JPH01500217A - 改良臨床分析方法およびシステム - Google Patents
改良臨床分析方法およびシステムInfo
- Publication number
- JPH01500217A JPH01500217A JP62502294A JP50229487A JPH01500217A JP H01500217 A JPH01500217 A JP H01500217A JP 62502294 A JP62502294 A JP 62502294A JP 50229487 A JP50229487 A JP 50229487A JP H01500217 A JPH01500217 A JP H01500217A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- cuvette
- air jet
- liquid
- nozzle
- mixing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 title claims description 22
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 83
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 75
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000012472 biological sample Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000005499 meniscus Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 239000011344 liquid material Substances 0.000 claims 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012620 biological material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000013610 patient sample Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013060 biological fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000219112 Cucumis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000015510 Cucumis melo subsp melo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4,6-bis(cyanoamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]cyanamide Chemical compound N#CNC1=NC(NC#N)=NC(NC#N)=N1 FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009194 climbing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012864 cross contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009089 cytolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002457 flexible plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005375 photometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003260 vortexing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/00584—Control arrangements for automatic analysers
- G01N35/0092—Scheduling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F33/00—Other mixers; Mixing plants; Combinations of mixers
- B01F33/40—Mixers using gas or liquid agitation, e.g. with air supply tubes
- B01F33/407—Mixers using gas or liquid agitation, e.g. with air supply tubes by blowing gas on the material from above
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M29/00—Means for introduction, extraction or recirculation of materials, e.g. pumps
- C12M29/06—Nozzles; Sprayers; Spargers; Diffusers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/02—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor using a plurality of sample containers moved by a conveyor system past one or more treatment or analysis stations
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N2035/00346—Heating or cooling arrangements
- G01N2035/00356—Holding samples at elevated temperature (incubation)
- G01N2035/00386—Holding samples at elevated temperature (incubation) using fluid heat transfer medium
- G01N2035/00396—Holding samples at elevated temperature (incubation) using fluid heat transfer medium where the fluid is a liquid
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N2035/00465—Separating and mixing arrangements
- G01N2035/00534—Mixing by a special element, e.g. stirrer
- G01N2035/00544—Mixing by a special element, e.g. stirrer using fluid flow
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N2035/00465—Separating and mixing arrangements
- G01N2035/00534—Mixing by a special element, e.g. stirrer
- G01N2035/00554—Mixing by a special element, e.g. stirrer using ultrasound
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/00584—Control arrangements for automatic analysers
- G01N35/00594—Quality control, including calibration or testing of components of the analyser
- G01N35/00613—Quality control
- G01N35/00663—Quality control of consumables
- G01N2035/00673—Quality control of consumables of reagents
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/00584—Control arrangements for automatic analysers
- G01N35/00722—Communications; Identification
- G01N35/00732—Identification of carriers, materials or components in automatic analysers
- G01N2035/00742—Type of codes
- G01N2035/00752—Type of codes bar codes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/02—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor using a plurality of sample containers moved by a conveyor system past one or more treatment or analysis stations
- G01N35/021—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor using a plurality of sample containers moved by a conveyor system past one or more treatment or analysis stations having a flexible chain, e.g. "cartridge belt", conveyor for reaction cells or cuvettes
- G01N2035/023—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor using a plurality of sample containers moved by a conveyor system past one or more treatment or analysis stations having a flexible chain, e.g. "cartridge belt", conveyor for reaction cells or cuvettes forming cuvettes in situ, e.g. from plastic strip
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/02—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor using a plurality of sample containers moved by a conveyor system past one or more treatment or analysis stations
- G01N35/04—Details of the conveyor system
- G01N2035/0439—Rotary sample carriers, i.e. carousels
- G01N2035/0441—Rotary sample carriers, i.e. carousels for samples
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/02—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor using a plurality of sample containers moved by a conveyor system past one or more treatment or analysis stations
- G01N35/04—Details of the conveyor system
- G01N2035/0439—Rotary sample carriers, i.e. carousels
- G01N2035/0443—Rotary sample carriers, i.e. carousels for reagents
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Automatic Analysis And Handling Materials Therefor (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
- Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US858,366 | 1986-04-30 | ||
| US07/858,366 US4815978A (en) | 1986-04-30 | 1986-04-30 | Clinical analysis methods and systems |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH01500217A true JPH01500217A (ja) | 1989-01-26 |
Family
ID=25328136
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62502294A Pending JPH01500217A (ja) | 1986-04-30 | 1987-03-03 | 改良臨床分析方法およびシステム |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4815978A (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP0265483A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JPH01500217A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA1285932C (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO1987006618A1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002328075A (ja) * | 2001-05-01 | 2002-11-15 | Youth Engineering Co Ltd | 溶液濃縮装置 |
| JP2010279321A (ja) * | 2009-06-08 | 2010-12-16 | Brother Ind Ltd | 細胞反応観察装置 |
Families Citing this family (36)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0279882B1 (fr) * | 1987-02-25 | 1991-05-02 | Hewlett-Packard GmbH | Dispositif pour exécuter graduellement des réactions chimiques |
| US4941808A (en) * | 1988-06-29 | 1990-07-17 | Humayun Qureshi | Multi-mode differential fluid displacement pump |
| US5100623A (en) * | 1989-10-23 | 1992-03-31 | Zymark Corporation | Laboratory evaporation apparatus |
| US5595707A (en) * | 1990-03-02 | 1997-01-21 | Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. | Automated biological reaction apparatus |
| JP3186764B2 (ja) * | 1990-03-02 | 2001-07-11 | ベンタナ・メデイカル・システムズ・インコーポレーテツド | 自動化生物学的反応装置 |
| US6472217B1 (en) * | 1990-03-02 | 2002-10-29 | Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. | Slide aqueous volume controlling apparatus |
| US5080868A (en) * | 1990-05-16 | 1992-01-14 | Elgas David H | Sparger assembly |
| CA2384519C (fr) * | 1991-03-04 | 2006-08-15 | Bayer Corporation | Analyseur automatise |
| USD337387S (en) | 1991-07-22 | 1993-07-13 | Pb Diagnostic Systems Inc. | Assay module magazine holder |
| JPH06508216A (ja) * | 1991-12-13 | 1994-09-14 | デイド、ベーリング、インコーポレイテッド | 液体分析装置のためのプローブ洗浄 |
| DE69308493T2 (de) * | 1992-06-29 | 1997-10-23 | Dade Int Inc | Träger für proberöhrchen |
| DE4232096A1 (de) * | 1992-09-25 | 1994-03-31 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum berührungslosen automatischen Mischen eines Reaktionsgemisches in einem Analysegerät |
| US5352612A (en) * | 1993-02-09 | 1994-10-04 | Baxter Diagnostics Inc. | Method and apparatus for the stepwise movement of items |
| ES2219643T3 (es) * | 1993-09-17 | 2004-12-01 | F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag | Aparato analitico con un dispositivo para la suspension de particulas y procedimiento para llevar a cabo la suspension. |
| DE4331997A1 (de) * | 1993-09-21 | 1995-03-23 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Verfahren und System zur Mischung von Flüssigkeiten |
| US5736100A (en) * | 1994-09-20 | 1998-04-07 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Chemical analyzer non-invasive stirrer |
| US6649128B1 (en) * | 1998-09-23 | 2003-11-18 | Randox Laboratories Ltd | Assay device processing instrument |
| US7270785B1 (en) * | 2001-11-02 | 2007-09-18 | Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. | Automated molecular pathology apparatus having fixed slide platforms |
| US7468161B2 (en) | 2002-04-15 | 2008-12-23 | Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. | Automated high volume slide processing system |
| US11249095B2 (en) | 2002-04-15 | 2022-02-15 | Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. | Automated high volume slide processing system |
| WO2003089140A1 (fr) * | 2002-04-15 | 2003-10-30 | Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. | Systeme de coloration de lame automatique a volume de traitement eleve |
| EP1499872B1 (fr) * | 2002-04-26 | 2015-11-18 | Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. | Appareil automatise pour pathologie moleculaire a porte-lames fixes |
| US8323984B2 (en) * | 2002-12-19 | 2012-12-04 | Beckman Coulter, Inc. | Method and apparatus for mixing blood samples for cell analysis |
| US7648678B2 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2010-01-19 | Dako Denmark A/S | Method and system for pretreatment of tissue slides |
| US20040191923A1 (en) * | 2003-03-31 | 2004-09-30 | Tomasso David Angelo | Test element holder with a probe guide for an analyzer |
| US7597847B2 (en) * | 2003-03-31 | 2009-10-06 | Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc. | Analyzer having a stationary multifunction probe |
| US20040230400A1 (en) * | 2003-05-13 | 2004-11-18 | Tomasso David Angelo | Analyzer having concentric rotors |
| US7185551B2 (en) * | 2003-05-22 | 2007-03-06 | Schwartz H Donald | Pipetting module |
| US6805015B1 (en) * | 2003-05-22 | 2004-10-19 | H. Donald Schwartz | Dual resolution syringe |
| US8043562B2 (en) * | 2003-12-08 | 2011-10-25 | Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc. | Analyzer having removable holders or a centrifuge |
| JP4420020B2 (ja) * | 2004-03-23 | 2010-02-24 | 東レ株式会社 | 溶液を攪拌する方法 |
| DE102004028303A1 (de) * | 2004-06-11 | 2005-12-29 | Roche Diagnostics Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Nachweis von Analyten |
| JP4887174B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-19 | 2012-02-29 | 株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ | 自動分析装置 |
| CA2742473C (fr) | 2008-11-12 | 2015-02-24 | Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. | Procedes et appareils permettant de chauffer des lames portant des echantillons |
| CN111089980B (zh) | 2013-12-13 | 2023-08-15 | 文塔纳医疗系统公司 | 生物样本的自动化组织学处理及相关的技术 |
| US10031085B2 (en) | 2014-07-24 | 2018-07-24 | Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc. | Point of care analytical processing system |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2990339A (en) * | 1958-07-11 | 1961-06-27 | Fond Emanuele Paterno | Apparatus for automatically testing the biological processes according to the turbidity of the medium |
| FR1373751A (fr) * | 1963-08-12 | 1964-10-02 | Procédé et dispositif d'agitation avec circulation méthodique de masses liquides par insufflation de gaz | |
| US3398935A (en) * | 1964-03-25 | 1968-08-27 | Bausch & Lomb | Mixing means |
| US3607659A (en) * | 1968-12-24 | 1971-09-21 | Univ Temple | Fermentation apparatus |
| US4286637A (en) * | 1978-11-09 | 1981-09-01 | Connaught Laboratories Limited | Apparatus for dispensing liquids into tubes |
| JPS55136957A (en) * | 1979-04-14 | 1980-10-25 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Automatic analyzer |
| US4325910A (en) * | 1979-07-11 | 1982-04-20 | Technicraft, Inc. | Automated multiple-purpose chemical-analysis apparatus |
| EP0085700A4 (fr) * | 1981-07-20 | 1985-10-14 | American Hospital Supply Corp | Systeme de cuvettes pour un analyseur chimique automatise. |
| US4491951A (en) * | 1983-07-11 | 1985-01-01 | Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation | Electric glass melting furnace |
-
1986
- 1986-04-30 US US07/858,366 patent/US4815978A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1987
- 1987-03-03 EP EP87902891A patent/EP0265483A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1987-03-03 WO PCT/US1987/000486 patent/WO1987006618A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1987-03-03 JP JP62502294A patent/JPH01500217A/ja active Pending
- 1987-04-29 CA CA000535946A patent/CA1285932C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002328075A (ja) * | 2001-05-01 | 2002-11-15 | Youth Engineering Co Ltd | 溶液濃縮装置 |
| JP2010279321A (ja) * | 2009-06-08 | 2010-12-16 | Brother Ind Ltd | 細胞反応観察装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA1285932C (fr) | 1991-07-09 |
| EP0265483A1 (fr) | 1988-05-04 |
| US4815978A (en) | 1989-03-28 |
| WO1987006618A1 (fr) | 1987-11-05 |
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