JPH0191720A - Peanut product and peanut plant of new kind - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To obtain peanut seeds which contains oleic acid in a high ratio and linoleic acid in a low ratio and has a small proportion of cracks in the husk and seed coat and uniform shape compared to star spanish seeds. CONSTITUTION: This peanut seed contains (A) 74 to 84wt.% fatty acid (to the whole weight) and (B) 2 to 8wt.% linoleic acid in the weight ratio of A:B of 9:1 to 42:1 and has characteristics of UF435-2--1 or UF435-2--2 series. Properly ripe seeds of the peanut weigh 35 to 45g per 100 seeds and have 73 to 75 iodine value. One-room husks are included only by 8 to 10wt.%, which is the half amt. of conventional peanut seeds. The obtd. peanut breed produces a peanut oil having a long storage time.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Field of Industrial Application The present invention relates to a novel peanut seed containing a large amount of oleic acid and a small amount of linoleic acid, and a peanut plant for producing this seed.

The invention further provides that Arachis Hypog.
aea L,) is a peanut strain consisting of a nearly homogeneous population of individuals.

The present invention further relates to a novel peanut oil with a long shelf life made from the above-mentioned peanut seeds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The above-mentioned cultivated peanut (Arachis hypoga)
ea L,) is high in oil (45 to 55%) and high in protein (
A self-pollinating plant characterized by seeds with a low percentage of carbohydrates and ash (25 to 35%).
It is an annual plant of the legume family. The quality of edible peanuts is primarily determined by the chemical composition of the seed, which is the proportion of oil, protein and carbohydrates.

Cultivated peanuts originate from the eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains in South America. Today, it is widely cultivated in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. Currently, in the United States, peanuts rank 9th in cultivated area and 2nd in production efficiency per acre. Peanuts are
In the United States, the whole seed is used primarily to make peanut butter. In other parts of the world, it is ground to make primarily peanut oil. Approximately 70% of the world's peanuts are ground into peanut oil. Approximately 20% of the world's vegetable oil is peanut oil. Commonly cultivated seeds have an oil content of 42 to 52%,
Contains 25 to 32% protein.

Tremendous improvements have been made to the peanut plant since 1928. The grower's initial improvement objectives are to achieve the most marketable and/or "hogging off"
ff) The objective was to develop a variant suitable for J. Today, improvement programs are divided into three groups of people: those who want varieties with high yield and resistance to pests and environmental changes, and those who want varieties with uniform maturity and good processing characteristics. It must meet the demands of processors and consumers who desire the nutritional properties and shape, size, color, texture, and aroma of fruits and seeds.

There has been success in improving peanuts to meet these ever-changing demands.

Peanuts from 40 years ago [Dixie
Barry Runner: ] had only 41% of its assimilates classified as fruits, but Barry Bunch, introduced in 1977, was an extremely effective peanut producer, with 98% of its assimilates classified as fruit. is classified as a fruit.

The results of these improvement programs are also reflected in the distribution of peanut varieties produced in the United States, with approximately 9
0% are improved varieties. In 1982, the area under peanut cultivation in the United States was
nner) seeds alone account for 71%.

In general, peanut breeding is carried out by pedigree breeding between thousands of different lines after controlled breeding.

For this operation, which spans a period of 10 to 20 years, undesirable plants and lines are eliminated, leaving only those clearly superior in terms of economically desirable characteristics. The key to successful breeding is the source of genetic variation and the means to transfer it to the desired variety.

Advantageously, there are a considerable number of variants available of cultivated species, especially in terms of morphological and chemical characteristics. The oil content of each genotype varies over a wide range from less than 45% to more than 55%, and the fatty acid composition of the oil also shows considerable variability in each strain. The ratio of polyunsaturated oils to saturated oils in some strains of peanuts is about 2:1, which is desirable for lowering serum cholesterol levels. Genetic variability can also be used to increase deficiencies of amino acids, particularly methionine, among the above breeds, but larger variations are required. Stronger resistance to diseases, nematodes, toxic molds and premature disease is also required.

Some wild Arachis species are immune to fungi and Cercospora leaf spot disease, and have resistance to spider mites, resistance to small stem borers, and many other desirable characteristics. However, a wild diploid species (2N=20) has 4
Sexually incompatible with the cultivar N=40.

The embryo extraction method, in which newly born embryos are surgically removed and tissue cultured, and the protoplast fusion method, in which cells of different species are combined to grow a complete plant from a viable hybridoma, have been used until now for peanut cultivation. This opens up a vast new gene pool that has been largely unavailable to humans.

Improving the quality of peanut oil, in terms of its impact on the shelf life and nutritional value of products made from peanut oil, has long been an objective of breeding programs [Norden (No.
rden), ``Sunshine State Apr Research Report (Sunshine 5tateApr
il Res, Report) J January 1968, 1
pp. 4-16; Norden et al., Oleaginaux J Vol. 23, 583-
585 pages). Since fatty acids make up the majority of the weight of oil molecules, the physical and chemical properties of an oil tend to be determined by the properties of these fatty acids, which are the main components of its composition. There are 12 fatty acids in peanuts, but the amount is 5.
The only three acids that exceed % are palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid [Ahmed et al., “
Peanut Science and Technology
e and Technology) J1982,
pp. 655-688; HoE, Pattee and C, T, Y
(ed.)]. Approximately 90% of the fatty acid composition of peanut oil
is dominated by these three acids, with oleic acid and linoleic acid accounting for about 80%. The other fatty acids are about 10% each, with concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 3.59%.

Peanut genotypes are known, with oleic acid content ranging from a minimum of 35% to a maximum of 71%, and linoleic acid content ranging from a minimum of 11% to a maximum of 43%.

[Bovi's doctoral dissertation, University of Florida (Uni
v.

of Florida), 1982;
Tread-well and others “Ole
agineaux) J Volume 38, 1983, 381
〜385 pages; Worthing-ton
) ``Oleaginaux J 2nd
6, 1971, pp. 695-700; Washington (W.
orthing-ton) rJournal of the American Oil Chemical Society (J, Amer,
Oil Chem, Soc, ) J Volume 54, 1
977, pp. 105-108] Washington (Wo
rthington) and Hammons
(1977) results showed that sample stability of peanut oil and peanut butter was closely correlated with the amount of linoleic acid, and linoleic acid should be used when developing new peanut varieties. It is concluded that selecting a lower amount of acid results in an improved product with a longer shelf life.

Problem to be solved by the invention Florrunner is currently the most widely grown commercial peanut cultivar in the United States.
(underneath) J contains about 51% oleic acid and about 29% linoleic acid, so the oleic acid/linoleic acid ratio (0/L) is slightly less than 2.

The final quality of peanut products is determined by these two fatty acids. Oleic acid has one double bond and linoleic acid has two double bonds. storage period,
That is, the shelf life of a peanut product before it develops a putrid odor decreases as the amount of linoleic acid increases.

That is, the fewer double bonds there are in peanut oil, the longer the shelf life will be.

From a health standpoint, there are a lot of double bonds (high degree of unsaturation)
Oils are more desirable in reducing arteriosclerosis. Growers are therefore faced with the paradox of having to grow products with high levels of unsaturation for consumers and products with low levels of unsaturation for processors. Recent research in human nutrition points out that high levels of monounsaturated oleic acid, similar to polyunsaturated linoleic acid, effectively lower plasma cholesterol [Mattson ( Mattson et al. “Journal of Lipid Research (J, LipidRes)
26, pp. 194-202, 1
985].

Therefore, if high oleic acid and low linoleic acid peanut lines were developed, such lines would be desirable to both consumers and processors.

Until now, peanuts with a high content of oleic acid and a low amount of linoleic acid are completely unknown.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a new peanut food line for producing peanut seeds with a higher content of oleic acid and lower amount of linoleic acid compared to previous ones.

Another object of the invention is to provide a new peanut oil with a long shelf life.

Means for Solving the Problems The present invention provides seeds with an oleic acid content of about 74 to 84% and a linoleic acid content of about 2% based on the total fatty acid content of the seeds.
to 8%, and the ratio of the amount of oleic acid to linoleic acid in the seed is from about 9:1 to 42=1.

The present invention further provides novel peanut plants for producing the above seeds.

The present invention further provides a peanut seed product comprised primarily of a substantially homogeneous mass of peanut seeds as described above.

The present invention further provides for the production of seeds of Arachistlyp
ogaea L,) is provided.

The present invention further provides peanut oil having a long shelf life, which is made from the above-mentioned peanut seeds.

The present invention achieves the following by increasing the oleic acid content, lowering the linoleic acid content, and lowering its iodine value.
This is based on the development of new peanut seeds that have made it possible to produce peanut products, especially peanut oil and foods, with a longer shelf life and improved nutritional quality.

Although this novel germoplasmic axis (erm-plasm) is a pure line, other novel peanut seeds can also be produced by crossing with and selecting from other peanut groups.

This new genotype was developed using improved breeding methods. Standard and improved breeding methods are described in detail in the following papers: (1) Norden A, J:t, -, (Norden
"Breeding of the cultivated peanut (Arachia hypoganianil)" by A, J.
lttivated peanuts (Arachiah
ypogaea L,)) J 1973, 175-
Page 208, C.

Peanuts, Their Cultivation and Utilization, edited by C.T. Wilson.
re and Uses) J American Peanuts Research and Education Society (
Am, Peanut Res.

and Ecluc, Sac, ), Stillwater, Oklahoma? (Okla
homa); (2) Norden, J., (N
orden A, J,) [Peanut (Peanut)
) J pp. 443-456, etch.

゛Ecchi, Hadley (H, H, Hadley) and tab!
7 You, 7-R, Fehr (If, R, Fehr)
“Crop hybridization” in a.
of Crop Plants) J American Society of Crop Plants (Am, Sac, of Agr.
(1980); (3) Norden A.
, J,), O, Day-, Smith (0, D, Sm1th
) right and tee.

Tabriny, Gorbet (D, Ill, Gorbet)
0) Breeding of r-cultivated peanuts
of the cultivatedpeanut)
J pages 95-122, Ecchi, E, Patty (H1ε
, pattee) and C, T, Young (C, T,
``Peanut Science and Technology (Peanut)
s 5science and Technology)
J American Peanut Research and Education Society (Am.

Peanut Res, and Educ, Sac,)
, TX, Yocum, 1982; (4) Norden A, J.
), Day, Tabriny, Gorbet (D, W, G
orbet) and Day, Nie, Knaft (D, A,
Application Genetics in Peanut Breeding (Knauft)
Peanut variety improvement
t) J 70 Lida Agricultural Research (Fl
orida Agr.

Res., 1984, 3:16-18°. The entire contents of each of the above documents constitute a part of the present specification.

Standard breeding methods continue to select single seedlings in the early generations of crossbreeding and combine them with different seedlings only when they become genetically homogeneous. The invention is based on initial bulking and testing.

Although there are disease differences and chemical differences, each lineage clusters together based on phenotypic similarities. There are two important factors in determining which sublineages to aggregate.

That is, both growth characteristics and reproductive characteristics must be considered. Observe the F3 and F4 generations in the field and in the laboratory to determine which strains can aggregate. Decisions can be made about which lineages to cluster or not based on field observations in a given year, and reproductive characteristics can then be observed. Since then, he has continued to explore all strains and keep records of fruits and seeds. Select plants that are disease-free and have uniform shells and seeds. Aggregation occurs when all sections are uniform. Although not a homogeneous strain, strains with superior traits preserve their germinal protoplasm for future use. Additional market quality evaluations, chemical, processing and aroma tests on the assembled strains are obtained during the winter. Also, re-evaluate selected fruits and seeds during the winter. All strains and their selection results are displayed by group (family).

Until now, no studies have been conducted to integrate desired gene sequences into peanut cells.

Gene sequence integration technology for higher plants is undeveloped;
Only a few special genes have been isolated for improving quantitative traits of peanuts, such as yield rate.

EXAMPLE The present invention includes two particularly preferred novel peanut lines, these being UF 435-1-1 and UF43.
It was named 5-1-2.

Genealogy (ped) showing these two lineages in full
igree) is: In this genealogy U
F is for University of Florida (tlni-versity of
Florida). Number 435 is the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (AR8), CRD, Peanut Investigations, Beltsville, Maryland.
This is the hybrid number assigned by the University of Florida to the original seed sample received in 1959 from S. The mother of mating number 435 is a runner market type “Florispan (Fl)”.
orispan) J (Arachis hypogaea L,), hypogaea subspecies, hypogaea (hy
pogaea) variety], and his father was the Spanish market type [Arachis hypoganianil (Arachis hypogaea) variety].
pogaea L, ), 77 Stydiata (fas
tigiata) subspecies, vulgaris
s) Variant゛.

The first number in the above phylogenetic diagram is the mating number and relates to the F1 generation. If a capital B follows this cross number, this indicates that it is a reciproca cross in the cross register.
This means that it is a strain recorded as 1). For example, cross number 427 is ♀393-7-I
X♂Ga, shows the F1 generation of the cross of 119-20, 4
27B is the reverse cross of this, i.e. ♀Ga, 119-2
The F3 generation of the cross of 0X♂393-7-1 is shown.

The selection of single plants and the aggregation of single plants are the key points in how this invention was born. Each line number following a cross relates to a specific single plant selected.

Example: 427B-3-7-1-b3-83-8 The number 3 following 427B in this pedigree indicates the third plant in the series selected in the F2 generation, and 7 indicates the third plant in the series selected in the F3 generation. The seventh plant is shown.

Selected plant assemblages are indicated by lowercase letters in the phylogenetic tree. The lowercase letters are underlined along with the number of plants in clusters. For example, 427B-3-7-
1-b3-83-8 means that three single plants were aggregated together in the F5 generation.

The fact that all divisions have been aggregated is indicated by a capital letter in the family tree. When a plurality of sections are grouped together, the capital letter B is underlined along with the section number. For example, 427B-3-7-1-b3-83-B has all three plots (except for the very obvious weakened type of plant)
This means that they were grouped together in the F6 generation.

Each number and letter after the first F (crossing number) in the pedigree diagram indicates a generation. If both a letter and a number are underlined, it indicates one generation.

In the case of cross number 435, F2 is Bernbill (Be
I tsv i 11e), so its generation is actually higher than that obtained by counting numbers and B in the final pedigree. That is, it is Fll+ rather than F1a.

The basic breeding method used to obtain the two unique UF lines described above is cross-breeding followed by line selection, which is the breeding method most commonly used by peanut growers. . The F1 generation of the cross and the assembled F2 are
Beltsville, Maryland
It was cultivated in

In addition to the oil quality properties, changes in the above 435 were observed in many other properties. For example, changes in plant height, shell size, and seed shape and dimensions appear. In the early generations, many small plants appeared, and the shell dimensions changed from the runner market type to the Spanish market type, which has extremely small dimensions. Furthermore, plants with shells covered with soft hair and plants with thin, constricted shells appeared,
These are caused by a mismatch between the growth of the seed and the shell at the time of ripening, which causes the seed coat and shell to split. Many of these early species transmitted undesirable traits. Because of this excessive cracking of the seed coat and shell, early strains were
Some of them were susceptible to infection by bacteria (Erigillus flavus). However, in the novel high oleic acid and low linoleic acid line according to the present invention, properties such as cracking of the shell and seed coat are almost eliminated.

Peanut genotypes (strains) selected for fatty acid analysis
are grown using recommended cultivation methods.

That is, the seeds were sown between April and May, and harvested when they were judged to be mature based on the general condition of the plant and the color of the seed shell and inside. Irrigation was done as needed.

A sample of unpodded shells from each genotype was randomly selected, but only healthy ripe seeds were found.

The fatty acid composition of a total of 494 peanut genotypes from the Florida Breeding Program (1984 and 1985 production) was determined. The results of the present invention are shown in Table 1. Of the 228 genotypes analyzed from the 1985 production, 118 genotypes were from Marianna, Florida, and 110 were from Gainsville, Florida. The 298 genotypes from 1985 include 147 from Marianna and 151 from Gainsville. It also includes some cultivated varieties and imported plants. All genotypes were experimentally observed in each section for several years.

Generally, the primary concern of plant growers is the genetic variation required for improved varieties. Therefore, in order to show the degree of variability, Table 1 shows only the values of the six genotypes with the highest oil content properties and the six genotypes with the lowest oil content. Furthermore, Table 1 also shows the values of the commercially cultivated variety "Florunner".

The two UF435 lines of the present invention improve the stability of peanut oil and peanut products compared to the fatty acid composition of "Florunner" and all other known peanut genotypes, as seen in Table 1. It shows a significant increase in oleic acid, which is the key to nutritional excellence, and a decrease in linoleic acid. These two UF435 strains are
1959 from the Bernville, Maryland Seed Bank
These were selected and improved from seed samples received in 2013.

During the first seven years of oil quality testing (1968-1974), the oil composition of the 435 parent stocks was 50% oleic acid.
．． 8 ± 1.3%, linoleic acid 26.2 ± 1.2%, and the iodine value of UF435 oil during this initial 7 years was 91
．． It was 3±1.3.

The peanut lines of the present invention exhibiting high oleic acid levels and low linoleic acid levels are a result of developing new genotypes by the above method.

It is also the case in other harvested plants that the relative amounts of oleic and linoleic acids vary depending on the dominant gene at one locus. For example, safflower is high in linoleic acid, but two different alleles result in recessive homozygotes with either 75% or 45% oleic acid. Day, Earl on this point.

Stack (St., edited by D. R. Murray)
ack)'s ``Seed Physiol''
ogy) J Vol. 1, 1984, pp. 209-244. Because oleate is a precursor to both long-chain and unsaturated fatty acids, differences in the relative amounts of these fatty acids are likely the result of differences in the relative rates of synthesis and metabolism of oleate. .

The above peanut lines of the present invention are marketed in the United States because of their small shells and seeds (Virginia >34/64 inch sieve with no shell and healthy ripe seeds weighing 35 to 45 g per 100 seeds). System (U, S,!Marketing System
em), it is classified as a commercially available Spanish type. "Florunner J and"
The weight of Florispan J type is
Both are about 60g per 100 seeds.

The novel peanut plants of the present invention are similar to the Plorispan plant, which has an eastward spreading characteristic, and the leaf color is a lighter green than other runner market cultivars. Color differences are more easily seen when grown next to runner market cultivar plants.

As mentioned above, the novel UF435 genotype of the present invention is
It was derived from a seed sample received in 1959. Many of the early ones carried the undesirable trait of splitting the seed coat and shell due to mismatched growth of the growing seed and shell. However, in the novel high oleic acid, low linoleic acid line of the present invention, the characteristic of cracking of the shell and seed coat has almost disappeared. UF 435-2-1 (85-1237
) The percentage of shells that crack in the strain is 0.8% by weight, and the U F
The proportion of shells that crack in the 435-2-2 (85-1241) line is 1.7% by weight. A commonly cultivated cultivar called Star Spanish (Starr 5pani)
sh) The proportion of crackable shells in J is 0.5% by weight. The novel peanut shells of the present invention are more uniform in shape than Star Spanish. That is, the one-chambered shell of this peanut is only 8 to 10% by weight, while in Star Spanish it is twice this amount, or 20%. 19
The results of fatty acid analysis of new peanuts produced in 1986 are 1.
The results are almost the same as those produced in 1985.

Preferred strains have an oleic acid content of about 79 to 80%;
Linoleic acid content is 2 to 3%, iodine value is 73 to 75
It is.

Claims (1)

[Scope of Claims] (1) The content of oleic acid is about 74 to 84% with respect to the total content of fatty acids, and the content of linoleic acid is about 2 to 8%.
%, and the ratio of the amount of oleic acid to linoleic acid is from about 9:1 to about 42:1. 2. The peanut seed of claim 1, wherein the linoleic acid content is about 2 to 3%. 3. The peanut seed of claim 1, wherein the oleic acid content is about 79 to 80%. (4) Peanut seed according to claim 1, characterized in that said peanut seed is the product of a peanut plant having the characteristics of a line designated UF435-2--1 or UF435-2--2. (5) Peanut seeds according to claim 1, characterized in that the weight of healthy ripe seeds is 35 to 45 g per 100 seeds. (6) The peanut seed according to claim 1, having an iodine value of about 73 to 75. (7) The content of oleic acid is about 74 to 84% and the content of linoleic acid is about 2 to 8% of the total content of fatty acids.
The ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid is approximately 9:1.
Peanut plants that produce seeds that are about 42:1 from (8) The peanut plant of claim 7, wherein the linoleic acid content is about 2 to 3%. (9) The peanut plant of claim 7, wherein the oleic acid content is about 79 to 80%. (10) The above peanut plant is UF435-2--1
Peanut plant according to claim 7, characterized in that it has the characteristics of a line named UF435-2--2. (11) Peanut plant according to claim 7, characterized in that the weight of healthy ripe seeds is 35 to 45 g per 100 seeds. (12) The peanut plant according to claim 7, having an iodine value of about 73 to 75. (13) The content of oleic acid is about 74 to 84% and the content of linoleic acid is about 2 to 8% of the total content of fatty acids.
%, the ratio of the amount of oleic acid to linoleic acid is about 9:
A product of the seed Arachishypogaea L. consisting essentially of a substantially uniform mass of peanut seeds having a ratio of 1 to about 42:1. 14. The seed product of claim 13, wherein the linoleic acid content is about 2 to 3%. 15. The seed product of claim 13, wherein the oleic acid content is about 79 to 80%. (16) The above seeds are UF435-2--1 or UF
Seed product according to claim 13, characterized in that it is the product of a peanut plant having the characteristics of the line designated 435-2--2. (17) Claim 13, characterized in that the weight of healthy ripe seeds is 35 to 45 g per 100 seeds.
Seed products listed in. (18) The seed product according to claim 13, having an iodine value of about 73 to 75. (19) the content of oleic acid is about 74 to 84% relative to the total content of fatty acids;
Arachis hypogaeaerus, which produces peanut seeds with a linoleic acid content of about 2 to 8% and a ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid of about 9:1 to about 42:1.
Arachishypogaea L. ) A peanut variety consisting essentially of a substantially homogeneous group of plants. (20) The peanut variety according to claim 19, wherein the linoleic acid content is about 2 to 3%. (21) The peanut variety according to claim 19, wherein the oleic acid content is about 79 to 80%. (22) The peanut variety according to claim 19, wherein the peanut plant has characteristics of the line represented by UF435-2-1 or UF435-2-2. (23) Claim 19, characterized in that the weight of healthy ripe seeds is 35 to 45 g per 100 seeds.
Peanut varieties listed in. (24) The peanut variety according to claim 19, having an iodine value of about 73 to 75. (25) The content of oleic acid is about 74 to 84% and the content of linoleic acid is about 2 to 8% of the total content of fatty acids.
%, the ratio of the amount of oleic acid to linoleic acid is about 9:
Peanut oil made from peanut seeds having a ratio of 1 to about 42:1. (26) The peanut oil of claim 25, wherein the linoleic acid content is about 2 to 3%. (27) The peanut oil of claim 25, wherein the oleic acid content is about 79 to 80%. (28) The above seeds are UF435-2--1 or UF
Peanut oil according to claim 25, characterized in that it is the product of a peanut plant having the characteristics of the line designated 435-2--2. (29) Claim 25, characterized in that the weight of healthy ripe seeds is 35 to 45 g per 100 seeds.
Peanut oil as listed in. (30) The peanut oil according to claim 25, having an iodine value of about 73 to 75.