JPH02207010A - High-temperature investment material for dental casting - Google Patents
High-temperature investment material for dental castingInfo
- Publication number
- JPH02207010A JPH02207010A JP1026755A JP2675589A JPH02207010A JP H02207010 A JPH02207010 A JP H02207010A JP 1026755 A JP1026755 A JP 1026755A JP 2675589 A JP2675589 A JP 2675589A JP H02207010 A JPH02207010 A JP H02207010A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- temperature
- phosphate
- investment material
- calcium
- prepared
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- GBNXLQPMFAUCOI-UHFFFAOYSA-H tetracalcium;oxygen(2-);diphosphate Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GBNXLQPMFAUCOI-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910000391 tricalcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 235000019731 tricalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229940078499 tricalcium phosphate Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- -1 calcium phosphate compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940043430 calcium compound Drugs 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001674 calcium compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052588 hydroxylapatite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;hydroxide;triphosphate Chemical compound [OH-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003779 heat-resistant material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005495 investment casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001463 metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Dental Preparations (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
（産業上の利用分野）
本発明は、クラウン、インレー、アンレーなどの歯科補
綴物を精密鋳造によって作成する際に用いる歯科鋳造用
高温埋没材に関するものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION (Industrial Application Field) The present invention relates to a high-temperature investment material for dental casting used when producing dental prostheses such as crowns, inlays, and onlays by precision casting.
（従来の技術）
従来より、クラウン、インレー、アンレーなとの歯科補
綴物としては金属、プラスチック、陶石が使用されてお
り、これらを精密鋳造するために、ロストワックス法と
模型ごと埋没法の２つの方法が採用されている。これら
に用いられる鋳造用埋没材は、結合材、耐熱材、膨張材
の混合物から成り、比較的溶融点の低い金、銀、パラジ
ウムから成る合金に用いられる石こう系埋没材と、陶材
、Ｎｉ−Ｃｒ系合金などの比較的溶融点の高い鋳造物の
場合に用いられるリン酸塩系埋没材に大別される。(Prior technology) Traditionally, metals, plastics, and porcelain stones have been used for dental prostheses such as crowns, inlays, and onlays.To precisely cast these, the lost wax method and the immersion method with the model have been used. Two methods have been adopted. The casting investment materials used for these are made of a mixture of a binder, a heat-resistant material, and an expansive material, including a gypsum-based investment material used for alloys made of gold, silver, and palladium, which have relatively low melting points, and porcelain and Ni. - It is broadly classified into phosphate-based investment materials used for castings with relatively high melting points such as Cr-based alloys.
しかし、これらの埋没材には次の様な問題点があった。However, these investment materials had the following problems.
すなわち、ロストワックス法において従来の埋没材は、
凝結膨張と熱膨張の組み合わせで原型の形状を補償して
いるが、凝結膨張の際に部分的に不均一な膨張を示し、
鋳造物の変形を生じる原因となっている。また、裏面状
態の再現性を良くするため、粒子を細かくしたり、混練
り水を少なくしたりしているが、その結果、埋没材のス
ラリー状態の流動性が低下したり、埋没材の通気性が悪
くなり鋳込み不良などの原因となっている。また、加熱
膨張を得るために石英、クリストバライトが多く配合さ
れており、石英は５００〜６００℃、クリストバライト
は２００〜３００℃において相変化に起因する熱膨張を
示すが、鋳型加熱速度が速いとこの相変態温度域で急激
な熱膨張を起こし、鋳型に亀裂が生じやすい欠点を有し
ていた。さらに、リン酸塩系埋没材は、金属酸化物とリ
ン酸塩の反応を利用した結合材が用いられているが、鋳
型の強さが大きく、鋳造後鋳造物から鋳型を取り出す労
力が大きく、鋳造物を変形させる原因になっていた。In other words, in the lost wax method, the conventional investment material is
The shape of the original model is compensated for by a combination of condensation expansion and thermal expansion, but during condensation expansion, it expands partially non-uniformly,
This causes deformation of the casting. In addition, in order to improve the reproducibility of the back surface condition, the particles are made finer and the amount of mixing water is reduced, but as a result, the fluidity of the slurry state of the investment material decreases, and the ventilation of the investment material This results in poor casting properties and causes poor casting. In addition, large amounts of quartz and cristobalite are blended to obtain thermal expansion, and quartz exhibits thermal expansion due to phase change at 500 to 600°C and cristobalite to 200 to 300°C, but this occurs when the mold heating rate is high. It has the disadvantage of causing rapid thermal expansion in the phase transformation temperature range, which tends to cause cracks in the mold. Furthermore, phosphate-based investment materials use a binding material that utilizes the reaction between metal oxides and phosphates, but the strength of the mold is large, and it takes a lot of effort to remove the mold from the casting after casting. This caused the casting to become deformed.
（発明が解決しようとする課題）
そこで、歯科精密鋳造物を得るために埋没材として望ま
れる条件として、
１）原型の形状、表面状態を精細に再現できること
２）鋳造物の鋳造時収縮を補うための膨張性を有してお
り、また、耐熱性にすぐれること３）通気性にすぐれ、
型離れがよいこと４）高温安定性にすぐれること
などがあげられる。しかし、従来の埋没材においては、
上記条件をすべて満足する材料は未だない。(Problems to be Solved by the Invention) Therefore, the desirable conditions for an investment material in order to obtain a precision dental casting are: 1) The shape and surface condition of the original model can be precisely reproduced 2) The shrinkage during casting of the cast product can be compensated for. 3) It has excellent breathability, and has excellent heat resistance.
4) Excellent high temperature stability. However, in conventional investment materials,
There is still no material that satisfies all of the above conditions.
本発明は、このように上記条件をすべて満足できる歯科
鋳造用高温埋没材を提供することを目的とする。An object of the present invention is to provide a high-temperature investment material for dental casting that can satisfy all of the above conditions.
（課題を解決するための手段）
そこで、本発明者らは、上記課題を解決するために鋭意
研究を行なった結果、本発明を達成した。(Means for Solving the Problems) Therefore, the present inventors conducted intensive research to solve the above problems, and as a result, achieved the present invention.
すなわち本発明は、カルシウムとリンのモル比が１．５
〜２．０であるリン酸カルシウム化合物を、１２００℃
以上で高温熱分解させて得られるα型リン酸三カルシウ
ムとリン酸四カルシウムを結合材として用いることを特
徴とする歯科鋳造用高温埋没材である。That is, in the present invention, the molar ratio of calcium to phosphorus is 1.5.
~2.0 calcium phosphate compound at 1200°C
This is a high-temperature investment material for dental casting characterized by using α-type tricalcium phosphate and tetracalcium phosphate obtained by high-temperature pyrolysis as binders.
上記結合材としては、平均粒径１０〜３０μｍ１最大粒
径８８μｍに粉砕、粒調したものが好ましい。また、結
合材としてのα型リン酸三カルシウムとリン酸四カルシ
ウムの混合物は水、酸および塩を含む水溶液の少なくと
も１種で混練りすると常温で硬化し、しかも１３００℃
の高温まで分解、崩壊することなく硬化体形状を保持す
ることができる。混練りの量比は、結合材１００重量部
に対し混練り液１０〜５０重量部が適当である。また、
このα型リン酸三カルシウムとリン酸四カルシウム混合
物に膨張賦与剤としてシリカ、マグネシア、アルミナお
よびこれらを含む化合物の少なくとも１種を加えて膨張
性を賦与することができる。The above-mentioned binder is preferably pulverized and adjusted to have an average particle size of 10 to 30 μm and a maximum particle size of 88 μm. Furthermore, when the mixture of α-type tricalcium phosphate and tetracalcium phosphate as a binder is kneaded with at least one of water, an acid, and an aqueous solution containing a salt, it hardens at room temperature, and furthermore, it hardens at 1300°C.
It can maintain its cured shape without decomposing or collapsing up to high temperatures. The appropriate mixing ratio is 10 to 50 parts by weight of the kneading liquid to 100 parts by weight of the binder. Also,
Expandability can be imparted to the α-type tricalcium phosphate and tetracalcium phosphate mixture by adding at least one of silica, magnesia, alumina, and compounds containing these as an expansion agent.
α型リン酸三カルシウムとリン酸四カルシウムの混合材
は、カルシウムとリンのモル比が１．５〜２．０である
リン酸カルシウム化合物を１２００℃以上で高温熱分解
して得ることができる。カルシウムとリンのモル比が１
．５〜２．０であるのは硬化した時にハイドロキシアパ
タイトを生成し高温で安定であるからである。The mixed material of α-type tricalcium phosphate and tetracalcium phosphate can be obtained by high-temperature thermal decomposition of a calcium phosphate compound having a molar ratio of calcium to phosphorus of 1.5 to 2.0 at 1200° C. or higher. The molar ratio of calcium to phosphorus is 1
．． The reason why it is 5 to 2.0 is that when hardened, hydroxyapatite is produced and is stable at high temperatures.
膨張賦与剤としてシリカ、マグネシア、アルミナなどを
添加するのは、歯科鋳造用埋没材として凝結膨張と熱膨
張とを得るのに有効な材料であるからである。The reason why silica, magnesia, alumina, etc. are added as an expansion agent is that they are effective materials for obtaining solidification expansion and thermal expansion as an investment material for dental casting.
また、結合材の平均粒径が１０〜３０μｍ、最大粒径が
８８μｍの範囲内であると硬化した埋没材の表面状態を
精細に再現できる。さらに、この範囲内で硬化時間の調
節と硬化体強度の保持に有効である。Further, when the average particle size of the binder is within the range of 10 to 30 μm and the maximum particle size is within the range of 88 μm, the surface state of the hardened investment material can be reproduced in detail. Furthermore, within this range, it is effective to adjust the curing time and maintain the strength of the cured product.
また、α型リン酸三カルシウムとリン酸四カルシウムの
混合物である結合材１００重量部に、混練り液として水
、酸および塩を含む水溶液の少なくとも１種を１０〜５
０重量部加える必要がある。Further, 10 to 5 parts by weight of at least one of water, an aqueous solution containing an acid and a salt as a kneading liquid is added to 100 parts by weight of a binder which is a mixture of α-type tricalcium phosphate and tetracalcium phosphate.
0 parts by weight need to be added.
（実施例） 以下、本発明を実施例によりさらに具体的に説明する。(Example) Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained in more detail with reference to Examples.
実施例１
湿式合成法によるカルシウムとリンのモル比が１．６０
であるハイドロキシアパタイトを乾燥後、１５００℃で
１０時間電気炉で熱処理した。熱処理後の試料の１部を
粉砕しＸ線回折法にて同定したところα型リン酸三カル
シウムとリン酸四カルシウムに分解していることを確認
した。残りの試料をポットミルにて粉砕し、８８μｍふ
るいにて粒度調整し８８μｍ以下の粉砕物（結合材）を
得た。Example 1 Mole ratio of calcium and phosphorus by wet synthesis method is 1.60
After drying the hydroxyapatite, it was heat-treated in an electric furnace at 1500°C for 10 hours. A portion of the heat-treated sample was crushed and identified by X-ray diffraction, and it was confirmed that it had been decomposed into α-type tricalcium phosphate and tetracalcium phosphate. The remaining sample was pulverized with a pot mill and the particle size was adjusted with an 88 μm sieve to obtain a pulverized product (binder) having a particle size of 88 μm or less.
この結合材３５％とクリスバライト６０％、アルミナ５
％を混合しミキサーで均一に混合した。35% of this binder, 60% of crisbalite, 5% of alumina
% and mixed uniformly with a mixer.
この様にして得られた歯科用埋没材原料に、２％リン酸
ナトリウム、硫酸ナトリウム、クエン酸ナトリウム混合
溶液を混練り液として３０％添加し、常法により試験の
結果、硬化時間８分、練和時３時間後の圧縮強度２２Ｍ
Ｐａ、７００℃焼成後の圧縮強度１８ＭＰａ、硬化膨張
０．６％、加熱膨張１．４％であった。A mixed solution of 2% sodium phosphate, sodium sulfate, and sodium citrate was added at 30% as a kneading solution to the dental investment material raw material obtained in this way, and as a result of a test using a conventional method, the hardening time was 8 minutes. Compressive strength 22M after 3 hours of kneading
The compressive strength after firing at 700° C. was 18 MPa, the curing expansion was 0.6%, and the heating expansion was 1.4%.
（発明の効果）
本発明の歯科鋳造用埋没材によれば、インレーアンレー
等を鋳造する場合に原型の形状、表面状態を精細に表現
でき、高温安定性にすぐれた埋没材を提供することがで
きる。(Effects of the Invention) According to the investment material for dental casting of the present invention, when casting an inlay onlay, etc., it is possible to precisely express the shape and surface condition of the original model, and to provide an investment material with excellent high temperature stability. can.
Claims (1)
リン酸カルシウム化合物を、１２００℃以上で高温熱分
解させて得られるα型リン酸三カルシウムとリン酸四カ
ルシウムを結合材として用いることを特徴とする歯科鋳
造用高温埋没材。 ２）結合材に、シリカ、マグネシア、アルミナおよびこ
れらを含む化合物の少くとも１種を膨張賦与剤として添
加した特許請求の範囲第１項記載の歯科鋳造用高温埋没
材。 ３）結合材１００重量部に対して、混練り液として水、
酸および塩を含む水溶液の少なくとも１種を１０〜５０
重量部加えた特許請求範囲第１項記載の歯科鋳造用高温
埋没材。 ４）結合材の平均粒径が１０〜３０μｍ、最大粒径が８
８μｍである特許請求の範囲第１項記載の歯科鋳造用高
温埋没材。[Claims] 1) α-type tricalcium phosphate and tetracalcium phosphate obtained by thermally decomposing a calcium phosphate compound having a molar ratio of calcium to phosphorus of 1.5 to 2.0 at a temperature of 1200°C or higher. A high-temperature investment material for dental casting, characterized in that it uses as a binding material. 2) The high-temperature investment material for dental casting according to claim 1, wherein at least one of silica, magnesia, alumina, and a compound containing these is added to the binder as an expansion agent. 3) Water as a kneading liquid for 100 parts by weight of the binder;
10 to 50% of at least one aqueous solution containing an acid and a salt
A high-temperature investment material for dental casting according to claim 1, including parts by weight. 4) The average particle size of the binder is 10 to 30 μm, and the maximum particle size is 8
The high-temperature investment material for dental casting according to claim 1, which has a diameter of 8 μm.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1026755A JP2747834B2 (en) | 1989-02-07 | 1989-02-07 | High-temperature investment for dental casting |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1026755A JP2747834B2 (en) | 1989-02-07 | 1989-02-07 | High-temperature investment for dental casting |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH02207010A true JPH02207010A (en) | 1990-08-16 |
| JP2747834B2 JP2747834B2 (en) | 1998-05-06 |
Family
ID=12202098
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1026755A Expired - Lifetime JP2747834B2 (en) | 1989-02-07 | 1989-02-07 | High-temperature investment for dental casting |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2747834B2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20220169572A1 (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2022-06-02 | Goodwin Plc | Investment powder |
-
1989
- 1989-02-07 JP JP1026755A patent/JP2747834B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20220169572A1 (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2022-06-02 | Goodwin Plc | Investment powder |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2747834B2 (en) | 1998-05-06 |
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