JPH04195060A - Photosensitive body - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain the photosensitive body restrained from image defects, such as black spots, and sufficient in sensitivity to comparatively long wavelength light, such as semiconductor laser beams, by forming an undercoat layer made of a polyamide type radiation-curing resin on a conductive substrate. CONSTITUTION:The photosensitive body is formed by laminating at least the undercoat layer (UCL) 7 and a photosensitive layer (PCL) 8 on the conductive substrate 1, and the undercoat layer 7 is made of the compound obtained by reacting an acrylic compound with the polyamide compound obtained by reaction of an aliphatic or aromatic polyamino compound with an aliphatic or aromatic polyvalent carboxylic compound or that obtained by ring-opening reaction of a cyclic lactam, thus permitting a barrier against local injection of carriers from the side of substrate 1 to be formed, and the loss or decrease of surface charge due to said local carrier injection to be prevented.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Industrial Field of Application] The present invention relates to a photoreceptor, particularly an electrophotographic photoreceptor.

[Background of the invention]

In the Carlson electrophotographic copying method, after the surface of the photoreceptor is charged, an electrostatic latent image is formed by exposure, the electrostatic latent image is developed with toner, and then the visible image is formed. Transfer and fix onto paper, etc. At the same time, the photoreceptor is subjected to removal of adhering toner, neutralization of static electricity, and surface cleaning, and is used repeatedly over a long period of time.

Therefore, as an electrophotographic photoreceptor, it is important to not only have electrophotographic properties such as good charging characteristics and sensitivity, and low dark decay, but also physical properties such as printing durability, abrasion resistance, and moisture resistance after repeated use. It is also required to have good physical properties and resistance to ozone generated during corona discharge, ultraviolet rays during exposure, etc. (environmental resistance).

Conventionally, inorganic photoreceptors having a photoreceptor layer containing an inorganic photoconductive substance such as selenium, zinc oxide, or cadmium sulfide as a main component have been widely used as electrophotographic photoreceptors.

On the other hand, the use of various organic photoconductive substances as materials for photoreceptor layers of electrophotographic photoreceptors has been actively researched and developed in recent years.

However, sensitivity and durability are not necessarily satisfactory.

For this purpose, in the photosensitive layer, the carrier generation function and the carrier transport function are assigned to different substances, thereby creating a so-called functionally separated type of organic light with high sensitivity and durability, and in which each functional layer is laminated. Attempts are being made to develop the body.

In such a functionally separated electrophotographic photoreceptor, 5.
Since substances that exhibit each function can be selected from a wide range of materials, it is possible to relatively easily produce an electrophotographic photoreceptor having arbitrary characteristics. Therefore, it is expected that a mechanical light body with high sensitivity and great durability will be obtained.

FIGS. 2 and 4 show a function-separated type laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor using such an organic photoconductive substance.

FIG. 3 shows a functionally separated single-layer electrophotographic photoreceptor.

The electrophotographic photoreceptor shown in FIG. 2 is constructed by sequentially laminating an undercoat layer (ucL) 7, a carrier generation layer (CGL) 6, and a carrier transport layer (CTL) 4 on a conductive support 1. It is used for negative charging. That is,
The photosensitive layer (PCL) 8 is composed of CGL 6 and CTL 4.

In an electrophotographic photoreceptor having such a layer structure,
In the case of negative chargeability, the mobility of holes is greater than that of electrons, so a hole transporting photoconductive material with good properties can be used, which is advantageous in terms of photosensitivity and the like.

Next, FIG. 4 shows a photoreceptor for positive charging. In such laminated photoreceptors, especially photoreceptors using organic photoconductive materials, non-uniform carrier (hole) injection from the conductive support or lower layer side tends to occur when negatively charged, resulting in slight surface charge. It visually disappears or decreases. Especially in the reversal development method, this causes image defects in the form of black spots [black spots], which significantly deteriorates the quality of the image.

This problem of black spots is a particular phenomenon in photoreceptors using organic photoconductive materials with high hole mobility, and the cause of this problem is thought to be the non-uniform carrier injection described above.

Therefore, it has been proposed to provide a UCL between the conductive support l and the PCL to block carrier injection.

Conventionally, materials constituting UCL7 include polyester, polyurethane, polyamide, epoxy resin,
Known materials include polycarbonate, vinyl polymer, such as polyvinylpyridine acrylic resin, cellulose, polyketal, and condensation polymer, such as phenol resin and melamine resin.

However, the above-mentioned known undercoat layer does not have a sufficient effect of suppressing black spots. Moreover, it has not been achieved to improve both the blocking property and the sensitivity as a photoreceptor. In other words, among the resins conventionally used, those that have effective blocking properties and are thought to have the effect of suppressing black spots have poor sensitivity, and conversely, when trying to improve sensitivity, the blocking properties are insufficient and black spots appear. cannot be suppressed sufficiently.

However, problems arise during the multilayer coating process. If the solubility of the polymers in the upper and lower layers is similar, part of the lower layer will dissolve when the upper layer is applied, and the interface between the upper and lower layers will be disturbed and coating will not be possible, or if coating is done by dipping, the upper layer coating tank will be This not only shortens the life of the expensive upper layer coating solution but also deteriorates the potential characteristics of the photoreceptor due to contamination with the constituent components of the lower layer. These factors impose strict prescription restrictions on the polymers and solvents in the upper and lower layers.

There are examples of thermosetting resins being applied to UCL, but they require high curing temperatures (at least 11O'C or higher) and relatively long times (
30 minutes or more), which reduces productivity. or,
The stability of a coating solution mixed with a curing agent is essentially impaired.

Furthermore, the adhesion is still insufficient, and the support and UCL
At present, the adhesion between the UCL and the upper layer is poor in addition to the adhesion between the UCL and the upper layer.

Furthermore, in recent years, semiconductor laser light sources have been used in electrophotographic copying methods, which are inexpensive, compact, and capable of direct modulation. Currently, gallium-aluminum-arsenide (Ga-AI) is widely used in semiconductor lasers.
-As) type light emitting element has an oscillation wavelength of about 750 nm or more.

The technical system using such a laser beam or the like is expected to be applied to printers, but the current situation is that a photoreceptor having high sensitivity to long wavelength light has not yet been developed.

[Purpose of the invention]

An object of the present invention is to provide a photoreceptor that can suppress image defects such as black spots and has sufficient sensitivity to relatively long wavelength light from semiconductor lasers and the like.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a photoreceptor with excellent printing durability, potential stability, and residual potential characteristics.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a photoreceptor having good coating properties and adhesion properties, in which at least UCL and PCL are provided on a conductive support.

[Structure of the invention and its effects]

The present invention provides: (1) A photoreceptor in which at least a UCL and a PCL are provided on a conductive support, wherein the UCL is formed of a polyamide radiation-curable resin. .

By adopting the structure of the present invention, 1. good multilayer coating properties, 2. no contamination of other coating solutions, and 3. not being dissolved by other coating solutions, giving a wide range of formulation options. The following advantages can be obtained: 4. good blocking properties, no black spots, and 56. good adhesion to the lower layer.

As mentioned above, this polymer has a blocking function that effectively prevents uneven injection of holes from the support, which tends to occur when organic photoconductive substances with high hole mobility are used in PCL. have.

Therefore, the presence of this undercoat layer can provide a barrier to local carrier injection from the support side.
It is thought that it is possible to prevent the surface charge from disappearing or decreasing due to local carrier injection. Therefore, especially when reversal development is performed, there are no black spots on the image, no white spots, no rough edges, no pinholes, and a remarkable effect of obtaining a high-quality image without image defects. can play.

The polyamide used is a polyamide obtained by the reaction of an aliphatic or aromatic polyvalent amino compound with an aliphatic or aromatic polyvalent carboxylic acid compound, or a polyamide compound obtained by a ring-opening reaction of a cyclic lactam and a (meth)acrylic compound added thereto. Compounds obtained by reaction can be used.

Synthesis may also be carried out by mixing a methacrylate group with a radioactive functional group such as a (meth)acrylic group in the amino group during polyamide synthesis.

Examples of the polyamide compounds include the following.

1゜2゜HxC-CHCO(NH(CHz)s-NHCO(CH
z) *C03iNH(CH2)sNHcOcH-CHz
I11#20 3゜HzC-CHCO(NH(CH2)4NHCO-1l-
CHz) acOh “-(NHCHzCHx N-neO CH.

Book (CH2CH2hNHCO-(CH2),C0)NH
(-CH, hNH-Co-CH=CH.

When using the compound of the present invention, a photopolymerization initiator may be added to increase UV absorption and curing speed. Examples include benzoin ether type, benzyl ketal type, a-hydroxyacetophenone type, chloracetophenone type, α-aminoacetophenone type, acylphosphine oxide type, σ-dicarbonyl type, a-acyl oxime ester, and the like.

Examples of the radiation that can be used include ultraviolet rays, electron beams, X-rays, and gamma rays, with ultraviolet rays and electron beams being preferred.

Curing by ultraviolet irradiation has a wavelength of approximately 2000 to 4000
This is done by irradiating ultraviolet A. Furthermore, a mercury lamp with an output of about 50=100 W/am is suitable for the ultraviolet generator. Electron beam irradiation is performed at an accelerating voltage of 100 to 7
It is carried out using an electron beam accelerator of 50 KV, preferably 150 to 300 KV, so that the absorbed dose is 2 to 20 Mrad.

There is no major difference in prescription between the use of ultraviolet rays and the case of electron beams, except that when ultraviolet rays are used, a photopolymerization initiator may be required.

The UCL in the present invention has a thin film thickness of 2 μm or less, which allows it to sufficiently exhibit blocking performance.
This is desirable in terms of maintaining good photoreceptor performance such as suppression of residual potential. More preferably, it is 0.2 to 1.0 μm.

The photoreceptor of the present invention has the structure shown in FIG. 2, for example.

In this photoreceptor, on a conductive support (substrate) l,
CCl2 is provided via the above-mentioned UCL7, and this CCl2 is provided via the above-described UCL7.
CTL 4 is provided on Cl6. 8 indicates PCL. Therefore, there is a UCL 7 between CCl2 and support l.
Since this is provided, it is possible to effectively prevent non-uniform injection of holes from the support side as shown in FIG. 8, and at the same time, it is possible to efficiently transport electrons, which are photocarriers, to the support side during light irradiation.

Note that the photoreceptor of the present invention has the above-described structure (i.e., CGL
In addition to stacking CTL on top), as shown in Fig. 3, it may be made of a single layer of PCL8 in which a carrier generating material (CGM) and a carrier transporting material (CTM) are mixed.
Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 4, a layer structure in which CCl2 and CTL 4 are turned upside down (for positive charging) may be used. Further, in the photoreceptor of the present invention, a protective layer (protective layer: ◯CL) may be formed on the surface of the photoreceptor in order to improve printing durability, etc., and for example, a synthetic resin film may be coated.

Next, CGM used in the photoreceptor of the present invention is shown by a general formula.

■, Polycyclic quinone pigment (1) Anthoanthrone pigment general formula [G1]: (2) Dibenzpyrenequinone pigment general formula (c2): (3) Bilacitron pigment general formula (G3): In the above, X: halogen atom , nido tetragroup, cyano group, acyl group, or carboxyl group.

n=o~4 m=o~6 2, Azulenium Compound The azulenium compound is, for example, a metal compound described in the following publication.

(a) JP 61-1547 (b) JP 61-1548 (c) JP 61-15147 (d) JP 61-15150 (e) JP 61-15151 Specific examples of azulenium compounds include, for example, the Shimokita general formula Things can be mentioned.

General formula 1: G4): However, in the above general formula, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R
I7=represents a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen atom, or an organic residue. Also, R11 and RI2, R12 and RI3, R eye and RI4
, R'' and RIS, R'' and Rli, and R1'' and R17, any one combination may form a substituted or unsubstituted condensed ring.

Ar', Ar'' represents a nialyl group.

R18, R19: substituted or unsubstituted three types of groups;
Represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group. Also, R
” and R19 may form a ring together with the nitrogen atom.

Lθ: represents an anion residue.

Typical examples of such azulenium salts include the following.

3. Cyanine dye Cyanine dye is known, for example, disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 58-118.
No. 650, No. 58-224354, No. 59-1460
There is a compound described in No. 6.

4. Phthalocyanine compounds It is known that phthalocyanine compounds, which are one type of organic photoconductive materials, have a photosensitive range extending to a longer wavelength range than other compounds. Various crystalline forms of phthalocyanine compounds have been discovered in the process of converting β-type phthalocyanine compounds into stable crystalline β-type phthalonanine compounds. Examples of these phthalocyanine compounds exhibiting photoconductivity include X-type metal-free phthalonanine compounds described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 49-4338, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 182639-1980,
No. 60-19151, τ′,
1% V' type metal-free phthalocyanine compound, JP-A-63-
In addition to the phthalocyanine compounds described in No. 1482.69, various metal phthalocyanine compounds are exemplified.

For example, there are two tital 7 talocyanine compounds J, and the patent application was made in 1986.
There is one described in No. 2-241938. In addition, phthalocyanine compounds particularly suitable for semiconductor lasers are exemplified.

Phthalocyanine Exemplary Compound 5, Azo Compound Examples of the disazo compound include those shown in the general formula below.

General formula (G6): %formula% etc.

In addition, as other azo compounds, each of the following general formulas (% formula %) General formula CG7): Cp-N=N-Ar3-N=N-Ar'-N=N-Cp
Ar' N=N-cp General formula [G8]: Cp-N=N-AS-N=N-Ar'-N=N-Cp General formula [G9]: Cp-N=N-Ar5-N=N -Ar'-N
= N-Ar'-N = N-Cp However, Ar3, A
r' and Ar' are each substituted or unsubstituted following 2
Species group: represents a carbocyclic aromatic ring group or a heterocyclic aromatic ring group.

Further, specific examples of Ar', Ar', and Ar5 are as follows:
Furthermore, examples of Cp (coupler) include the following.

However, as for A, in CGL, the content ratio of CGM to binder substance is preferably 5/1 to 1/10, and 3/1 to 1/10.
It is more preferable to set it to 1/3.

When the content ratio of CGM is larger than the above range, black spots etc. tend to appear. However, if the proportion of CGM is too small, the photosensitivity etc. will actually decrease.

The thickness of the CGL is preferably 0.1 to 1 Oum or more, more preferably 0.2 to 5 μm. The film thickness of CT-L is preferably 10 μm or more.

The thickness of the entire photosensitive layer is preferably within the range of 10 to 40 μm, and more preferably within the range of 15 to 30 μm. If the film thickness is smaller than the above range, the charging potential will be low due to the thinness, and the printing durability will also tend to decrease.

Furthermore, if the film thickness is larger than the above range, the residual potential will increase on the contrary, and as in the case where the CGL is too thick, carriers will be caught at trap sites during movement, making it difficult to obtain sufficient transport performance. Therefore, the residual potential tends to increase during repeated use.

It is also possible to include CTM in CGL.

When PCL is formed by dispersing granular CC, M, the CGM is preferably in the form of powder having an average particle size of 2 μm or less, preferably 1 μm or less, and more preferably 0.5 μm or less.

Further, in the carrier transport layer, the carrier transport substance preferably has excellent compatibility with the binder substance.

As a result, turbidity and opacity do not occur even if the amount of the binder substance is increased, so the mixing ratio with the binder substance can be set at a very wide range. The layer is uniform and stable, resulting in better sensitivity and charging characteristics, and a photoreceptor that can form clear images with higher sensitivity can be used.

Furthermore, especially when used in repeated transfer type electrophotography, it is possible to achieve the effect that fatigue deterioration is less likely to occur.

CTMs that can be used in the present invention include carbazole derivatives, oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, thiazole derivatives, thiadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, imidasilone derivatives, imidazolidine derivatives, bisimidazolidine derivatives, styryl compounds, hydrazone compounds, Pyrazoline derivatives, oxacilone derivatives, benzothiazole derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives, quinazoline derivatives, benzofuran derivatives,
One or two selected from acridine derivatives, phenazine derivatives, aminostilbene derivatives, triarylamine derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, stilbene derivatives, poly-N-vinylcarbazole, poly-1-vinylpyrene, poly-9-vinylanthracene, etc. It may be more than one species.

Specific examples of such carrier transport substances are disclosed in JP-A-63
-50851.

The general formula is listed below.

The following general formula (Tl) or [T2
] styryl compounds can be used.

General formula (Tl): However, in this general formula, R21, R22: substituted or unsubstituted or two types of groups; represent an alkyl group, an aryl group, and the substituents include an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a substituted amino group, a hydroxyl group , a halogen atom, and an aryl group are used.

Arls, Ar”: represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a substituted amino group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, or an aryl group is used as a substituent.

R23 and R24 represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a hydrogen atom, and as a substituent, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a substituted amino group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, or an aryl group is used.

General formula (T2): However, in this general formula, R25: substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, R2': hydrogen atom, halogen atom, three types of substituted or unsubstituted groups: alkyl group, alkoxy group, amino group and hydroxyl group, R27: two types of substituted or unsubstituted groups; alkyl group,
Represents a heterocyclic group.

In addition, the following general formulas [T3], [T4], (T
The hydrazone compounds of 4a), (T4b) or [T5] can also be used.

General formula [T3): However, in this general formula, R'' and Rn are each a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, R3G and R31 are each a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, Ar'': a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group .

General formula (T4): However, in this general formula, RXX: represents three types of @substituted or unsubstituted groups, a carbazolyl group, and a heterocyclic group, R33, R34, and R35: hydrogen atom, alkyl group; aryl group, Two types of substituted or unsubstituted groups: an aryl group and an aralkyl group.

General formula [T4a]: However, in this general formula, R36: methyl group, ethyl group, 2-hydroxyethyl group, or 2-chloroethyl group, R37: methyl group, ethyl group, benzyl group, or phenyl group, R311 = methyl group , represents an ethyl group, a benzyl group or a phenyl group.

However, in this general formula, R3' is a substituted or unsubstituted 7-tyl group; R40 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group,
Aralkyl group, aryl group: R41 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group; R42 and two groups each represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, an aralkyl group, or an aryl group, which may be the same or different from each other.

General formula (T5): However, in this general formula, R41: two types of substituted or unsubstituted groups; aryl group,
Heterocyclic group, R45: hydrogen atom, two types of substituted or unsubstituted groups; alkyl group, aryl group, Q: hydrogen atom, halogen atom, alkyl group, substituted amino group, alkoxy group or cyano group, S: O or Represents an integer of 1.

Furthermore, a piazoline compound represented by the following general formula [T6] can also be used as the CTM.

General formula (T6): However, in this general formula, 1:0 or l, R'' and R67: substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, R
4a, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or heterocyclic group, R1% and R50: hydrogen atom, alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or aralkyl group (however, R'' and R50 are not both hydrogen atoms, and when 1 is 0, R4' is not a hydrogen atom.) Furthermore, an amine derivative of the following general formula [T7] can also be used as a CTM.

General formula [:T7): However, in this general formula, Ar'', Ar'' represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and a norogen atom, an alkyl group, a nitro group, or an alkoxy group is used as a substituent.

A r”: Represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, naphthyl group, anthryl group, fluorenyl group, or heterocyclic group, and substituents include an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an aryloxy group, an aryl group, and an amine. group, nitro group, piperidino group, morpholino group, naphthyl group, anthryl group and substituted amino group.

However, the substituent of the substituted amino group acyl group, alkyl group, ali Uses a metal group.

Furthermore, a compound of the following general formula [T8] can also be used as a CTM.

General formula [T8]: However, in this general formula, A r 21 represents a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, R51, RS2, H53 and H64: three substituted or unsubstituted groups: alkyl group, aryl group , represents an aralkyl group.

Furthermore, the compound of general formula [T9] can also be used as a CTM.

General formula (T9): However, in this general formula, R55, R5M, RS7 and H5
ffi is a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a benzyl group, or an aralkyl group; R59 and Rao are each a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted group having 1 to 1 carbon atoms; 40 alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, alkenyl groups, cycloalkenyl groups, aryl groups, or aralkyl groups (however, RS9 and R'' jointly have 3 to 10 carbon atoms)
may form a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring.

) R", R", R63 and R64 are each a hydrogen atom,
These include a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, an alkyne group, an amino group, an alkylamino group, or an arylamino group.

An antioxidant can be contained in CTL and CGL.

This can suppress the influence of ozone generated during discharge, and can prevent an increase in residual potential and a decrease in charged potential during repeated use.

Examples of the antioxidant include hindered phenol, hindered amine, paraphenylene diamine, aryl alkane, hydroquinone, spirochroman, spiroindanone and derivatives thereof, organic sulfur compounds, organic phosphorus compounds, and the like.

These specific compounds are disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-4466.
No. 2, No. 63-14153, No. 63-50849,
No. 63-18355, No. 63-58455, No. 13
No. 3-71856, No. 63-71855 and No. 66-
It is described in No. 146046.

A polymer semiconductor can also be included in the photosensitive layer.

Among these polymeric organic semiconductors, poly-N-vinylcarbazole or its semiconductor is highly effective and is preferably used. Such poly-N-vinylcarbazole derivatives mean that all or part of the carbazole ring in the repeating unit has various substituents, such as an alkyl group, a nitro group,
It is substituted with an amino group, a hydroxy group, or a halogen atom.

Further, at least one electron-accepting substance may be contained in the photosensitive layer for the purpose of improving sensitivity, reducing residual potential or fatigue during repeated use, and the like.

Electron-accepting substances that can be used in the photoreceptor of the present invention include:
For example, amber anhydride, maleic anhydride, dibromaleic anhydride, heptatalic anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride,
Tetrabromo phthalic anhydride, 3-nitro phthalic anhydride,
4-nitrophthalic anhydride, pyromellitic anhydride, mellitic anhydride, tetra/anoethylene, tetraanoquinodimethane, 0-dinitrobenzene, m-dinitrobenzene, 1,3.5-1 linitrobenzene, varanitrobenzonitrile , vicryl chloride, quinone chlorimide,
Chloranil, brumanil, 2-methylnaphthoquinone, dichlordicyanobarabenzoquinone, anthraquinone, dinitroanthraquinone, trinitrofluorenone, 9-
Fluorenylidene [dicyanomethylene malonodinitrile], polynitro-9-fluorenylidene [dicyanomethylene malonodinitrile], picric acid, O-nitrobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid Examples include one or more compounds having a large electron affinity, such as pentafluorobenzoic acid, 5-nitrosalicylic acid, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, heptatalic acid, mellitic acid, and other compounds. Among these, fluorenone series, quinone series, and benzene derivatives having electron-withdrawing substituents such as CI, CN, and No□ are particularly preferred.

Furthermore, silicone oil or fluorine-based surfactant may be present as a surface modifier. Further, an ammonium compound may be contained as a durability improver.

Furthermore, an ultraviolet absorber may be used.

Preferred ultraviolet absorbers include nitrogen-containing compounds such as benzoic acid, stilbene compounds and derivatives thereof, triazole compounds, imidazole compounds, triazine compounds, coumarin compounds, oxadiazole compounds, thiazole compounds and derivatives thereof.

Examples of binder resins that can be used for the constituent layers of the photoreceptor include polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, vinyl acetate resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, polyester resin, alkyd resin, polycarbonate resin, and melamine resin. , addition polymer resins such as methacrylic resins, acrylic resins, polyvinidene chloride, polystyrene, polyaddition resins, polycondensation resins, copolymer resins containing two or more of these repeating groups, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate Examples include insulating resins such as copolymer resins, styrene-butadiene copolymer resins, vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer resins, polymeric organic semiconductors such as N-vinylcambazole, modified linicone resins, etc. can.

The above binders can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.

The binder for the protective layer provided as necessary has a volume resistivity of 10"Ω・cm or more, preferably 1010Ω・c
A transparent resin having a resistance of 10"Ω·cm or more is used, more preferably 10"Ω·cm or more.

Further, the binder may be a resin that is cured by heat, and examples of the resin that is cured by heat include thermosetting acrylic resin, epoxy resin, urethane resin, urea resin, polyester resin, alkyd resin, melamine resin, Alternatively, there are copolymerized or condensed resins thereof, and all other thermosetting resins used in electrophotographic materials can be used.

Further, if necessary, the protective layer may contain less than 50 wt % of a thermoplastic resin for the purpose of improving processability and physical properties (preventing cracks, imparting flexibility, etc.). Examples of such thermoplastic resins include polypropylene, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, epoxy resin, polycarbonate resin, or copolymer resins thereof, polymeric organic semiconductors such as poly-N-vinylcarbazole, and other electrophotographic materials. All of the thermoplastic resins that are available are utilized.

CGL can be provided by the following method.

(a) A method in which a binder and a solvent are added to CGM, etc., and a mixed solution is applied.

(b) A method in which CGM, etc. is made into fine particles in a dispersion medium using a ball mill, homomixer, sand mill, ultrasonic disperser, attritor, etc., and a binder is added, mixed and dispersed, and the resulting dispersion is applied.

Dispersing the particles under the action of ultrasound in these methods allows for homogeneous dispersion.

Further, CTL can be formed by applying and drying the CTM described above alone or dissolved and dispersed together with the binder resin described above.

In this case, when CTM is contained in CGL,
There is a method of dissolving or dispersing CTM in advance in the solution of (a) or the dispersion of (b), ie, a method of adding CTM to CGL. In this case, the amount of CTM added is preferably within the range of 1-100 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the binder.

In addition, a solution containing CTM is applied onto the CGL, and the CGL
There is a method of diffusing CTM into CGL by swelling or partially dissolving CTM. If you adopt this method,
Although it is not necessary to add CTM to CGL as described above, it is also possible to carry out the two methods described above at the same time.

Solvents or dispersion media used to form the layer include butylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, impropaturamine, triethanolamine, triethylenediamine, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, /chlorhexanone, benzene, toluene. , xylene, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methanol, ethanol, improper tool,
Examples include ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and the like.

The above PCL1UCL, OCL, etc. can be provided by, for example, blade coating, dip coating, spray coating, roll coating, spiral coating, etc.

The conductive support may be a metal plate, a metal drum, or a conductive thin layer made of a conductive polymer, a conductive compound such as indium oxide, or a metal such as aluminum, palladium, or gold, by coating, vapor deposition, lamination, or other means. Therefore, those provided on a substrate such as paper or plastic film are used.

Next, FIG. 5 shows an example of a recording apparatus using the photoreceptor of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a 70-chart of reversal development in electrophotography.

In the apparatus shown in FIG. 5, 23 is a drum-shaped image carrier which has the above-mentioned organic photoconductive substances PCL8 and UCL7 and rotates in the direction of the arrow; 22 is an image carrier; the surface of 23 is uniformly charged; A charger, 24 is an image exposure device, and 15 is a developer.

20 is a pre-transfer exposure lamp provided as necessary to facilitate the transfer of the toner image formed on the image carrier 23 onto the recording medium P; 21 is a transfer device; 19 is a separation corona discharger; A fixing device 12 fixes the toner image transferred to the recording medium P.

Reference numeral 13 has a static eliminator consisting of one or a combination of a static eliminator lamp and a corona discharger for static elimination, and 14 has a cleaning blade or a fur brush for removing residual toner on the surface of the image carrier 23 after the image has been transferred. It is a cleaning device.

When the image exposure is performed using a semiconductor laser, it is preferable that the image exposure 24 be performed using a laser beam scanner in a recording apparatus that uses a drum-shaped image carrier 23 like the recording apparatus shown in FIG.

In addition, in a recording apparatus in which the image bearing member can take a flat state such as a belt shape, the image exposure can be set to 7 to 77 exposures.

The method shown in FIG. 6 can be carried out using the recording apparatus as described above.

Figure 6 shows that an electrostatic image is formed by an electrostatic image forming method in which the image exposure area has a lower potential than the background area, and after development, the toner charged to the same polarity as the background area potential is used. An example of reversal development performed by adhesion is shown.

That is, first, the surface of the image carrier 23 in the initial state, which has been neutralized by the static eliminator 13 and cleaned by the cleaning device 14 and has a potential of 0, is uniformly charged by the charger 22. Image exposure 24 is projected onto the charged surface to perform image exposure such that the potential of the electrostatic image portion becomes approximately 0, and the obtained electrostatic image is developed by a developer I5 (toner T).

Note that this image forming method uses halogen lamps, tungsten lamps, LEDs (light emitting diodes), and helium lamps.
It can be applied to various light sources such as gas lasers such as neon, argon, and helium-cadmium, and semiconductor lasers.

The image forming method of the present invention has a wide variety of applications such as electrophotographic copying machines and printers.

〔Example〕

Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained in more detail with reference to Examples.
The present invention is not limited thereby, and of course includes other embodiments with various modifications.

First, as shown in Table 1, UCL No., UCL-1M
A total of 5 coating solutions of ~5M were prepared and each was filtered through a 0.6 μm filter to obtain a UCL coating solution.

These UCL coating liquids were applied to an aluminum drum (Konica L').
(for P-3010 laser printer), 4mg/d
The pulling speed was adjusted so that the UCL was formed.

UCL-IM-UCL-2M is a normal polyamide resin and is a blank.

For UCL-3M-UCL-4M, after dip coating,
While rotating the drum slowly, apply ultraviolet rays from a distance of about 50 cm using a concentrating medium pressure mercury lamp with an output of 80 W/cm.
Perform for 0 seconds and apply UCL so that the coating amount is 4 mg/dm2.
was formed.

For UCL-5M, after dip coating, while rotating the drum, the acceleration voltage was 300 KV and the beam current was 10 = 1.
Electron beam irradiation was performed using a 5 mA ESI (curtain type) electron beam accelerator with an absorbed dose in the range of 3 to 1 O Mrad, and the UCL was adjusted to 4 mg/d + 11".
was formed.

Two coats of each of these UCLie + cloth drums were applied, and one
This book was coated with the following CGL multilayer coating, and the other one was subjected to the adhesion test (substrate test) and melt resistance Table 1 (Note) made by Nippon Kayaku. Next, 40 g of each CGM shown in Table 2 was applied to each binder. In addition to 200 ml of a polymer solution of each solvent, the mixture was dispersed for 12 hours using a sand grinder to prepare a CGL dispersion liquid.

The cylinder having the above UCL is immersed in this dispersion, and C
The coating speed was further adjusted to obtain a GL coating amount of 5 mg/dm in Table 3.
200 g of CTM shown in Table 3 and resin 45 shown in Table 3
0g and 1,2-dichloroethane were dissolved in 1,500ml of 1,2-dichloroethane, each drum coated up to the CGL was immersed in the resulting solution, the coating speed was adjusted to give a film thickness of 200μm, and the coating was carried out at 100°C. It was dried for 1 hour to form a CTL, thereby producing a laminated photoreceptor.

3 The final laminated form of the photoreceptor is shown in Table 4, and will also be described below.

The electrophotographic properties and physical properties measured by the measurement method are also shown.

[Characteristics evaluation]

Each of the photoconductors of Examples and Comparative Examples was rLP-30.
Installed on a 10J (manufactured by Konica) modified machine (equipped with a semiconductor laser light source), with a VM of 1600±10 (V) 1m
Adjust the grid voltage so that
V), and the black spots on the white background of the image were evaluated.

Also, 5000 times of printing was performed, and after 5000 times of printing, V, , V twoV , 10110, ■L'. o0
Toshita.

Then, the displacement amount of v & 11vL from the initial stage is A
VM"", Δ■Ls000 Toshita.

Δy M′aoo= (y &l5oon+6
6g), AVL"0O-(VL""VL).

In addition, the evaluation of black spots (black spots) was performed by measuring the particle size and number of black spots using an image analysis device "Omnicon 3000" (manufactured by Takasu Seisakusho Co., Ltd.).
Judgment was made based on the number of black spots of m or more per IClm2. The criteria for evaluating black spots are as shown in the table below.

Note that if the result of black spot determination is ◎ or ○, it is practical, but if it is △, it may not be suitable for practical use, and if it is ×, it is not suitable for practical use.

In addition, in order to examine the solvent resistance of UCL, after coating and drying UCL, it was immersed in methyl ethyl ketone for 30 seconds, and then observed using an electron microscope (SEM). UC of immersion surface
Those with L remaining homogeneous are indicated with @, and those with heterogeneity, dissolution, or peeling are indicated with △ or X.

The adhesion between UCL and PCL was evaluated by a substrate test. In other words, the distance between adjacent gaps is l+
Using an m- cutter guide, make 11 parallel scratches in the vertical and horizontal directions with a cutter to form 100 squares (base squares). After pasting cellophane tape with a diameter of 24 mm on top of it, peel it off from one end. The number of squares that were peeled off at that time was counted and expressed as the number of squares that remained out of 100.

As a guideline for adhesion, 100/100 is considered good adhesion, and 0/100 is considered poor.

According to the results shown in Table 4, by using the resin of the present invention, it is possible to maintain good charging ability and sensitivity during repeated use, and to produce good images without black spots, as well as to produce a photoreceptor with excellent adhesion. I know that I can provide it.

On the other hand, when a comparative binder resin was used, part of the UCL dissolved after the CGL solution was applied, resulting in poor multilayer coating properties.
In addition, many black spots also occurred.

Next, photoreceptors similar to those in the above-mentioned example were prepared with a drum size for DC-8010 (manufactured by Konica). When images were produced on each of these photoconductors using PC-8010 under the following development conditions, good images without black spots were obtained under each development condition, regardless of which photoconductor was used. It was done.

The development was carried out by so-called two-component non-contact jumping development.

Development conditions: 7 Qwt% magnetite powder with an average particle size of 0.111 m,
3Qwt% of polyester resin was blended and kneaded as a binder resin, crushed and granulated, and then classified into particle sizes of 20 to 30 μm to obtain a carrier. The specific gravity of this carrier was about 3.5 or less. For this carrier, IF-Bix1800
(manufactured by Konica) Toner for copying machines (toner containing carbon in polyester resin) has a toner concentration of 20 wt%.
Copying was carried out under the following conditions.

The peripheral speed of the image carrier was 60 mm/sec, the gap between the image carrier and the developing sleeve was Q, 3 mm, and the developer layer thickness was 0.05 m.
++n.

The diameter of the developing sleeve is 24 mm, and the rotation speed is 200 r.
It was set as pm.

Regarding the developing bias and the like, the following three types of conditions were used.

[Brief explanation of the drawing]

1 to 7 are for explaining the embodiment, and FIG. 1(A) and FIG. 1(B) are schematic diagrams each schematically showing the movement of the carrier using a hand model. , FIG. 2, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4 are sectional views of a portion of each photoreceptor used in the present invention, FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an image forming apparatus, and FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing the process of image formation. FIG. 7 is a partial sectional view showing a conventional photoreceptor. FIG. 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a part of another conventional photoreceptor. In addition, in the symbols shown in the drawings, l... Conductive substrate 4... Carrier transport layer (CTL) 6...
...Carrier generation layer (CGL) 7...
. . . Undercoat layer (UCL) 8 . . . Photosensitive layer (PCL).

Claims (1)

[Claims] (1) A photoreceptor in which at least an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer are provided on a conductive support, wherein the undercoat layer is formed of a polyamide-based radiation-curable resin. .