JP7539760B2 - Nmt2の後成的なサイレンシング - Google Patents
Nmt2の後成的なサイレンシング Download PDFInfo
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- JP7539760B2 JP7539760B2 JP2018502095A JP2018502095A JP7539760B2 JP 7539760 B2 JP7539760 B2 JP 7539760B2 JP 2018502095 A JP2018502095 A JP 2018502095A JP 2018502095 A JP2018502095 A JP 2018502095A JP 7539760 B2 JP7539760 B2 JP 7539760B2
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- nmt2
- cancer
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- methylation
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Description
本出願は、参照によりその全内容が本明細書に組み込まれる2015年7月17日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/194,109号の優先権を主張するものである。
本明細書中で使用する、用語「癌」は、細胞の異常で制御不能な成長によって引き起こされる様々な状態を指す。「癌細胞」と呼ばれ癌を引き起こし得る細胞は、制御不能な増殖、不死性、転移能力、急激な成長及び増殖率、並びに/又は幾つかの典型的な形態学的特徴等の特徴的性質を有する。癌細胞は腫瘍の型であり得るが、このような細胞は対象内に単独で存在する可能性もあり、又は非腫瘍形成癌細胞である可能性がある。(例えば、臨床的又は放射線医学的手段による)1つ又は複数の腫瘍の存在の検出、腫瘍内又は別の生物サンプル由来の(例えば、組織生検由来の)細胞検査、癌を示す血中マーカーの測定、及び癌を示す遺伝子型の検出だけには限られないが、これらを含めた任意の幾つかの方法で、癌を検出することができる。しかしながら、前述の検出法の1つ又は複数における陰性結果が癌の不在を必ずしも示すわけではなく、例えば、癌治療に対して完全な応答を示した患者が、後の再発によって証明されるように、依然として癌を有する可能性がある。
具体的な態様では、前記NMT阻害剤は、小分子、抗体、ペプチド断片、核酸、又はそれらの組合せを含む。
他の例では、対象に投与するのに適した薬学的に有効な量の化合物及び/又は組成物を提供する。
患者における癌、例えば、リンパ腫の場合、公知の治療は、治療する対象、疾患の型、及びその段階に依存する。例えば、リンパ腫を含む様々な癌に関する既存の治療モダリティは当業者公知である。したがって、癌に対する公知の治療は、本明細書に開示するNMT阻害剤と一緒に使用することができる。
上記の通り、特定の癌、一例では、リンパ腫において、後成的なメカニズムによりNMT2発現(すなわち、NMT2遺伝子発現)が低減又は排除されることを本明細書中で示す。NMT2発現の低減又は排除は、癌をNMTの阻害剤に感受性にする。
本明細書中の幾つかの例では、NMT2遺伝子のメチル化状態の決定は、NMT阻害剤による治療に応答する癌を同定するために使用することができる。
NMT2のメチル化状態の決定は、治療レジメン、例えば、化学療法剤又はNMTの阻害剤等の生物学的作用物質の有効性をモニタリングするために使用することができる。
上述の通り、幾つかの例では、後成的修飾はヒストンアセチル化である。
ヒストンアセチルトランスフェラーゼ(HAT)は、ヒストンタンパク質にある保存リジンアミノ酸をアセチルCoAからアセチル基を転移してe-N-アセチルリジンを形成することによりアセチル化する酵素である。ヒストンアセチル化は、一般的に転写活性化と関連する。これらは、一般的にユークロマチンと関連付けられる。ヒストンアセチルトランスフェラーゼ(HAT)は、転写共役因子として働く。ヒストンアセチル化は、クロマチン構造を制御する際に重要な役割を果たし、2つのクラスの酵素、ヒストンアセチルトランスフェラーゼ(HAT)及びヒストンデアセチラーゼ(HDAC)によって厳重に制御される。
967の癌細胞系に関する専門書(CCLE)のデータベース及びThe Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)の8178の原発性腫瘍におけるNMT発現レベル。
本発明者らは、次に、腫瘍の進行を緩和することができるかどうかを判断するためにin vivoにおけるDDD86481の治療上の可能性を調査した。
DLBCL異種移植結果
Table 2(表2)のDOHH-2-e225プロトコールに従って、雌のSCIDマウスの7つの群(n=10/群)に終了までs.c.投与した。
対照マウス(1群)における腫瘍成長
1群のマウスには、1日目から開始してqd×16のスケジュールで媒体を与え、これは、パーセントTGIの算出及び統計的比較のための対照群の役割を果たした。16日目に、1群に関する腫瘍体積中央値(MTV)は2213mm3であり、1764から2944mm3の範囲であった(図4A)。10匹全ての対照マウスに腫瘍が生着した。1群対照に関する腫瘍成長中央値は、元の腫瘍サイズ123.4+/-6.1mm3から進行した。
2群及び4群をそれぞれ、s.c. qd×16で10mg/kg及び20mg/kgの活性用量のCCI-002で処置し、16日目に1895及び922mm3のMTVを得た。これらの腫瘍体積中央値(MTV)は、2群に関しては14%の有意でないTGI(P>0.05)及び4群に関しては58%の有意なTGI(P<0.001)に対応し、これは、両群とも可能性のある治療活性閾値より低いままであった。全ての処置マウスに腫瘍が生着した。
3群をs.c. qd×16での10mg/kgの活性用量のCCI-002及びi.v. qwk×3でのドキソルビシンの組合せにより処置し、16日目に864mm3のMTVを得た。3群には11日目に過度の体重減少のため安楽死させた動物が1匹いた。プロトコールに従って、その動物のサンプルを採取し、NTR死亡として分類し、全ての分析から除いた。3群のMTVは61%の有意なTGI(P<0.001)に対応する864mm3であり、これは、可能性のある治療活性閾値を上回った(図4A)。3群の併用は、対応するCCI-002単剤療法(3群対2群、P<0.001)よりも有意に効果的であったが、対応するドキソルビシン処置群(3群対7群、P>0.05)よりは有意に効果的ではなかった。全ての処置マウスに腫瘍が生着した。
5群及び6群を、それぞれ、s.c. 1日おきqod×8又はqd×4/5日間休薬/qd×14で50mg/kgの活性用量のCCI-002により処置し、16日目に1018及び226mm3のMTVを得た。これらのMTVは、5群に関する54%の有意なTGI(P<0.01)及び6群に関する90%(P<0.001)に対応し、6群は可能性のある治療活性閾値より高かった(図4A)。全ての処置マウスに腫瘍が生着した。
7群をi.v. qwk×3で3mg/kgのドキソルビシンにより処置し、16日目に43%の有意なTGIに対応する1268mm3のMTVを得た(P<0.05)。全ての処置マウスに腫瘍が生着した。
この調査は、単剤療法として及びドキソルビシンと組み合せて投与された場合のCCI-002活性を評価した。調査の最終日(23日目)まで、週に3回腫瘍を測定した。TGI解析を16日目に実施した。
バーキットリンパ腫
(下記)Table 3(表3)のDOHH-2-e225プロトコールに従って、雌のNOD SCIDマウスの7つの群(n=10/群)に終了までs.c.投与した。この調査に対する元の処置計画はTable 3(表3)に見出すことができる。図5は、0日目からの平均(群当たりn=10)腫瘍体積を示す(A.単剤療法及びBドキソルビシンとの併用療法)。
対照マウスにおける腫瘍成長(1群)
1群のマウスに1日目に開始してqd×9のスケジュールで媒体を与え、これは、パーセントTGIの算出及び統計的比較のための対照群の役割を果たした。9日目に、1群に関する平均腫瘍体積(ATV)は1492mm3であり、685から2742mm3の範囲であった。10匹全ての対照マウスに腫瘍が生着した。1群対照に関する腫瘍成長中央値は、255mm3の最初の腫瘍体積から進行した。
2群、6群及び7群を、それぞれ、s.c. qd×16で20mg/kg、50mg/kg及び60mg/kgの活性用量のCCI-002により処置し、9日目に918、74及び72mm3のMTVを得た。これらの平均腫瘍体積(ATV)は、2群に関しては38%の有意な相対的腫瘍成長抑制(P<###)及び6群及び7群に関しては95%の非常に有意な相対的腫瘍成長抑制(P<0.001)に対応し、これは6群及び7群ともに可能性のある治療活性閾値(TGI>60%)内のままであった(図4A)。全ての処置マウスに腫瘍が生着した。これらの群の平均腫瘍成長を図4Aに示す。腫瘍体積中央値は、調査の13日目までに0mm3に達し、したがって6群及び7群の処置はCCI-002が100%の腫瘍退縮をもたらしたことを示す。
3群をi.v. qwk×3で4mg/kgのドキソルビシンにより処置し、9日目に29%の有意なTGI(P<0.05)に対応する1061mm3のMTVを得た。全ての処置マウスに腫瘍が生着した。これらの群の腫瘍成長中央値を図4Aに示す。
4群を、s.c. qd×16での10mg/kgの活性用量のCCI-002及びi.v. qwk×3でのドキソルビシンの組合せにより処置し、9日目に36%の有意なTGI(P<0.001)に対応する952mm3の平均腫瘍体積(ATV)を得た(図5)。4群の組合せは、対応するドキソルビシン単剤療法よりも有意に効果的ではなかった(4群対3群、P<>0.05##)。5群を、s.c. qd×16での20mg/kgの活性用量のCCI-002及びi.v. qwk×3でのドキソルビシンの組合せにより処置し、9日目に68%の有意なTGI(P<0.001)に対応する471mm3の平均腫瘍体積(ATV)を得た(図3.1)。5群の組合せは、対応するドキソルビシン単剤療法よりも有意に効果的であった(5群対3群、P<0.05##)。
全般に、20mg/kg、50mg/kg及び60mg/kg処置群の試験物CCI-002は、皮下BL-2バーキットリンパ腫皮下異種移植モデルの処置において有意な抗腫瘍活性をもたらした。
細胞培養
L0、IM9、ラモス、BL2、Daudi、KMH2、ジャーカット及びCEM細胞をAmerican Type Culture Collection(ATCC; Manassas、VA、U.S.A)から購入し、10% FBS、100U/mlペニシリン、0.1mg/mlストレプトマイシン、1mMピルビン酸ナトリウム及び2mM L-グルタミンを補充したRPMI媒地中に維持した。使用した全ての細胞を加湿インキュベーター中で37℃及び5% CO2に維持した。
細胞を冷却PBS中で洗浄し、回収し、15分間4℃で固定することによって0.1% SDS-RIPAバッファー[50mMトリス、pH8.0、150Mm NaCl、1% Igepal CA-630、0.5% NaDC、2mM MgCl2、2mM EDTAと1×完全プロテアーゼ阻害剤(Roche Diagnostics社)]に溶解させた。細胞溶解物を、その後、16,000g、10分間、4℃において遠心分離し、分裂後期核の上清を回収した。
2×106細胞[CEM(T細胞白血病)、L0(「正常な」B細胞)、BL2及びラモス]を、6ウェルプレートで増殖させ、多量(0、1、2及び5μg/ml)のトリス-DBA(25)と共に24時間インキュベートした。トリス-DBAはDr. Jack Arbiser(Emory大学、GA、USA)からの親切な提供物であった。1×105細胞[KMH2(ホジキンリンパ腫)、IM9(「正常な」B細胞)、BL2、ラモス]を96ウェルプレートに平板培養し、多量のDDD85646、DDD73228及びDDD86481で24、48及び72時間処理した。DDD85646、DDD73228及びDDD86481は、ダンディー大学、スコットランド、UKのDrs. David Gray及びPaul Wyattからの親切な提供物であった。
トリス-DBA、DDD73228、及びDDD85646で処理した細胞の生存率を、製造業者の説明書に従ってTC10TMトリバンブルー色素(Biorad社、Hercules、CA、USA)を使用してトリス-DBAで処理した細胞をインキュベートすることによって測定した。細胞生存率を、その後、TC10TM自動セルカウンター(Biorad社)を使用して定量化した。DDD86481で処理した細胞の生存率を、製造業者の説明書に従ってPromega社の(Madison、WI、USA)のCellTiter 96 AQueous Non-Radioactive細胞増殖アッセイ(MTS)を使用して測定した。
製造者のプロトコールに従いTRIzol(登録商標)試薬を使用してIM9、KMH2、ラモス及びBL2細胞からRNAを単離した。次に、Applied Biosciences社からのランダムプライマースキームを備える高性能cDNA逆転写キットを使用して、製造業者の説明書に従い単離したRNAからcDNAを合成した。定量リアルタイムPCR(qRT PCR)反応を、TaqMan(登録商標)Universal Master Mix II、及びNMT1、NMT2、及びLife Technologies社(Carlsbad、CA)から購入した18のTaqman(登録商標)プローブを使用して設定し、三反復の各反応を供給者のガイドラインに従い設定した。qRT PCRはMastercycler(登録商標)ep realplex thermocycler(Eppendorf社)を使用して実施し、結果はRealplexソフトウエア(Eppendorf社)を使用して分析した。
IM9、BL2及びラモス細胞を、1ウェル当たり3×106細胞で6ウェルディッシュに平板培養し、1Mスベロイルアニリドヒドロキサム酸(SAHA)により24時間処理した。等量のDMSOを対照サンプルに添加した。細胞を溶解させ、SDS-PAGEに供した。ウエスタンブロッティングをNMT1、NMT2、p21/WAF-1及びGAPDHに対する抗体を用いて実施した。
クロマチンDNAをQiagen社のQIAamp DNA and Blood Miniキットを使用して細胞から単離した。DNA(20μl;濃度、1ngから2μg/μl)をEpiTech Bisulfiteキット(Qiagen社)を用いて変換し、バイサルファイト特異的プライマーを用いて増幅した(Table 4(表4))。
Claims (24)
- NMT阻害剤による治療に対する癌患者における応答を予測する方法であって、前記癌患者から得られた生物サンプル中のNMT2遺伝子のメチル化状態を決定する工程と、前記NMT2遺伝子において高メチル化が決定された場合に、前記NMT阻害剤による前記治療に対して陽性の臨床応答を予測する工程とを含み、
前記癌がびまん性大細胞型B細胞リンパ腫であり、
メチル化状態を決定する工程が、a)前記生物サンプル中の核酸にバイサルファイト修飾を実施する工程と、b)工程a)からのNMT2遺伝子のプロモーター領域に特異的なPCRプライマーを使用してNMT2遺伝子のプロモーターのメチル化を決定する工程とを含み、
前記「高メチル化」は、「正常な」及び/又は対照DNAサンプル内の対応するCpG部位若しくはCpGアイランドにおける5-メチルシチジンの量と比較した、前記癌患者から得られた生物サンプルのNMT2遺伝子のDNA配列の1つ又は複数のCpG CpG部位又はCpGアイランドにおける増加した5-メチルシチジンの存在に相当する平均メチル化状態を意味し、及び、
NMT2遺伝子のプロモーター領域に特異的なPCRプライマーが、配列番号7で表されるフォワードプライマー及び配列番号8で表されるリバースプライマーである、
方法。 - NMT阻害剤による治療に適した癌を有する患者、又は癌治療を受ける患者を同定及び/又は選択する方法であって、前記癌患者から得られた生物サンプルにおけるNMT2遺伝子のメチル化状態を決定する工程と、NMT2遺伝子において高メチル化が決定された場合に、前記NMT阻害剤による治療のために癌患者を同定及び/又は選択する工程とを含み、
前記癌がびまん性大細胞型B細胞リンパ腫であり、
メチル化状態を決定する工程が、a)前記生物サンプル中の核酸にバイサルファイト修飾を実施する工程と、b)工程a)からのNMT2遺伝子のプロモーター領域に特異的なPCRプライマーを使用してNMT2遺伝子のプロモーターのメチル化を決定する工程とを含み、
前記「高メチル化」は、「正常な」及び/又は対照DNAサンプル内の対応するCpG部位若しくはCpGアイランドにおける5-メチルシチジンの量と比較した、前記癌患者から得られた生物サンプルのNMT2遺伝子のDNA配列の1つ又は複数のCpG CpG部位又はCpGアイランドにおける増加した5-メチルシチジンの存在に相当する平均メチル化状態を意味し、及び、
NMT2遺伝子のプロモーター領域に特異的なPCRプライマーが、配列番号7で表されるフォワードプライマー及び配列番号8で表されるリバースプライマーである、
方法。 - 癌患者の癌に適した治療レジメンを選択するための方法であって、前記癌患者から得られた生物サンプル中のNMT2遺伝子のメチル化状態を決定する工程と、NMT2遺伝子の高メチル化が決定された場合、治療のためにNMT阻害剤を選択する工程とを含み、
前記癌がびまん性大細胞型B細胞リンパ腫であり、
メチル化状態を決定する工程が、a)前記生物サンプル中の核酸にバイサルファイト修飾を実施する工程と、b)工程a)からのNMT2遺伝子のプロモーター領域に特異的なPCRプライマーを使用してNMT2遺伝子のプロモーターのメチル化を決定する工程とを含み、
前記「高メチル化」は、「正常な」及び/又は対照DNAサンプル内の対応するCpG部位若しくはCpGアイランドにおける5-メチルシチジンの量と比較した、前記癌患者から得られた生物サンプルのNMT2遺伝子のDNA配列の1つ又は複数のCpG CpG部位又はCpGアイランドにおける増加した5-メチルシチジンの存在に相当する平均メチル化状態を意味し、及び、
NMT2遺伝子のプロモーター領域に特異的なPCRプライマーが、配列番号7で表されるフォワードプライマー及び配列番号8で表されるリバースプライマーである、
方法。 - A)癌を有する対象、又は癌を有する疑いがある対象から得られた生物サンプルをバイサルファイト試薬と接触させて、前記生物サンプル中の核酸にバイサルファイト修飾を実行することによって、生物サンプル中に存在するNMT2遺伝子のメチル化状態を示す生成物(幾つかの場合には、複合体)を形成する工程と、B)NMT2遺伝子のプロモーター領域に特異的なPCRプライマーを使用してNMT2遺伝子のプロモーターのメチル化を決定することによって、形成された生成物を測定して、生物サンプル中のNMT2遺伝子のメチル化状態を決定する工程と、C)前記対象における前記癌のNMT阻害剤治療の利点を決定する工程とを含む方法であって、NMT阻害剤治療の利点の決定が前記生物サンプル中のNMT2遺伝子の高メチル化によって決定され、
前記癌がびまん性大細胞型B細胞リンパ腫であり、
前記「高メチル化」は、「正常な」及び/又は対照DNAサンプル内の対応するCpG部位若しくはCpGアイランドにおける5-メチルシチジンの量と比較した、前記癌患者から得られた生物サンプルのNMT2遺伝子のDNA配列の1つ又は複数のCpG CpG部位又はCpGアイランドにおける増加した5-メチルシチジンの存在に相当する平均メチル化状態を意味し、及び、
NMT2遺伝子の高メチル化を検出するプライマーが、配列番号7で表されるフォワードプライマー及び配列番号8で表されるリバースプライマーである、
方法。 - 請求項1から3の工程b)及び請求項4の工程B)が、工程a)からのバイサルファイト修飾核酸に対するバイサルファイトシーケンスから選択される方法によって実施される、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記NMT阻害剤が、小分子、抗体、ペプチド断片、核酸、又はそれらの組合せを含む、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記小分子が、DDD85646、又はDDD86481を含む、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記抗体が、モノクローナル抗体又はポリクローナル抗体である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記核酸が、dsRNA分子、RNAi分子、miRNA分子、リボザイム、shRNA分子、又はsiRNA分子を含む、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記NMT阻害剤が、DDD85646又はDDD86481を含む、請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記治療が、ヒストンアセチルトランスフェラーゼ阻害剤、DNAデメチラーゼ阻害剤、及び/又はヒストンデメチラーゼ阻害剤による治療を更に含む、請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記ヒストンアセチルトランスフェラーゼ阻害剤が、アナカルド酸、CPTH2、MB-3、及び/又はクルクミンである、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記ヒストンデメチラーゼ阻害剤が、ダミノジット、GSK J1、GSK J2、GSK J4、GSK J5、GSK LSD1二塩酸塩、IOX 1、JIB 04、RN 1二塩酸塩、TC-E 5002、及び/又はトラニルシプロミン塩酸塩である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- NMT2遺伝子における高メチル化の決定が、バイサルファイトシーケンスによって実施される、請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記生物サンプルが、剥離した腫瘍細胞及び/若しくは遊離核酸を含む組織、細胞試料若しくは液体、血液サンプル、分画血液サンプル、骨髄サンプル、生検サンプル、凍結組織サンプル、新たな組織試料、細胞サンプル、並びに/又はパラフィン包埋切片を含む、請求項1から14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、ヒトである、請求項1~15のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 癌を有する患者のために治療を選択するためのin vitroアッセイであって、
a)対象由来の生物サンプルからの核酸にバイサルファイト修飾を実施する工程と、
b) NMT2遺伝子のプロモーター領域に特異的なPCRプライマーを使用した、工程a)からのバイサルファイト修飾核酸に対するバイサルファイトシーケンスから選択される方法を実施する工程と、
c)生物サンプル中のNMT2のプロモーター領域のプロモーターのメチル化レベルを決定する工程と
を含み、生物サンプル中のNMT2遺伝子のプロモーター領域が高メチル化されていると決定された場合、選択される治療が、NMT阻害剤であり、
前記癌がびまん性大細胞型B細胞リンパ腫であり、
前記「高メチル化」は、「正常な」及び/又は対照DNAサンプル内の対応するCpG部位若しくはCpGアイランドにおける5-メチルシチジンの量と比較した、試験DNAサンプルのNMT2遺伝子のDNA配列の1つ又は複数のCpG CpG部位又はCpGアイランドにおける増加した5-メチルシチジンの存在に相当する平均メチル化状態を意味し、及び、
NMT2遺伝子のプロモーター領域に特異的なPCRプライマーが、配列番号7で表されるフォワードプライマー及び配列番号8で表されるリバースプライマーである、
アッセイ。 - 癌を有する患者のために治療を選択するための患者由来の生物サンプルのin vitroアッセイであって、
a)前記生物サンプル中の核酸にバイサルファイト修飾を実施する工程と、
b)工程a)からのNMT2遺伝子のプロモーター領域に特異的なPCRプライマーを使用してNMT2遺伝子のプロモーターのメチル化を決定する工程と、
を含み、
前記癌がびまん性大細胞型B細胞リンパ腫であり、
NMT2遺伝子のプロモーター領域に特異的なPCRプライマーが、配列番号7で表されるフォワードプライマー及び配列番号8で表されるリバースプライマーであり、`及び、
前記「高メチル化」は、「正常な」及び/又は対照DNAサンプル内の対応するCpG部位若しくはCpGアイランドにおける5-メチルシチジンの量と比較した、試験DNAサンプルのNMT2遺伝子のDNA配列の1つ又は複数のCpG CpG部位又はCpGアイランドにおける増加した5-メチルシチジンの存在に相当する平均メチル化状態を意味する、
アッセイ。 - 工程b)が、工程a)からのバイサルファイト修飾核酸に対するバイサルファイトシーケンスによって実施される、請求項18に記載のアッセイ。
- 生物サンプル中のNMT2遺伝子のプロモーター領域が高メチル化されていると決定された場合、選択される治療が、NMT阻害剤である、請求項18または19に記載のアッセイ。
- 前記NMT阻害剤が、小分子、抗体、ペプチド断片、核酸、又はそれらの組合せを含む、請求項20に記載のアッセイ。
- 前記小分子が、DDD85646、又は、DDD86481を含む、請求項21に記載のアッセイ。
- 前記抗体が、モノクローナル抗体又はポリクローナル抗体である、請求項21に記載のアッセイ。
- 前記核酸が、dsRNA分子、RNAi分子、miRNA分子、リボザイム、shRNA分子、又はsiRNA分子を含む、請求項20に記載のアッセイ。
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