JPH0344357Y2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0344357Y2 JPH0344357Y2 JP6598388U JP6598388U JPH0344357Y2 JP H0344357 Y2 JPH0344357 Y2 JP H0344357Y2 JP 6598388 U JP6598388 U JP 6598388U JP 6598388 U JP6598388 U JP 6598388U JP H0344357 Y2 JPH0344357 Y2 JP H0344357Y2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- die
- punch
- split
- diameter
- center
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 Chemical compound C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Forging (AREA)
Description
【考案の詳細な説明】
産業上の利用分野
本考案は、比較的長い軸部の一端にボルト頭部
を有し、他端に軸部の外径より大きい径の膨大部
を有し、膨大部にねじ転造を施してなるテンシヨ
ンボルト、より詳しくはねじ転造を施すまでのテ
ンシヨンボルトを多段ホーマにて圧造成形する装
置に関する。[Detailed description of the invention] Industrial application field This invention has a bolt head at one end of a relatively long shaft, and an enlarged part with a diameter larger than the outer diameter of the shaft at the other end. The present invention relates to a tension bolt formed by subjecting a portion to thread rolling, and more specifically to an apparatus for forging a tension bolt in a multistage former before thread rolling.
従来の技術
テンシヨンボルトは、第１図ｆに示すように比
較的長い軸部１の一端にボルト頭部１ａを、他端
に軸部１の径d1より大きい径d2の膨大部１ｂを一
体に有し、膨大部１ｂに二次加工にてねじ転造を
施すようにしたものであるが、このようなテンシ
ヨンボルトを多段ホーマにより圧造成形する装置
は、特公昭58−934号、実公昭62−4357号公報等
にみられるようにに本考案者等によつて堤案され
ている。公知の装置は、パンチ打込時にパンチの
押動により素材を割型ダイをダイ部材へ圧入し、
圧入に伴い円錐割型ダイを閉合させるものである
が、押込み完了までは割型ダイは開いており、押
込み完了と同時に割型ダイが完全に閉合するもの
であるから、圧入途中において素材は割型ダイの
中心位置に対し自重で型孔の下部に偏位した状態
に支持されて圧入の進行と共に割型ダイが閉合す
るので、その閉合の際に素材を傷付けるおそれが
あるのを避け得ないという問題がある。BACKGROUND ART As shown in FIG. 1f, a tension bolt has a bolt head 1a at one end of a relatively long shaft 1, and an enlarged portion 1b having a diameter d2 larger than the diameter d1 of the shaft 1 at the other end. A device for forming such a tension bolt using a multi-stage former is disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 58-934. , Utility Model Publication No. 62-4357, etc., has been proposed by the inventors of the present invention. A known device presses a split die into a die member by pushing the punch during punch driving, and presses the material into the die member.
The conical split die is closed during press-fitting, but the split die is open until the push-in is completed, and the split die is completely closed at the same time the push-in is completed, so the material does not split during the press-fit. As the split die closes as the press-fit progresses, supported by its own weight at the bottom of the mold hole with respect to the center position of the mold die, it is unavoidable that there is a risk of damaging the material during closing. There is a problem.
特に実公昭62−4357号装置にあつては、割型ダ
イの前部に孔径が素材外径と同じ内孔をもつ第１
ダイ部材を設けて内孔にて圧入素材を支持するよ
うにしているが、内孔を通過するに従いボルト先
端部はフリーになる為自重によりダイ型孔の底部
に傾斜する形で支持されこの状態で割型が閉合し
ていくこととなる為素材は先端側が傷付けられる
ことになり、抜本的な改善が要求されていた。 In particular, in the case of the device No. 62-4357, there is a first hole in the front part of the split die that has an inner hole whose hole diameter is the same as the outer diameter of the material.
A die member is provided to support the press-fitting material in the inner hole, but as the bolt tip becomes free as it passes through the inner hole, it is supported in an inclined manner at the bottom of the die hole due to its own weight. As the split molds close together, the material ends up being damaged on the tip side, and drastic improvements were required.
考案が解決しようとする課題
本考案は従来の有するこのような問題点に鑑み
てなされたものであり、その目的とするところ
は、パンチ打込みにより素材を対応する割型ダイ
とその奥のダイ部材へ圧入する際にダイの軸心と
素材の軸心が狂うことのないように完全に両者の
軸心を一致させて素材を宙架支持した状態に行え
るようにすると共に、割型ダイの閉合により素材
が傷付けられないようにし且つ機構的にも既存の
ものを殆んどそのまま利用し得て簡単で実用性の
高い多段ホーマのテンシヨンボルト成形装置を提
供しようとするものである。Problems to be Solved by the Invention The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems of the conventional technology, and its purpose is to create a split die that handles material by punching, and a die member at the back of the die. The axis of the die and the axis of the material are perfectly aligned so that they do not go out of alignment when press-fitting into the material, and the material is suspended in a suspended state. To provide a simple and highly practical multi-stage former tension bolt forming device that prevents materials from being damaged by the process and can be used mechanically almost as is.
課題を解決するための手段
上記目的を達成するために、本考案における多
段ホーマにおけるテンシヨンボルト成形装置は、
鋼製丸棒材を所定寸法に切断して得られた材料
を、横一列に設けれらた複数のダイスと、その
夫々に相対向して進退移動するように設けられた
パンチとで順次に鍛圧して軸部１の一端にボルト
頭部１ａを、他端に軸部１の径d1より大きいd2の
膨大部１ｂを一体に有するテンシヨンボルトを成
形するようになした多段ホーマにおけるテンシヨ
ンボルト成形装置であつて、最終圧造工程となる
ダイケース１０内に、(1)ダイケース１０内に弾圧
的に支持されて進退移動し前端に前方広がりの円
錐口１１ａをもつダイブロツク１１と、(2)そのダ
イブロツクに対しさらに弾圧的に支持され膨大部
を成形するための同形の型孔１２ａをもつダイ部
材１２と、(3)ダイ部材１２の直前に突き合わされ
た状態でダイブロツク１１の円錐口１１ａに嵌合
されパンチ打込時にダイ部材側への押動に伴い縮
径して素材の軸部を掴持するように作動する分割
部材からなる円錐割型ダイ３１と、(4)ダイ部材１
２と割型ダイ１３の中心を貫通してノツクアウト
ピン１５に当接しパンチ打込時には素材の膨大部
端面の中心孔に嵌止して素材を宙架状に保持する
突起１４ａをもつセンター支持棒１４とを設ける
とともに、対応するパンチ側にはパンチ打込時に
素材の頭部を嵌合状に保持する凹所２０ａを保有
するように弾圧的に出没するセンターピン２１を
備えたパンチ部材２０、を配備してなるものであ
る。Means for Solving the Problems In order to achieve the above object, the tension bolt forming device in the multi-stage former according to the present invention has the following features:
The material obtained by cutting a steel round bar material into predetermined dimensions is sequentially cut using a plurality of dies installed in a horizontal line and a punch installed to move forward and backward in opposition to each of the dies. In a multi-stage former formed by forging to form a tension bolt which integrally has a bolt head 1a at one end of the shaft part 1 and an enlarged part 1b having a diameter d2 larger than the diameter d1 of the shaft part 1 at the other end. This tension bolt forming device has a die block 11 which is elastically supported in the die case 10 and moves back and forth, and has a conical opening 11a widening forward at the front end. , (2) a die member 12 which is further elastically supported with respect to the die block and has a mold hole 12a of the same shape for molding the enlarged part, and (3) a die member 12 of the die block 11 in a state of being abutted immediately in front of the die member 12. (4) A split conical die 31 that is fitted into the conical opening 11a and that operates to reduce its diameter and grip the shaft of the material as it is pushed toward the die member during punch driving; Die member 1
2 and a center support having a protrusion 14a that passes through the center of the split die 13 and comes into contact with the knockout pin 15, and that fits into the center hole of the end face of the enlarged part of the material during punching to hold the material in a suspended form. A punch member 20 is provided with a rod 14 and a center pin 21 that elastically protrudes and retracts on the corresponding punch side so as to have a recess 20a that holds the head of the material in a fitting manner when punching. , is installed.
また、センター支持棒１４の先端の突起１４ａ
を、円錐尖突起とすることが好ましい。 In addition, the protrusion 14a at the tip of the center support rod 14
is preferably a conical tip.
作 用
第１図はテンシヨンボルトの圧造工程を示す。
ａは連続した鋼製丸棒材を所定の寸法に切断して
素材Ｗを得る切断工程であり、そこで得られた材
料を次の工程ｂへ送りパンチの押込みにより素材
をダイス内へ据込むと、頭部となる部分１′を残
して軸部１が希望するd1に絞られる。Function Figure 1 shows the tension bolt heading process.
Step a is a cutting process in which a continuous steel round bar is cut into predetermined dimensions to obtain the material W. The material obtained there is then sent to the next step b, and the material is upset into the die by pushing a punch. , the shaft portion 1 is narrowed down to the desired d 1 , leaving the portion 1' that will become the head.
次いでこの予備圧造された材料を次の工程ｃへ
送り頭部となる部分１′をパンチで叩打すると、
頭部１″が予備成形される。 Next, this pre-headed material is sent to the next step c and the part 1' which will become the head part is hit with a punch.
A head 1'' is preformed.
さらにこれをｄの工程へ送り頭部成形を行うと
同時に軸部１の端面にポンチで突きを入れ、軸端
に中心孔１ｃを成形する。 Further, this is sent to step d, and at the same time as the head is formed, a punch is punched into the end face of the shaft portion 1 to form a center hole 1c in the shaft end.
次いでこれをｅの工程へ送る。 This is then sent to step e.
ｅの工程は軸部１の軸端に膨大部１ｂをつくる
為の予備圧造であり、パンチとダイス金型は第２
図に示す。 Step e is preliminary heading to create the enlarged portion 1b at the end of the shaft portion 1, and the punch and die molds are
As shown in the figure.
第２図において、材料がトランスフアチヤツク
３０に掴まれて割型ダイ３の直前へ運ばれると、
パンチ３１が前進するのと同時にノツクアウトピ
ン３２より支持棒４が突出して尖突起４ａが軸端
の中心孔１ｃに嵌入する。その為材料はパンチ３
１と支持棒４により宙架状に支持された状態で割
型ダイ３及びその奥のダイ部材２へ圧入され、割
型ダイ３の閉合にて軸端に予備膨大部１b′が成形
される。 In FIG. 2, when the material is grabbed by the transfer chuck 30 and conveyed to just before the split die 3,
At the same time as the punch 31 moves forward, the support rod 4 protrudes from the knockout pin 32, and the pointed protrusion 4a fits into the center hole 1c at the end of the shaft. Therefore, the material is punch 3
1 and support rod 4 in a suspended manner, it is press-fitted into the split die 3 and the die member 2 at the back thereof, and when the split die 3 is closed, a preliminary enlarged portion 1b' is formed at the shaft end. .
最終工程ｆにおいては第４図に示すように前工
程で得られた材料をチヤツクで運びパンチ部材２
０の前進と同時にノツクアウトピン１５の押進で
センター支持棒１４を突出させると、材料は第３
図に示すように頭部１ａはパンチ部材２０の凹所
２０ａに嵌入され、軸部１の端部の予備膨大部１
b′はセンター支持棒１４の先端の突起１４ａが中
心孔１ｃに嵌入して材料全体を前後から挟んで宙
架支持させた状態で円錐割型ダイ１３の中心部へ
圧入され、押入進行と共に割型ダイ１３が閉合
し、押入完了と同時に割型ダイ１３も閉合完了と
なり、膨大部１ｂが正規の形に成形される。その
為材料は終始そのセンターが割型ダイ１３及びダ
イ部材１２の軸心と完全に一致した状態で圧入さ
れ、圧造作用を受けることになる。 In the final step f, as shown in FIG. 4, the material obtained in the previous step is transported to the punch member 2.
When the center support rod 14 is pushed out by pushing the knockout pin 15 simultaneously with the advance of the
As shown in the figure, the head 1a is fitted into the recess 20a of the punch member 20, and the preliminary expanded portion 1 at the end of the shaft 1 is inserted into the recess 20a of the punch member 20.
b' is press-fitted into the center of the conical split die 13 with the protrusion 14a at the tip of the center support rod 14 fitted into the center hole 1c, sandwiching the entire material from the front and back and supporting it in midair, and splitting as the pushing progresses. The mold die 13 closes, and at the same time as the pushing is completed, the split mold die 13 also completes closing, and the expanded portion 1b is molded into a regular shape. Therefore, the material is press-fitted with its center completely aligned with the axes of the split die 13 and the die member 12 from beginning to end, and subjected to a forging action.
実施例
ダイブロツク１１とダイ部材１２及び円錐割型
ダイ１３はダイケース１０内に組込まれ、ダイケ
ース１１は荷受台１６にコイルばね１７を介して
支持されている。Embodiment A die block 11, a die member 12, and a conical split die 13 are assembled in a die case 10, and the die case 11 is supported by a receiving platform 16 via a coil spring 17.
ダイ部材１２はダイブロツク１１の後部の凹所
内に嵌込まれてダイブロツク１１に対しさらに進
退移動しうるようにばね１８を介してダイブロツ
ク１１と一体の支持台１９に支持されている。 The die member 12 is fitted into a recess at the rear of the die block 11 and is supported by a support base 19 integrated with the die block 11 via a spring 18 so that it can move forward and backward relative to the die block 11.
円錐割型ダイ１３は第５図に示すように４つに
分割されたものからなり、各分割部間にはばね２
４を附勢し、又ダイブロツク１１に対しては軸芯
方向にのみスライドを案内しうるようにキー２５
にて回わり止めされている。 The conical split die 13 is divided into four parts as shown in FIG. 5, and a spring 2 is installed between each divided part.
4, and key 25 to guide the slide only in the axial direction with respect to the die block 11.
It is stopped from rotating.
この円錐割型ダイ１３はダイブロツク１１の前
部に形成した前方広がりの円錐口１１ａに嵌めら
れて、パンチ部材２０にて押込まれると円錐口の
テーパ面にて割型が縮径して閉合し、離れると開
放するようになつている。 This conical split die 13 is fitted into a conical opening 11a which is formed at the front of the die block 11 and spreads forward, and when pushed in by the punch member 20, the diameter of the split mold is contracted and closed by the tapered surface of the conical opening. However, when you leave, it starts to open up.
パンチ部材２０はパンチケース２２に組込ま
れ、中心部にセンターピン２１をばね２３により
進退移動しうるように設けたものからなる。頭部
１ａを嵌入する凹所２０ａは材料押込時に材料に
押されてセンターピン２１が引込んだときに形成
され押圧解除とともにパンチ先端より突出して頭
部１ａを押出すように作用する。 The punch member 20 is assembled into a punch case 22, and has a center pin 21 provided in the center so as to be movable forward and backward by a spring 23. The recess 20a into which the head 1a is inserted is formed when the center pin 21 is retracted by being pushed by the material when the material is pushed, and when the pressure is released, it protrudes from the tip of the punch and acts to push out the head 1a.
考案の効果
本考案は上述のように構成されているので、次
に記載する効果を奏する。Effects of the Invention Since the present invention is configured as described above, it produces the following effects.
円錐割型ダイにパンチ押込みにより材料を圧入
する際には軸部の一端の頭部はパンチ部材側の凹
所に嵌入支持され、対応する軸部側の端部は軸端
に形成した中心孔にノツクアウトピンにて押動さ
れるセンター支持棒の先端の突起が嵌入して材料
を前後両端から挟持するように宙架支持した状態
で行われ、パンチ部材の叩打による割型ダイの閉
合もこの状態で行われる為に材料の軸心と割型ダ
イのセンターが終始完全に一致した状態で圧造作
用を受けることになつて材料に傷をつけたりする
ことを完全になくすことができる。 When press-fitting material into a conical split die by punching, the head of one end of the shaft is fitted into a recess on the punch member side, and the corresponding end of the shaft is inserted into the center hole formed at the end of the shaft. The protrusion at the tip of the center support rod, which is pushed by a knock-out pin, is inserted into the center support rod to clamp the material from both front and rear ends, and the split die is closed by striking the punch member. Since the forging is carried out in this state, the axial center of the material and the center of the split die are completely aligned from beginning to end when subjected to the forging action, making it possible to completely eliminate damage to the material.
又、割型ダイ及びその奥のダイ部材についても
常に適正位置へ材料が供給される為に偏摩耗をな
くすことができ、金型の耐久性を一段と向上させ
ることができる。 In addition, since material is always supplied to the proper position of the split die and the die member behind it, uneven wear can be eliminated, and the durability of the mold can be further improved.
而も割型ダイの前部に従来装置のような材料の
径に一致した内径の案内用ダイを設ける必要もな
い為機構が簡単であり、安価に実施できるもので
ある。 Furthermore, since there is no need to provide a guiding die with an inner diameter matching the diameter of the material as in conventional devices at the front of the split die, the mechanism is simple and can be implemented at low cost.
第１図はテンシヨンボルトの圧造工程順を示す
平面図、第２図、第３図、第４図は本考案による
テンシヨンボルト成形装置の横断平面図、第５図
は第４図におけるＡ−Ａ線の断面図、第６図はセ
ンター支持棒の先端部の拡大側面図である。
１０……ダイケース、１１……ダイブロツク、
２，１２……ダイ部材、３，１３……円錐割型ダ
イ、４，１４……センター支持棒、１５，３２…
…ノツクアウトピン、２０，３１……パンチ部
材、２０ａ……凹所、２１……センターピン、１
ａ……頭部、１ｂ……膨大部、１ｃ……中心孔、
１４ａ……突起。
Fig. 1 is a plan view showing the order of the tension bolt forging process, Figs. 2, 3, and 4 are cross-sectional plan views of the tension bolt forming apparatus according to the present invention, and Fig. 5 is the A in Fig. 4. 6 is an enlarged side view of the tip of the center support rod. 10...Die case, 11...Die block,
2, 12... Die member, 3, 13... Conical split die, 4, 14... Center support rod, 15, 32...
... Knockout pin, 20, 31 ... Punch member, 20a ... Recess, 21 ... Center pin, 1
a...Head, 1b...Ampullary part, 1c...Central foramen,
14a...Protrusion.
Claims (1)
料を、横一列に設けれらた複数のダイスと、そ
の夫々に相対向して進退移動するように設けら
れたパンチとで順次に鍛圧して軸部１の一端に
ボルト頭部１ａを、他端に軸部１の径d1より大
きい径d2の膨大部１ｂを一体に有するテンシヨ
ンボルトを成形するようになした多段ホーマに
おけるテンシヨンボルト成形装置であつて、最
終圧造工程となるダイケース１０内に、 (1) ダイケース１０内に弾圧的に支持されて進
退移動し前端に前方広がりの円錐口１１ａを
もつダイブロツク１１と、 (2) そのダイブロツクに対しさらに弾圧的に支
持され膨大部を成形するための同形の型孔１
２ａをもつダイ部材１２と、 (3) ダイ部材１２の直前に突き合わされた状態
でダイブロツク１１の円錐口１１ａに嵌合さ
れパンチ打込時にダイ部材側への押動に伴い
縮径して素材の軸部を掴持するように作動す
る分割部材からなる円錐割型ダイ３１と、 (4) ダイ部材１２と割型ダイ１３の中心を貫通
してノツクアウトピン１５に当接しパンチ打
込時には素材の膨大部端面の中心孔に嵌止し
て素材を宙架状に保持する突起１４ａをもつ
センター支持棒１４と、 を設けるとともに、対応するパンチ側にはパ
ンチ打込時に素材の頭部を嵌合状に保持する
凹所２０ａを保有するように弾圧的に出没す
るセンターピン２１を備えたパンチ部材２
０、を配備してなることを特徴とする多段ホ
ーマにおけるテンシヨンボルト成形装置。 ２ 前記センター支持棒１４の先端の突起１４ａ
を、円錐尖突起としてなる前記実用新案登録請
求の範囲第１項記載の多段ホーマにおけるテン
シヨンボルト成形装置。[Scope of Claim for Utility Model Registration] 1. A material obtained by cutting a steel round bar into a predetermined size is moved forward and backward relative to a plurality of dies arranged in a horizontal row. A tension bolt which is sequentially forged with a punch provided in the shaft part 1 and integrally has a bolt head 1a at one end of the shaft part 1 and an enlarged part 1b having a diameter d 2 larger than the diameter d 1 of the shaft part 1 at the other end. This is a tension bolt forming device in a multi-stage forming machine, which is used for the final forging process. (2) a die block 11 having a widening conical opening 11a; and (2) a die hole 1 of the same shape that is further elastically supported by the die block and for molding the enlarged part.
(3) The die member 12 having a diameter of 2a is fitted into the conical opening 11a of the die block 11 in a state where they are abutted just in front of the die member 12, and the diameter of the die member 12 is reduced as the punch is pushed toward the die member when driving the punch, and the material is (4) A conical split die 31 consisting of a split member that operates to grip the shaft of the die member 12 and the split die 13; A center support rod 14 having a protrusion 14a that fits into the center hole of the end face of the enlarged part of the material and holds the material in a suspended form is provided, and a center support rod 14 is provided on the corresponding punch side to hold the head of the material when punching. Punch member 2 equipped with a center pin 21 that elastically protrudes and retracts so as to hold a recess 20a that is held in a fitted state
0. A tension bolt forming device in a multi-stage former, characterized in that it is equipped with: 2. Projection 14a at the tip of the center support rod 14
2. The tension bolt forming device for a multi-stage former according to claim 1, wherein said utility model is a conical pointed protrusion.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6598388U JPH0344357Y2 (en) | 1988-05-18 | 1988-05-18 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6598388U JPH0344357Y2 (en) | 1988-05-18 | 1988-05-18 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH01172436U JPH01172436U (en) | 1989-12-06 |
| JPH0344357Y2 true JPH0344357Y2 (en) | 1991-09-18 |
Family
ID=31291403
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6598388U Expired JPH0344357Y2 (en) | 1988-05-18 | 1988-05-18 |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0344357Y2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110102699A (en) * | 2019-04-30 | 2019-08-09 | 山东九佳紧固件股份有限公司 | Head filler screw cold-heading molding processing mold and its processing technology |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP6188321B2 (en) * | 2012-12-17 | 2017-08-30 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | Glow plug |
-
1988
- 1988-05-18 JP JP6598388U patent/JPH0344357Y2/ja not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110102699A (en) * | 2019-04-30 | 2019-08-09 | 山东九佳紧固件股份有限公司 | Head filler screw cold-heading molding processing mold and its processing technology |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH01172436U (en) | 1989-12-06 |
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