JPH03188419A - Liquid crystal display device and its manufacturing method - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device for displaying images and a method for manufacturing the same, and particularly to provide a liquid crystal display device with high display quality and a method for manufacturing the same.

Prior Art Currently, each display pixel is equipped with a thin film transistor element (TPT).
) The most widely used active matrix liquid crystal display device is TN (T
There is a twisted nematic) type.

The TN type has a liquid crystal panel in which liquid crystal molecules are twisted 90° between substrates, sandwiched between two polarizing plates. The polarization axes of these two polarizing plates are parallel to each other (normally black mode) or perpendicular to each other (normally white mode), and the polarization axis of one polarizing plate is in contact with one substrate. They are attached so that they are parallel or perpendicular to the long sleeve direction of the liquid crystal molecules (light guide mode). By controlling the voltage applied to the liquid crystal of such a TN type liquid crystal display device, a white or black display can be produced. In the case of normally white mode, the transmittance T of light passing through the liquid crystal panel and the effective voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer V rm
There is a relationship (T - V characteristic) as shown in Figure 8 between s and s, and when no voltage is applied or a voltage below vth, white display
Black display can be obtained at Vmax.

On the other hand, in the normally black mode, the relationship between the transmittance T of light passing through the liquid crystal panel and the effective voltage V rms applied to the liquid crystal layer is opposite to the normally white mode, when no voltage is applied or below vth. Black display at voltage,
White display is obtained at Vmax.

(For example, Proceedings of the 9th International Display Research Conference, Japan Display '89 P.P., 286.
(Proceedings of The 9th
International Display Re
5earch Conference, JapanD
isplay '89 pp, 286)) By the way,
In the case of a liquid crystal display device using a TPT element, due to the TPT switching function, the voltage Vs supplied from the signal line at the time of selection is basically held within the pixel until the next selection. The effective voltage applied to the liquid crystal is
It is still Vs. Therefore, Vs is vth ~ V ta
By taking an arbitrary value for ax, it is possible to display gradations of various brightness from white to black. This means that the larger the voltage difference between vth and V max, that is, T
The gentler the curve of the −V characteristic, the easier it is to display multiple gradations.

Problems to be Solved by the Invention In the conventional active matrix type TN type liquid crystal display device, the following problems occur. In the conventional technology, it has been stated that in order to realize multi-gradation display, it is sufficient to use a liquid crystal material with a gentle TV curve, but in reality, even if a liquid crystal material with a gentle TV curve is used, Transmittance T
The voltage at 90% ■9° and the voltage ■ at 10%. ■1°/v q.

The value of is about 1.4 to 1.5. Therefore, 8 gradations,
Although 16-gradation gradation display can be achieved relatively easily,
In the future, 128 and 256 gradation display will be required in order to surpass CRT as a video display and to realize high-definition with liquid crystal.Therefore, voltage deviation of the current drive IC and TPT element characteristics of each pixel will need to be improved. Taking into account variations, the current level is ■1°/V. With the value of , it becomes unfeasible. Furthermore, in the case of a reflective type liquid crystal display device, in which a reflective surface is formed of metal or the like on the surface in contact with the liquid crystal layer of one substrate, and a polarizing element is placed only on the other substrate side, compared to a transmissive type, Even if the liquid crystal, the thickness of the liquid crystal layer, and the twist angle of the liquid crystal molecular axes are all the same, ■1°/V.

The value of tends to decrease. Therefore, in a reflective liquid crystal display device having such a configuration, it is still difficult to perform multi-layer gradation display.

Generally, in the TN mode, a liquid crystal panel is designed so that, with respect to incident linearly polarized light when no voltage is applied, output light after passing through a liquid crystal layer becomes linearly polarized light whose polarization axis is perpendicular to the incident linearly polarized light. The conditions at this time are usually optical phase difference Δn−d/λ(Δn
- The refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal, d=thickness of the liquid crystal layer, λ=wavelength of light) is approximately 1. By the way, when the display mode is normally black mode at this time, the following problems are added. In the normally black mode, a black display occurs when no voltage is applied, so a relatively large region with an optical phase difference of about 1 is used to display near black.

Therefore, the wavelength dependence is large, and the display quality is extremely poor due to severe chromaticity changes in intermediate tones near black.

On the other hand, in normally white display, a white display occurs in a region where the optical phase difference is large, but at this time, even if wavelength dependence occurs, there is little change in chromaticity. Further, in the vicinity of black, the optical phase difference is small, and therefore the wavelength dependence itself is also small, so that a uniform and good display with no chromaticity change can be achieved. However, normally white display also has the following drawbacks. In order to obtain a display with a high contrast ratio, it is necessary to reduce the light transmittance during black display as much as possible, but normally white display requires applying a voltage so that the liquid crystal molecules are aligned perpendicularly to the substrate surface. It is black when it stands up.

This is because in liquid crystal molecules, when the long sleeve direction of the molecules is parallel to the traveling direction of light, no optical phase difference occurs and the light passes through the liquid crystal layer without changing its polarization component. In reality, even if a certain amount of voltage is applied, the liquid crystal molecules near the substrate interface do not stand up completely because of their strong interaction with the substrate. Therefore, there is a slight optical phase difference, which changes the polarization state of the light, making it difficult to achieve true black. Therefore, in order to increase the contrast ratio, a large voltage of more than IOV is required, and due to the problem of the withstand voltage of the drive IC,
This display mode is also not optimal for high-quality image display.

In view of the above problems, the present invention has been made by devising a new display mode in a liquid crystal display device in which TPT is formed (for example, a structure in which an optical retardation plate is laminated on a normally white mode of electric field controlled birefringence effect). ), without increasing the maximum voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer, and ■1°/
V. The object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device that can facilitate multi-gradation display and realize good image display with small chromaticity changes by increasing the value of .

Means for Solving the Problems In order to solve the above problems, the liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes:
One substrate in which a bus bar electrode layer and a pixel electrode layer are connected via a thin film transistor element having a predetermined shape, and the other substrate having an electrode are placed in a predetermined position with the sides with the electrodes facing each other. A liquid crystal panel that has a desired optical anisotropy when bonded together with a gap formed, the gap filled with liquid crystal, and a voltage applied; and an optical panel that cancels out the optical anisotropy. It is characterized in that it is laminated with a retardation plate.

The liquid crystal panel may be homogeneously oriented, in which the longitudinal axis of the liquid crystal molecules is aligned parallel to the substrate, or may be oriented in a twisted manner, in which the liquid crystal molecules have a twisted structure. Alternatively, a hybrid orientation may be used in which the long axes of liquid crystal molecules are aligned parallel to one of the substrates and perpendicular to the other substrate. Furthermore, the same effect can be obtained even if the liquid crystal panel is a reflective panel in which a reflective plate is provided on one substrate to reflect light.

On the other hand, the optical retardation plate may be a second liquid crystal panel filled with liquid crystal between two opposing substrates and having desired optical anisotropy. As a manufacturing method for this second liquid crystal panel, after going through the steps of forming a substance to a desired thickness on a first substrate and patterning it into a desired shape, the side of the first substrate on which the substance is placed, A second substrate is bonded facing each other, and the thickness of the material is such that the first substrate and the second substrate are bonded together.
It is also possible to create an optical retardation plate by filling the gap with liquid crystal while maintaining a desired gap between the substrates. This material is chromium, and may be formed by vacuum evaporation or sputtering.

Further, this second liquid crystal panel may have homogeneous alignment, twisted alignment, or hybrid alignment. The second liquid crystal panel having these arrangements has electrodes and may have a desired optical anisotropy when a voltage is applied.

Furthermore, this optical retardation plate may be a film having desired optical anisotropy.

Effects The present invention has the above-described structure, so that when a desired voltage is applied to the liquid crystal panel, even if the liquid crystal molecules do not stand up completely perpendicular to the substrate, the liquid crystal that is generated at this time is By laminating an optical retardation plate with optical anisotropy that cancels out the optical anisotropy in the panel on the liquid crystal panel, it is possible to achieve a completely black display, so even at a modest voltage, the contrast It is possible to perform display with a high ratio. In other words, if the liquid crystal molecules do not stand completely perpendicular to the substrate, optical anisotropy occurs in the liquid crystal panel, so one vibrational component of the incident linearly polarized light advances while the other vibrational component perpendicular to it advances. changes the polarization state with a delay. If the optical retardation plates are stacked so that the delayed vibration component of the light emitted from the liquid crystal panel in this state is parallel to the fast axis of the optical retardation plate,
The vibrational components of light that have advanced will now be delayed, and the delayed vibrational components will begin to advance. When the optical anisotropy of the optical retardation plate becomes the same as that of the liquid crystal panel, there will be no phase difference between the mutually orthogonal vibration components, and in this case, the linearly polarized light is exactly the same as the incident linearly polarized light. It is emitted by In the normally white mode, the polarizing plate on the output side completely blocks this light, making it possible to obtain a true black display.

Therefore, by setting the optical anisotropy value that occurs when a desired voltage is applied to the liquid crystal panel and the optical anisotropy value of the optical retardation plate to be equal, the value of that voltage Since this voltage can be set to any value, it can be set to a voltage that matches the withstand voltage of the driving IC, and problems related to the driving voltage can be solved.

Furthermore, in a liquid crystal panel in which the long axis direction of liquid crystal molecules in contact with at least one substrate is oriented parallel to the substrates, and the liquid crystal molecules are oriented without being twisted between the substrates, the liquid crystal molecules are oriented parallel to the substrates. When the polarization axis of the polarizing element is arranged so as to have a predetermined angle α with respect to the long sleeve of the liquid crystal molecules, and light is incident, the electric field-controlled birefringence term causes the polarization axis to change as the voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer increases. , the transmittance of light passing through the liquid crystal panel changes. When α=45° and the optical retardation plate Δn-d of the liquid crystal panel when no voltage is applied is set to λ/2, the transmittance-voltage curve has a characteristic with a gentle slope as shown in Figure 3. , which facilitates multi-gradation display.

On the other hand, since the Δn-d of the optical retardation plate is very small, about 10 nm, when the optical retardation plate is made of a liquid crystal panel to which no voltage is applied, it cannot be manufactured using conventional liquid crystal panel manufacturing methods. This is because, since Δn of liquid crystal is about 0°1, the thickness d of the panel needs to be about 11 (10 nm).

As a method for making such thin panels, a substance such as chromium is deposited on a substrate by vapor deposition or other means.
After forming 10n of liquid crystal, stack the other substrate on top of the one patterned into an appropriate shape, create a gap equal to the thickness of the material, and fill this gap with liquid crystal with Δn=0.1. An optical retardation plate can be made from a liquid crystal panel.

EXAMPLE Hereinafter, a liquid crystal display device according to an example of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the structure of a liquid crystal display device according to a first embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2 shows the operating principle of the liquid crystal display device according to a first embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 1, 1 is a liquid crystal panel, 2 is a second liquid crystal panel that is an optical retardation plate, 3 is a substrate, 4 is a gate electrode, 5 is a stack of a gate insulating layer and an amorphous silicon layer, 6 is a pixel electrode, 7 is a drain electrode, 8 is a source electrode, 9 is an ITO layer, 10 is a vertical alignment layer, 11 is a horizontal alignment layer, 12
are liquid crystal molecules, and 13 is a polarizing plate. The operation of the liquid crystal display device configured as described above will be described below with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.

First, in FIG. 2, 14 is the first polarizing plate, 15 is the polarization axis, 16 is the liquid crystal panel, 17 is the long direction of the liquid crystal molecules,
18 is an optical retardation plate, 19 is a slow axis of the optical retardation plate, 2
0 is the second polarizing plate.

First, a metal film was formed on an insulating substrate 3 made of glass by electron beam evaporation, and then a gate electrode 4 was formed by photoetching. Next, by plasma CVD method, a silicon nitride layer of about 4 (100
After forming the amorphous silicon layer 5 to a thickness of approximately 6 mm (6 mm) thick, an amorphous silicon layer 5 was formed using the same plasma CVD method to a thickness of approximately 6 mm (10 mm). This amorphous silicon layer was patterned into the shape 5 in FIG. 1 by photoetching. did.

Next, aluminum, chromium, titanium, etc. were provided on the front surface by sputtering, and then a drain electrode 7 and a source electrode 8 were formed by photoetching.

Furthermore, ITO (Ingi
umTin-Oxide) was provided on the front surface, a transparent electrode layer was formed by photoetching, and the pixel electrode 6 was formed.

A solution of Chisso's 0DSE diluted to 0.8% with ethanol as the vertical alignment agent 10 was spin-coded at 250 Orpm on the substrate on which the TPT element was formed in this way, and heated at 130°C for 30 minutes. Dry.

On the other hand, on the opposite substrate patterned with a transparent common electrode, a polyimide alignment film was formed by a printing method for about 1 (100 people), and after curing by heating at 10°C for 11 hours, it was rubbed with a rayon cloth. , a horizontal alignment film 11 was formed.

The substrate on which the vertically aligned TPT element is formed and the counter substrate on which the horizontally aligned common electrode is formed are bonded together so that the electrode sides face each other, and liquid crystal is injected. Then, the liquid crystal molecules 12 were oriented so as to be gradually tilted from vertical to horizontal from the negative substrate to the other substrate, and a liquid crystal panel 1 was obtained. Next, a second liquid crystal panel 2 as an optical retardation plate was created.

When creating, two substrates 3 on which transparent electrodes are formed are used.
One of the substrates was subjected to vertical alignment treatment in the same manner as the alignment method for the liquid crystal panel described above, and the other substrate was subjected to horizontal alignment treatment, so that the liquid crystal layer was completely aligned with the liquid crystal panel described above. A second liquid crystal panel 2 having the same thickness was obtained and used as an optical retardation plate.

The long axis direction 17 of the liquid crystal molecules 12 on the horizontally aligned side of the liquid crystal panel obtained as described above and the long axis direction (slow axis) of the liquid crystal molecules on the horizontally aligned side of the second liquid crystal panel 2 1
9) were stacked so as to be orthogonal to each other, and this was used as a liquid crystal display device. On one of the outer surfaces of this liquid crystal display device,
A first polarizing plate 14 with a polarizing axis 15 set so as to form an angle of 45° with the long sleeve direction of horizontally aligned liquid crystal molecules is provided, and a polarizing plate 14 with a polarizing axis 15 on the other side is provided. A second polarizer 20 was provided so as to be perpendicular to the polarization axis 15.

In this configuration, when an effective voltage of 5V was applied to the second liquid crystal panel 2 and the applied voltage to the first liquid crystal panel 1 was varied, the transmittance-voltage characteristics of this liquid crystal display device were as shown in Fig. 3. Therefore, the effective voltage applied to the liquid crystal panel is 5
A good black display was obtained in the v state, and an image display suitable for multi-gradation display with a gentle gradient was realized.

In addition, the liquid crystal is aligned by applying the horizontal alignment process described above to both substrates, and these substrates are bonded together so that the electrode sides face each other and the rubbing directions are parallel to each other. , using a liquid crystal panel and a second liquid crystal panel in which liquid crystal is injected and the long sleeve direction of the liquid crystal molecules is oriented parallel to the substrate surface without tearing between the substrates, and with the above polarizing plate arrangement. Even when a liquid crystal display device with a similar configuration was manufactured, a good display with a gentle slope of transmittance-voltage characteristics and good black depression could be obtained.

A second embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a liquid crystal display device according to a second embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 4, 21 is a liquid crystal panel, 22 is a second liquid crystal panel that is an optical retardation plate, 23 is a substrate, 24 is a gate electrode, 25 is a stack of a gate insulating layer and an amorphous silicon layer, 26 is a pixel electrode, 27 is a drain electrode, 28 is a saw, 2. is the pole, 29 is the ITO layer, 3
0 is a vertical alignment layer, 31 is a horizontal alignment layer, 32 is a liquid crystal molecule, and 33 is a polarizing beam splitter. The operation of the liquid crystal display device configured as described above will be described below with reference to FIG. 4.

The method is almost the same as that of the first embodiment, but unlike the liquid crystal panel of the first embodiment, the liquid crystal panel 21 is made by forming aluminum with a thickness of about 1 μm by sputtering before forming the drain electrode, and using this as a reflection plate. At the same time, it is a reflective type in which the pixel electrode 26 is connected to the drain electrode. A second liquid crystal panel 22, which is an optical retardation plate having exactly the same structure as the first embodiment, was laminated on this liquid crystal panel 21, and a polarizing beam splitter 33 was further provided thereon. The polarization axis of the polarization beam splitter 33 and the molecular long axis direction of the liquid crystal on the side aligned parallel to the substrate 23 of the second liquid crystal panel 22 were arranged at an angle of 45°.

In the reflective type liquid crystal display device as described above, its reflectance-voltage characteristics are as shown in FIG. Although it is large compared to , it is still about lO■
A good black display was obtained under these conditions, and an image display suitable for multi-gradation display with a gentle gradient was realized.

A third embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of the structure of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention. In FIG. 6, 34 is a liquid crystal panel, 35 is a film retardation plate, 36 is a substrate, 37 is a gate electrode, and 38
is a stack of gate insulating layer and amorphous silicon layer, 39
is a pixel electrode, 40 is a drain electrode, 41 is a source electrode,
42 is an ITO layer, 43 is a vertical alignment layer, 44 is a horizontal alignment layer, 45 is a liquid crystal molecule, and 46 is a polarizing plate. The operation of the liquid crystal display device configured as described above will be explained below using the cylinder 6.

First, the liquid crystal panel 34 was created using exactly the same method as in the first example.

Next, a resin made of polycarbonate was stretched in one direction using a stretching machine to create a film having an optical retardation of about 15 nm, and the optical retardation was set to 35.

The long sleeve direction of the liquid crystal molecules 45 on the horizontally aligned side of the liquid crystal panel obtained as described above and the slow axis of the optical retardation plate are stacked so that they are perpendicular to each other, and this is combined into a liquid crystal display device. did. When this liquid crystal display device and the polarizers 46 are arranged on both outer surfaces of the device in the same manner as in the first embodiment, the transmittance-voltage characteristic becomes exactly the same as that shown in FIG. 3, with a gentle gradient. It was possible to obtain a good display with good black sinking.

A fourth embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the structure of a liquid crystal display device manufactured using a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

In FIG. 7, 47 is a liquid crystal panel, 48 is a second liquid crystal panel which is an optical retardation plate, 49 is a substrate, 50 is a gate electrode, 51 is a stack of a gate insulating layer and an amorphous silicon layer, 52 is a pixel electrode, 53 is a drain electrode, 54 is a source electrode, 55 is an ITO layer, 56 is a vertical alignment layer, 5
7 is a horizontal alignment treatment layer, 58 is a liquid crystal molecule, 59 is a chromium layer, and 60 is a polarizing plate.

A method for manufacturing the liquid crystal display device configured as described above will be described below with reference to FIG. 7.

First, chromium 11 (10 nm) was formed on the entire surface of the insulating substrate 49 made of glass by electron beam evaporation.Next, a positive resist was applied on the chromium layer 59, and a predetermined layer was formed by photolithography. Buttering was performed using a mask having the shape of .

On the substrate on which the chromium layer 59 has been formed in the desired position in this manner, a polyimide alignment film is printed about 11 (
After heating and curing at 10° C. for 11 hours, a horizontal alignment treatment layer 57 was formed by rubbing with a rayon cloth.

Next, on the other insulating substrate made of glass,
The above horizontal alignment treatment layer 57 is provided, and the substrate on which the chromium layer 59 is formed and the side with the alignment film are bonded together facing each other, and the gap between the substrates provided by the thickness of the chromium layer 59 is
A second liquid crystal panel was fabricated by injecting liquid crystal with d of 0°1 in which the long axis direction of the liquid crystal molecules 58 was not twisted between the substrates and was oriented parallel to the substrate surfaces. obtained second
The Δn·d of the liquid crystal panel was lonm.

The second liquid crystal panel manufactured in the above manner is used as an optical retardation plate 48, and is laminated in the same manner as the liquid crystal panel 47 described in the first embodiment, and is used as a liquid crystal display device. By using the same arrangement, it was possible to obtain a good display in which the transmittance-voltage characteristics of the liquid crystal display device had a gentle slope and the black was well settled.

Effects of the Invention As described above, in the present invention, by employing the above-described structure or manufacturing method, it is possible to make the gradient of the transmittance (reflectance)-voltage characteristic curve gentle, and it is possible to achieve multi-gradation display. Not only is it easy to use, but also a good black display with extremely low transmittance (reflectance) can be realized at a desired effective voltage.
We were able to create a liquid crystal display device that can provide extremely high-quality video display with a high contrast ratio.

[Brief explanation of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the configuration of a liquid crystal display device in an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a diagram of the operating principle of a liquid crystal display device in an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 3 is a liquid crystal display device in an embodiment of the present invention. A graph showing the relationship between transmittance T and effective voltage ■ of a display device, FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display device according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a liquid crystal display according to an embodiment of the present invention. A graph showing the relationship between reflectance R and effective voltage V of the device, FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the configuration of a liquid crystal display device in an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a liquid crystal display device in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between transmittance T and effective voltage (2) of a TN type normally white liquid crystal display device. 1, 16.21.34.47...LCD panel,
2,22゜48... Second liquid crystal panel which is an optical retardation plate, 3゜23, 36.49... Substrate,
4.24.37.50...Gate electrode, 5.2
5.38.51...Lamination of gate insulating layer and amorphous silicon layer, 6.26.39.52...
・Pixel electrode, 7.27.40.53...Drain electrode, 8°2B, 4L 54...Source electrode, 9.29.42.55...ITO layer , 10
．． 30.43.56...Vertical alignment treatment layer, IL
31.44.57...Horizontal alignment treatment layer, 12
．． 32.45°58・・・Liquid crystal molecule, 13.46
．． 60...Polarizing plate, 14...First polarizing plate, 15...Polarization axis, 17...Long axis direction of liquid crystal molecules, 18... ...Optical retardation plate, 19
......Slow axis of optical retardation plate, 20...
Second polarizing plate, 33... Polarizing beam splinter, 35... Film retardation plate, 59...
...Chromium layer.

Claims (13)

[Claims] (1) One substrate in which a bus bar electrode layer and a pixel electrode layer are connected through a thin film transistor element of a predetermined shape and another substrate having an electrode are placed so that the side with the electrode faces each other. a liquid crystal panel in which the liquid crystal panel is bonded together with a predetermined gap, the gap is filled with liquid crystal, and the optical anisotropy is controlled by a voltage application means, and the optical anisotropy at a predetermined voltage is canceled out. 1. A liquid crystal display device comprising a layered optical retardation plate. (2) The liquid crystal display device according to claim (1), wherein the molecular long axis direction of the liquid crystal is aligned parallel to the substrate. (3) According to claim (1), the molecular long axis direction of the liquid crystal is arranged parallel to one of the substrates and perpendicular to the other substrate. LCD display device. (4) Claim (2) characterized in that the liquid crystal molecules have a helical structure between one substrate and the other substrate.
Or the liquid crystal display device according to (3). (5) The liquid crystal display device according to claim (1), wherein the liquid crystal panel is a reflective type in which a light reflecting plate is formed on one substrate. (6) The optical retardation plate is a second liquid crystal panel filled with liquid crystal between two opposing substrates and having desired optical anisotropy. LCD display device. (7) After the process of forming a substance to a desired thickness on the first substrate and patterning it into a desired shape, the side on which the substance is on the first substrate is placed facing the second substrate. the first substrate and the second substrate to maintain a desired gap depending on the thickness of the substance, and fill the gap with liquid crystal to create an optical retardation plate. The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim (1), characterized in that: (8) The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device according to claim (7), wherein the substance is chromium and is formed by a vacuum evaporation method or a sputtering method. (9) Optical retardation plates are made by bonding two substrates with electrodes together with a predetermined gap between them with the electrode sides facing each other, filling the gap with liquid crystal, and applying a voltage. 7. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 6, wherein the second liquid crystal panel has a desired optical anisotropy in a state where the liquid crystal display device has a desired optical anisotropy. (10) The liquid crystal display device according to claim (6), wherein the molecular long axis direction of the liquid crystal of the second liquid crystal panel is arranged parallel to the substrate. (11) A claim characterized in that the molecular long axis direction of the liquid crystal of the second liquid crystal panel is arranged parallel to one of the substrates and perpendicular to the other substrate. The liquid crystal display device according to item (6). (12) The liquid crystal display device according to claim (10) or (11), wherein the liquid crystal molecules of the second liquid crystal panel have a helical structure between one substrate and the other substrate. . (13) The liquid crystal display device according to claim (1), wherein the optical retardation plate is a film having desired optical anisotropy.