アーム210に結合されている。
第2のレーザ202は、所定値だけポンプ光源の周波数からずれた周波数を有する参照光を供給するための局部発信器として働く。
局部発信器の周波数は、ブリルアン信号光の1つの周波数と近く、そのビート周波数は検出器220により測定される。
例えば、ポンプ光源200および局部発信器202の線幅は、散乱光と参照光との間の時間コヒーレンシーを達成するために十分に狭くする必要があり、通常は100KHz未満である。
レファレンス・アーム232は、一定および/または参照アーム232とサンプル・アーム240との長さの差により制御される可変の光遅延をもたらす遅延線234を有している。
2組のアームの不一致長は次式により選ばれる。
このような選択によって検出器244で検出された電気的ビート周波数は、音響周波数に比べて十分に小さい。
他方、2組のアーム232と240との経路長が実質的に整合した場合には、このような代表的な測定技術は光周波数領域反射率測定法に類似したものとなる。
波長の関数として測定された干渉信号は、弾性後方散乱係数の軸方向プロファイルを生成するためにフーリエ変換を用いて処理される。
同様にして、長さの適当な不整合を用い、同様な信号処理によりブリルアン散乱係数の軸方向プロファイルが生成される。
このような2周波数ポンプ波に基づくブリルアン分光法が図1Bに図解されており、また本明細書中に上述されている。
例えば、図7Aにおいて、適切な直流バイアスのかかった光電変調器は、単色レーザ入力から2組の側波帯を生成する。
図7Bにおいて、2種類の低ドリフト単色レーザがビーム・コンバイナ270に結合されている。
エピ・コンフィグレーションでは、図7Cに示すように、結合されたポンプ波は対物レンズ282を通してサンプル280へ搬送される。
図7Dに示すように、伝送構造において、2種類の周波数成分の一方を反対方向へ送出するために第2の対物レンズ284が用いられる。
例えば、これらの図において、νBと表された2種類のスペクトルの差は、2部位間の剛性の差を示している。
(図8Cに示す)イメージ300は、グレー・スケール・ルックアップ・テーブル310および/または擬似カラー・ルックアップ・テーブルを用いて、ブリルアン信号の測定値に基づいて作成される。
ルックアップ・テーブル310およびルックアップ・テーブル320は、1つ以上の特定のブリルアン・ピークの大きさ並びに/または周波数に基づくものである。
カテーテル420は、図3Bに類似の構造を持ち、また上記内視鏡430にはMEMSスキャナのような2軸XYビーム走査型アクチュエータが用いられる。
ブリルアン顕微鏡検査法の潜在用途は多数あり、生体力学的特性、癌診断、腫瘍限界決定、創傷回復モニタリング、組織焼灼モニタリング、およびヒト組織工学などに基づいた組織の特性化が含まれる。
本明細書の説明を考慮して、記載された実施形態に種々の変更や改変を加えることは、当業者にとって明白である。
実際に、本発明の代表的な実施形態による装置、システム、および方法は、どのようなOCTシステム、OFDIシステム、スペクトル領域OCT(SD−OCT)システム、または他のイメージングシステム、例えば、2004年9月8日出願の国際特許出願第PCT/US2004/029148号、2005年11月2日出願の米国特許出願第11/266,779号、および2004年7月9日出願の米国特許出願第10/501,276号に記載されているものに対しても使用可能であり、これらの開示の全てを本明細書の一部として援用する。
従って、当業者にとっては、本明細書に明確に提示又は説明されていなくとも、本発明の原理を具現化する数多くのシステム、装置、及び方法に工夫を凝らすことが可能であり、これは本発明の趣旨と範囲内に含まれることが理解されるであろう。
さらに、上述の明細書に前記の先行技術の知識が明示的に援用されていない範囲においても、その全体を明示的に本明細書に援用する。
本明細書で引用した上述の全ての文献は、その全体を本明細書の一部として援用する。
Claims (25)
- 生体サンプル内で少なくとも1つの音響波をもたらすために少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射を前記生体サンプルに供給するように構成され、前記生体サンプル内で前記少なくとも1つの音響波に基づいて少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射が生成される、少なくとも1つの第1の装置と、
前記生体サンプルの少なくとも一部位に関係する情報を決定するために用いられる前記少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射の少なくとも一部分を受信するように構成された少なくとも1つの第2の装置と、
前記生体サンプルを横断する前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が自動的に並進移動するように構成された少なくとも1つの第3の装置と、
前記少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射に関するデータに基づいて前記生体サンプルの前記少なくとも一部位をイメージ化するように構成された少なくとも1つの第4の装置と、を備え、
前記少なくとも1つの第4の装置が、大開口数を有する少なくとも一枚のレンズを含み、前記少なくとも一枚のレンズが前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射を集束させかつ前記少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射を集光することを特徴とする装置。 - 前記生体サンプルは、少なくとも器官、組織又は細胞のいずれか1つある、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が少なくとも1つの第1の強度と少なくとも1つの第1の周波数とを含み、前記少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射が少なくとも1つの第2の強度と少なくとも1つの第2の周波数とを含み、前記データが少なくとも前記第1の強度と第2の強度との差である第1の差または第1の周波数と第2の周波数との差である第2の差に関係するものであること、を特徴とする請求項1に記載の装置。
- 第2の差がゼロを除くほぼ−100GHz〜100GHzの間にあること、を特徴とする請求項3に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第2の装置が前記少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射のスペクトルの測定を補助するスペクトル・フィルタを具備すること、を特徴とする請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第4の装置が少なくともカテーテル、内視鏡、腹腔鏡又は肉眼用可視化装置のいずれか1つを有すること、を特徴とする請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記情報が前記生体サンプルの生体力学的特性に関係するものであること、を特徴とする請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が、ほぼ0.5〜1.8μmの間に中心波長を有すること、を特徴とする請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が約100MHzより小さな線幅を有すること、を特徴とする請求項8に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が複数のパルスからなる形状を有し、前記複数のパルスのそれぞれの持続時間が約10nsより短いこと、を特徴とする請求項8に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が少なくとも2種類の第1の電磁放射を含み、第1の前記少なくとも2種類の第1の電磁放射が第1の周波数を有し、第2の前記少なくとも2種類の第1の電磁放射が第2の周波数を有し、前記第1の周波数と第2の周波数との差がほぼゼロ〜100GHzの間にあること、を特徴とする請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が少なくとも1つの第1の強度と少なくとも1つの第1の周波数とを有し、前記少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射が少なくとも1つの第2の強度と少なくとも1つの第2の周波数とを有し、少なくとも1つの第3の強度と少なくとも1つの第3の周波数を有する少なくとも1つの第3の電磁放射が前記生体サンプルにさらに供給され、前記第2の周波数が前記第1の周波数と第3の周波数との関数として決定されること、を特徴とする請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第3の電磁放射が電磁放射源から発射されることを特徴とする請求項12に記載の装置。
- 生体の解剖学的サンプル内で少なくとも1つの音響波を発生させるために前記生体の解剖学的サンプルへ少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射を供給するように構成され、前記生体の解剖学的サンプルから前記少なくとも1つの音響波に基づいて少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射がもたらされる、少なくとも1つの第1の装置と、
前記生体の解剖学的サンプルの少なくとも一部分に関係する情報を決定するために前記少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射の少なくとも一部分を受信するように構成された少なくとも1つの第2の装置と、
前記少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射に関連するデータに基づく情報を解析するように構成された少なくとも1つの第3の装置と、
前記生体の解剖学的サンプルを横断する前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が自動的に並進移動するように構成された少なくとも1つの第4の装置と、
前記少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射に関するデータに基づいて前記生体サンプルの前記少なくとも一部位をイメージ化するように構成された少なくとも1つの第5の装置と、を備え、
前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が少なくとも1つの第1の強度と少なくとも1つの第1の周波数を含み、前記少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射が少なくとも1つの第2の強度と前記少なくとも1つの第1の周波数とは異なる少なくとも1つの第2の周波数とを含み、前記データが第2の強度または前記第1の周波数と前記第2の周波数との差に関係し、前記差がほぼ−100GHz〜100GHzの間にあること、
前記少なくとも1つの第5の装置が、大開口数を有する少なくとも一枚のレンズを含み、前記少なくとも一枚のレンズが前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射を集束させかつ前記少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射を集光することを特徴とする装置。 - 前記少なくとも1つの第2の装置が前記少なくとも1つの第2の電磁放射の測定を補助するスペクトル・フィルタを有すること、を特徴とする請求項14に記載の装置。
- 前記情報が前記解剖学的サンプルの力学特性に関係する情報であること、を特徴とする請求項14に記載の装置。
- 前記解剖学的サンプルが生体であること、を特徴とする請求項14に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が、ほぼ0.5〜1.8μmの中心波長を有すること、を特徴とする請求項14に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が、ほぼ100MHzよりも小さな線幅を有すること、を特徴とする請求項18に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が複数のパルスからなる形状を有し、複数のパルスのそれぞれの持続時間が約10nsより長いこと、を特徴とする請求項18に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射が少なくとも2種類の第1の電磁放射を有し、第1の前記少なくとも2種類の第1の電磁放射が第1の周波数を有し、第2の前記少なくとも2種類の第1の電磁放射が第2の周波数を有し、前記第1の周波数と第2の周波数との差が約ゼロと100GHzの間にあること、を特徴とする請求項14に記載の装置。
- 少なくとも1つの第3の強度と少なくとも1つの第3の周波数とを有する少なくとも1つの第3の電磁放射が前記生体の解剖学的サンプルに供給され、前記第2の周波数は前記第1周波数および前記第3の周波数の関数として決定されるものであること、を特徴とする請求項14に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第3の電磁放射が電磁放射源から放射されること、を特徴とする請求項22に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの音響波は、真空揺動で開始されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の装置。
- 前記少なくとも1つの第1の電磁放射は、生体内の生体サンプルに供給されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の装置。
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- 2007-02-08 EP EP07763612.4A patent/EP1988825B1/en active Active
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| WO2007092911A3 (en) | 2007-10-04 |
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| US20190309045A1 (en) | 2019-10-10 |
| EP3143926B1 (en) | 2020-07-01 |
| US11319357B2 (en) | 2022-05-03 |
| US10800831B2 (en) | 2020-10-13 |
| JP2009525838A (ja) | 2009-07-16 |
| US20180002398A1 (en) | 2018-01-04 |
| EP3143926A1 (en) | 2017-03-22 |
| EP1988825A2 (en) | 2008-11-12 |
| EP1988825B1 (en) | 2016-12-21 |
| WO2007092911A2 (en) | 2007-08-16 |
| US10351616B2 (en) | 2019-07-16 |
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