JPH02882A - Epoxy resin for toner and toner for developing electrostatic charge image formed by using said resin as binder - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To allow fixing at a low temp. without generating offset by forming the toner in such a manner as to have an epoxy resin, specific active hydrogen compd. and specific oligomer. CONSTITUTION:This toner is obtd. by bringing the bisphenol type and/or hydrogenated bisphenol type epoxy resin (a), the bisphenol compd. (b), the active hydrogen compd. and/or acid anhydrides (c) having >=3 equiv. active hydrogen and/or acid anhydride group reacting with the epoxy group in one molecule, and the oligomer (d) consisting of butadiene and/or isoprene as a main monomer and having average >=1.5 equiv. active hydrogen and/or acid anhydride group reacting with the epoxy group in the molecule into reaction with each other. The contents of the components (b), (c) are within the range of the formulas I, II and the content of the compnoent (d) is 2-30pts.wt. per 100pts.wt. (a+b+c). alpha, gamma, rho, f are expressed by the formulas III-VI. The execution of the low-tem. fixing is possible in this way.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention <Field of Industrial Application> The present invention relates to an electrophotographic toner used for electronic copying, facsimile, etc., and in particular to an epoxy resin for toner that can be fixed at a low temperature and does not cause offset, and an epoxy resin for toner using the same. The present invention relates to a toner for developing an electrostatic image using a binder resin.

<Prior Art> Developers used in electrophotography are known to be of a -component type and a two-component type.

A two-component developer is a mixture of a colored powder (toner) and a carrier, which is a charged particle. In the toner,
Contains coloring agents such as pigments and dyes, binder resin, lubricants, and other additive components.

In electrophotography, the general methods for fixing toner on a substrate such as paper include pressure fixing, in which the toner is passed between two or more metal rolls and fixed by mechanical pressure, and fused by heating the toner above its melting point. There are two types of fixing methods: a thermal fixing method that uses a heat roller, and a heat-pressure (heat roll) fixing method that combines the above two methods.

Among these, the heat-pressure fixing method is superior in terms of high-speed copying performance, but since the toner contacts the heat roll in a molten state, a so-called offset occurs in which a portion of the toner adheres to the heat roll surface and is transferred. The melting state of the toner at which such offset occurs is mainly determined by the melting point of the binder resin in the toner.

Various resins such as polyethylene, styrene-acrylic copolymers, polyesters, and epoxy resins have been proposed as binder resins.

Among these, styrene resin is less prone to offset and has excellent high-temperature running properties, and has been widely used.

However, in recent years, as the scope of use of electrophotography has expanded and it has begun to be applied to home appliances, a need has arisen for reducing power consumption. Particularly in color copying, it is necessary to fix the toner on the entire surface, so it is necessary to lower the fixing temperature of the toner.

Furthermore, high-speed fixing performance is also required as a terminal for high-speed equipment such as computers.

In terms of reducing power consumption in the heat roll and achieving high-speed copying, it is advantageous for the toner and eventually the binder resin to have a lower melting point. For this reason, when an epoxy resin is used as the binder resin, it is possible to easily obtain a toner with good fixability at low temperatures because the resin has a lower melting point than styrene resins.

In addition, styrene resin is dioctyl phthalate (DOP)
Because the toner dissolves in PVC plasticizers such as PVC, there is a problem that if copies are stored in contact with a soft PVC film, the toner from the printed matter will adhere to the film and contaminate the film. However, epoxy resin has the advantage that such a phenomenon does not occur.

However, since epoxy resins have a low molecular weight and low melt viscosity, there is a problem in that offset tends to occur.

In particular, in the case of -M bisphenol type or hydrogenated bisphenol type epoxy resins, the lower the melting point of the resin, the lower the molecular weight, so the tendency for offset to occur becomes more severe.

In order to solve the above problems, a resin with a low melting point and high melt viscosity is desired as a resin for toner.

The present inventors have already proposed the following two methods to solve this problem.

(1) An epoxy resin is reacted with butadiene and isoprene oligomers having a specific amount of active hydrogen, and a rubber component is introduced into the epoxy resin.

(2) A branched structure (partial crosslinking) is introduced by reacting an epoxy resin with a specific active hydrogen compound.

However, according to the method (1) above, the content of oligomers increases and the crushability when forming toner tends to deteriorate.

In method (2), as the proportion of polyhydric phenol or polyhydric amine increases as the active hydrogen compound, the softening point of the resin increases and low-temperature fixability deteriorates.

Therefore, if the above-mentioned method alone is used, it becomes very difficult to balance the physical properties when the physical properties required for the toner resin become more sophisticated, and as a result, there is a limit to what can be done.

<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> An object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems in the prior art, and to provide an epoxy resin for toner that has excellent low-temperature fixing properties and high-speed fixing properties, does not cause offset, and has good crushability. An object of the present invention is to provide a toner for developing electrostatic images using the same.

Means for Solving the Problems> A first aspect of the present invention comprises the following components (a), (b), and (C).
and (d) are reacted.

Here, (a) bisphenol type and/or hydrogenated bisphenol type epoxy resin, (b) bisphenol compound, (C) 3 or more equivalents of active hydrogen and/or acid anhydride groups capable of reacting with epoxy groups in one molecule. (d) butadiene and/or isoprene as raw monomers, and an average of 1.5 active hydrogen and/or acid anhydride groups that can react with epoxy groups in the molecule; It is an oligomer having an equivalent or more, and the amounts of (b) and (C) are within the range of the following formulas (1) and (2), f = (c) the number of functional groups in one molecule (d), and the amount of (a) + (b) + (c) 1o
.

The amount is 2 to 30 parts by weight based on the weight of the product.

(2) As the binder resin, the following components (a) and (b)
, (c) and (d) are reacted with each other.

Here, (a) bisphenol type and/or hydrogenated bisphenol type epoxy resin, (b) bisphenol compound, (C) 3 or more equivalents of active hydrogen and/or acid anhydride groups capable of reacting with epoxy groups in one molecule. (d) butadiene and/or isoprene as raw monomers, and an average of 1.5 active hydrogen and/or acid anhydride groups that can react with epoxy groups in the molecule; It is an oligomer having an equivalent or more amount, and the amount of (b) and (C) is within the range of the following formula (■), where; α; f = (c) the number of functional groups in the molecule (d) amount is (a) + (b) + (c) 10
The amount is 2 to 30 parts by weight relative to 0 parts by weight.

<Structure of the invention> The configuration of the present invention will be explained in detail below.

The toner of the present invention is characterized by the toner epoxy resin used as the binder, and uses an epoxy resin having the following components.

(a) Bisphenol type and hydrogenated bisphenol type epoxy resins are epoxy resins obtained from bisphenol and epichlorohydrin, or resins obtained by hydrogenating these resins.

These resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

As the epoxy resin of component (a), bisphenol A
Bisphenol type epoxy resin such as 1 bisphenol F, 1.1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, 1
．． 1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane, 1.1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)1-phenylethane, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone,
Examples include those obtained by glycidylating bisphenols such as bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ether, halides thereof, and hydrogenated compounds thereof with epichlorohydrin or β-methylepichlorohydrin.

Particularly preferred is bisphenol A type epoxy resin.

(b) Bisphenol compound This is a normal bisphenol compound used in epoxy resins, and is not particularly limited.

(c) 3 active hydrogens in one molecule that can react with epoxy groups.
An active hydrogen compound having an equivalent or more amount is a compound having three or more active hydrogens in the molecule that can react with an epoxy group such as an amino group, a carboxyl group, or a phenolic hydroxyl group, and the following are typical examples.

N-aminoethylpiperazine, diethylenetriamine,
Polyvalent amines such as triethylenetetramine, trimethylhexamethylenediamine, isophoronediamine, metaxylylenediamine, metaphenylenediamine, and diaminodiphenylmethane.

Polyamides such as condensates of polybasic acids and polyamines and organic acid dihydrazites.

Polyhydric carboxylic acids such as tricarballylic acid, aconitic acid, camphoronic acid, trimellitic acid, and pyromellitic acid.

Aminocarboxylic acids such as glycine, alanine, aminobutyric acid, leucine, cystine, lysine, aspartic acid, and aminobenzoic acid.

Iminocarphonic acids such as diglycolamic acid, triglycolamic acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

Polyhydric phenols such as pyrogallol, phloroglucin, phenol novolac, talesol novolac, and octylphenol novolac.

Aminophenols such as aminophenol, aminocresol, amylsorcin, and tyramine.

Resorucic acid, gallic acid, gentimic acid, 2.4.6-
Hydroxycarboxylic acids such as trihydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxyterephthalic acid, norhemibic acid.

Acid anhydride is a compound formed by the condensation of two carboxyl groups of a polybasic acid represented by the general formula (RCO) 20 and loss of water, and includes phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, pyromellitic anhydride, Benzophenone tetracarporic acid, ethylene glycol bis(anhydrotrimellitate),
Glycerol tris (anhydrotrimellitate), maleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride, methylnadic anhydride, alkenyl succinic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride , methylcyclohexenetetracarboxylic anhydride, chlorendic acid anhydride, tetrabromophthalic anhydride, and the like.

Particularly preferred are methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride and hexahydrophthalic anhydride.

(d) Oligomer containing butadiene and/or isoprene as the main monomer and having an average of 1.5 or more equivalents of active hydrogen and/or acid anhydride groups capable of reacting with epoxy groups in one molecule carboxyl group, phenolic hydroxyl group, monovalent Alternatively, divalent amino groups, acid anhydrides, etc. can be mentioned.

The oligomer of component (d) has an average molecular weight of 500 to
50,000 is preferred, butadiene polymer, butadiene.
Styrene copolymers, butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymers, isoprene polymers, isoprene/styrene copolymers, isoprene/acrylonitrile copolymers, etc. contain carboxyl groups, monovalent or divalent amino groups in one molecule in terms of active hydrogen. Examples include oligomers having an average weight of 1.5 equivalents or more.

Particularly preferred is a carboxyl group-modified butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer.

Here, the amounts of component (b) and component (C) are as follows:
■It is within the range of the expression.

Number of functional groups in (b) + number of functional groups in (C) f = (c) Number of functional groups in one molecule If component (b) and component (C) are outside the above range, the crushability of the present invention will be reduced. Effects such as softening point cannot be obtained.

Furthermore, the amount of component (d) is 2 to 30 parts by weight, preferably 3 to 20 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of component (a) Ten Commandments (b) Ten Commandments (C).

If the proportion of component (d) is less than 2 parts by weight, the melt viscosity will be low, and if it exceeds 30 parts by weight, the crushability will be poor.

If necessary, components (a), component (b), epoxy groups of the epoxy resin obtained by reacting component (C) and component (d), roughly in order of monovalent phenol, secondary amines, -
It is also possible to make a binder resin without epoxy groups by reacting it with an active hydrogen compound such as carboxylic acids.

The epoxy resin for the toner of the present invention contains the above component (a).
, (b), (C) and (d), styrene acrylic resin olefin oligomer resin, etc. may be added within a range that does not impair the properties of the epoxy resin for toner, and other necessary charge control agents, Flow control agents and the like may also be added.

Toner components other than the above-mentioned epoxy resin used in the binder may be pigments, dyes, release agents, etc. that are commonly used, and are not particularly limited.

Next, a method for producing the toner and epoxy resin for toner of the present invention will be described, but the present invention is not limited to these production methods.

Reactions are usually small molecules! A method is adopted in which a (liquid) (hydrogenated) bisphenol-type epoxy resin is reacted in the coexistence of (hydrogenated) bisphenols, component (C), and component (d) to increase the molecular weight by polyaddition. It will be done.

However, if necessary, after performing a reaction to increase the molecular weight of the (hydrogenated) bisphenol type epoxy resin, or using a high molecular weight (solid) (hydrogenated) bisphenol type epoxy resin obtained by separate synthesis as a raw material, It is also possible to carry out a stepwise reaction in which (C) and component (d) are reacted simultaneously or with one of them and then with the remaining.

The reaction of components (a), (b), (C) and (d) is carried out at about 50-250°C in the presence of a catalyst and optionally a solvent.
It is generally carried out preferably at a temperature of about 100-200°C.

Additionally, if desired, bisphenols and/or tertiary amines other than components (a), (b), (C) and (d) may be present in this reaction, and the reaction may be carried out while extending the chain. You can also do it.

Examples of catalysts include alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide, alkali metal alcoholides such as sodium methylate, tertiary amines such as dimethylbenzylamine, triethylamine, and pyridine;
Quaternary ammonium salts such as tetramethylammonium chloride and benzyltrimethylammonium chloride, organic phosphorus compounds such as triphenylphosphine and triethylphosphine, quaternary phosphonium salts such as triphenylphosphine/methyl iodide adduct, sodium carbonate, lithium chloride, etc. Alkali metal salts of , Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride, aluminum trichloride, and tin tetrachloride, complexes such as boron trifluoride/diethyl ether adducts, etc. are generally used in a proportion of about 0.01 to 100% of component (a). loooOpp
m, preferably about 0.1 to 1000 ppr6.

When a solvent is used, those having neither active hydrogen nor ester groups are used, such as hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene, and ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, and cyclohexanone.

To produce a toner using the above-mentioned epoxy resin for toner as a binder, a pigment such as nigrosine dye or carbon black, a charge control agent, a release agent, etc., and the epoxy resin for toner of the present invention are made into powder, The toner for developing an electrostatic image of the present invention is produced by kneading with an extruder or the like.

<Example> The present invention will be specifically explained below with reference to Examples.

(Example 1) Synthesis of m-resin 4000 g of bisphenol A type epoxy resin with epoxy fi 188 g/equivalent, bisphenol A 1145
g, orthocresol novolac resin (softening point 79°C,
182 g of carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer (Hiker CTBN 1300x13, manufactured by Ube Industries, average number of active hydrogens in the molecule 1750 g/equivalent), 400 g of OH, 500 g of xylene
g was added to a 102 separable flask equipped with a thermometer and a stirrer, and the temperature was raised to 120° C. under a N2 atmosphere.

To this was added 0.9 g of triphenylphosphine dissolved in 50 g of xylene as a catalyst.

Next, the temperature was raised to 150° C. while removing xylene by distillation under reduced pressure. After xylene distillation, return to N2 atmosphere,
The reaction was carried out at 150°C for 7 hours, and the softening point was 83°C by the durance method, and the temperature was 90°C according to JIS K-7210.
Melt flowability (M19) measured at ℃ and 500g load
0° C.) 10 g/10 ml of epoxy resin (I) was obtained.

□Preparation of toner□ 100 parts by weight of the epoxy resin (I) obtained above and 2ii parts of nigrosine dye (N-0,4 manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.),
1 part of 6-weight carbon black (Mitsubishi Kasei #30) and 9 parts of polyethylene wax were kneaded using a kneader,
After cooling, the toner was turbo-pulverized to produce a toner having an average particle size of about 13 to 15 microns, which was used as a sample.

A developer was prepared by mixing 5 parts by weight of this toner with 95 parts by weight of an iron powder carrier having an average particle size of about 60-100 .mu.m.

□Evaluation□ When producing toner by turbo-pulverizing, the charged amount and yield were measured, and if 30% by weight or more of the charged amount remained in the container due to insufficient grinding, it was determined that the grinding was defective.

After developing the electrostatic latent image formed by ordinary electrophotography using this developer, the toner image is transferred onto transfer paper using a fixing roller whose surface is made of "RTV" (silicon rubber manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical). After fixing, fixing properties and offset properties were evaluated.

(1) Fixability The transfer paper after fixing was evaluated by rubbing it with an eraser.

○ Good = 80% or more remaining △ Slightly bad = 20-80% remaining X Bad: 20% or less remaining (2) Offset property Offset properties were evaluated from the transfer paper after fixing.

○ No △ Slightly Yes × Yes Also, the transfer paper after fixing was brought into close contact with a soft PVC sheet and left at room temperature for one week, and the adhesion of the toner to the PVC sheet was examined.

The results are shown in Table 1.

(Example 2) The same operation as in Example 1 was performed except that the amounts of the orthocresol novolac resin and the carboxyl group-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer used were changed to 138 g and 528 g, respectively.

The toner was used as in Example 1, and the evaluation was 15 stars.

The results are shown in Table 1.

(Example 3) In Example 1, a phenol novolak resin (softening point: 97°C) was used instead of the orthocresol novolak resin used.
The same operation was performed except that the amount of carboxyl group-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer used in Example 1 was changed from 1103 g per OH/123 g per OH to 385 g.

The results are shown in Table 1.

(Example 4) Octylphenol novolac resin (softening point 9
The same operation as in Example 1 was performed except that the amount of carboxyl group-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer used was changed to 403 g at 9° C. using 226 g of OH equivalent (225 g/equivalent).

The results are shown in Table 1.

(Example 5) 1880 g of bisphenol A epoxy resin with an epoxy equivalent of 188 g/equivalent, and 338.1 g of bisphenol A.
g, phenol novolak resin (softening point 97°C, OH equivalent 103 g/equivalent) 112 g, carboxyl group-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer (Hiker CTBN1300X13 manufactured by Ube Industries) 189. Ag and 300 g of xylene were added to a 51 separable flask equipped with a thermometer and a stirring device, and the temperature was raised to 90°C. After adding 0.4 g of the catalyst triphenylphosphine dissolved in 20 g of xylene, the temperature was raised to 150° C. while xylene was distilled off under reduced pressure.

After xylene distillation, return to pressure and N2 atmosphere for another 5 hours.
The reaction was carried out to obtain a resin with a softening point of 99.8°C. The melt viscosity of this product at 110°C was 3550 voids.

The toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1.

The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 6) In Example 5, the amounts of bisphenol A, phenol novolak resin, and carboxyl group-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer were 700.9 g and 45 g, respectively.
．． The same operation was performed except that 3 g and 341.4 g were used.

The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 7) In Example 5, the amount of bisphenol A and carboxyl group-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer was increased to 6
The same operation was performed except that 11.3 g and 328.5 g were used, and 319 g of metaxylylene diamine was used instead of the phenol novolak resin.

The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 8) In Example 5, the amount of bisphenol A and carboxyl group-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer was increased to 5.
The same operation was performed except that 44.9 g of meta-aminophenol was used instead of the phenol novolak resin in place of 79.3 g and 325.5 g.

The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 9) 1880 g of bisphenol A type epoxy resin with 188 g of jA/equivalent to epoxy, 700.9 g of bisphenol A,
330.0 g of carboxyl group-terminated butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer and 300 g of xylene were added to a 5°C separable flask equipped with a thermometer and a stirring device, and the temperature was raised to 90°C. After adding 04 g of catalyst triphenolphosphine dissolved in 20 g of xylene, the temperature was raised to 150°C while xylene was distilled off under reduced pressure. 7mmHg
After stirring for 1 hour under reduced pressure, the system was atmosphered with normal pressure N2, and 30.4 g of metaxylylene diamine was added while cooling in air.

At a temperature of 150°C, the softening point after 4 hours of reaction is 102°C.
of resin was obtained.

Evaluation was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 using the obtained resin.

The results are shown in Table 2.

(Comparative Example 1) A resin with a softening point of 98°C was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 using 1880 g of bisphenol A type epoxy resin of 1188 g/equivalent of epoxy and 782 g of bisphenol A.

Evaluation was made in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Comparative Example 2) 1880 g of bisphenol A epoxy resin with 1188 g/equivalent of epoxy, 782 g of bisphenol A, carboxyl group-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer 7
99g) Example 1 using 0.6g of liphenylphosphine
A resin having a softening point of 102°C was obtained in the same manner as above.

Evaluation was made in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Example 10) In Example 1, the amounts of Bisfeltom 1 orthofresol noholac and carboxyl group-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer were 1160 g and 166.6 g, respectively.
The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except that g and 380 g were used.

The results are shown in Table 3.

(Example 11) In Example 1, the amounts of bisphenol A1 orthocresol novolac and carboxyl group-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer were 1160 g and 122 g, respectively.
The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except that 2 g and 502 g were used.

The results are shown in Table 3.

(Example 12) In Example 1, the amount of bisphenol A1 carboxyl group-terminated butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer was changed to 116
0g, 365g, replace orthocresol novolac with phenol novolac (OH per ffi 10 g/e
q) The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except that 109 g was used.

The results are shown in Table 3.

(Example 13) In Example 1, the amount of bisphenol A1 carboxyl group-terminated butadiene/acrinitrile copolymer was changed to 1160
g, 383 g, orthocresol novolac was replaced with octylphenol novolac (OH equivalent: 225 g/eq
) The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except that 199 g was used.

The results are shown in Table 3.

<Effects of the Invention> The epoxy resin for toner of the present invention is a resin containing an epoxy resin, a specific active hydrogen compound, and a specific oligomer, and the toner for electrostatic image phenomenon of the present invention using this as a binder resin has the following effects.

■ It is possible to fix at low temperatures without causing offset during heat roll fixing.

■ The toner has good pulverization properties, does not cause blocking during storage, and has high storage stability.

■ There is no adhesion of the transferred material to soft PVC.

Claims (2)

[Claims] (1) An epoxy resin for toner, characterized by reacting the following components (a), (b), (c) and (d). Here, (a) bisphenol type and/or hydrogenated bisphenol type epoxy resin, (b) bisphenol compound, (c) 3 or more equivalents of active hydrogen and/or acid anhydride groups capable of reacting with epoxy groups in one molecule. an active hydrogen compound and/or acid anhydride having (d) butadiene and/or isoprene as the main monomer, and an average of 1.5 active hydrogen and/or acid anhydride groups capable of reacting with an epoxy group in the molecule; It is an oligomer having an equivalent or more, and the amounts of (b) and (c) are within the range of formulas [1] and [2] below, and the weight of (a) + the weight of (b) ▲ mathematical formula, chemical formula, table, etc. Yes▼...[1] ▲There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc.▼...[2] Where; α = 1/(f-1) γ = {Number of functional groups in (b) + (c) Number of functional groups}/(a)
Number of functional groups ρ = Number of functional groups in (c) / {Number of functional groups in (b) + Number of functional groups in (c)} f = (c) Number of functional groups in one molecule (d) The amount is (a) The amount is 2 to 30 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of +(b)+(c). (2) A toner for developing an electrostatic image, characterized in that it has a resin in which the following components (a), (b), (c) and (d) are reacted as a binder resin. Here, (a) bisphenol type and/or hydrogenated bisphenol type epoxy resin, (b) bisphenol compound, (c) 3 or more equivalents of active hydrogen and/or acid anhydride groups capable of reacting with epoxy groups in one molecule. (d) The main monomer is butadiene and/or isoprene, and the number of active hydrogen and/or acid anhydride groups capable of reacting with epoxy groups in the molecule is 1.5 on average. It is an oligomer having an equivalent or more, and the amounts of (b) and (c) are within the range of formulas [1] and [2] below, and the weight of (a) + the weight of (b) ▲ mathematical formula, chemical formula, table, etc. Yes▼...[1] ▲There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc.▼...[2] Where: α = 1/(f-1) γ = {Number of functional groups in (b) + (c) Number of functional groups}/(a)
Number of functional groups ρ = Number of functional groups in (c) / {Number of functional groups in (b) + Number of functional groups in (c)} f = (c) Number of functional groups in one molecule (d) The amount is (a) The amount is 2 to 30 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of +(b)+(c).