JPH0436735B2 - - Google Patents

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Publication number
JPH0436735B2
JPH0436735B2 JP58118007A JP11800783A JPH0436735B2 JP H0436735 B2 JPH0436735 B2 JP H0436735B2 JP 58118007 A JP58118007 A JP 58118007A JP 11800783 A JP11800783 A JP 11800783A JP H0436735 B2 JPH0436735 B2 JP H0436735B2
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JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
liposomes
temperature
liposome
membrane
membrane component
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
JP58118007A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPS607933A (en
Inventor
Hiroshi Kikuchi
Hitoshi Yamauchi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd filed Critical Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Priority to JP11800783A priority Critical patent/JPS607933A/en
Publication of JPS607933A publication Critical patent/JPS607933A/en
Publication of JPH0436735B2 publication Critical patent/JPH0436735B2/ja
Granted legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/127Synthetic bilayered vehicles, e.g. liposomes or liposomes with cholesterol as the only non-phosphatidyl surfactant
    • A61K9/1277Preparation processes; Proliposomes

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】[Detailed description of the invention]

本発明はリポソームの製造法に関する。 脂質の閉鎖小胞であるリポソームは、広く生体
膜のモデルとしてその物理化学的諸性質の研究に
利用されてきた。またリポソームはその内部に
種々の薬剤を保持することが可能であるために、
マイクロカプセルの一種として難経口吸収性薬剤
の吸収促進、制癌剤等の細網内皮系組織へのター
ゲツテイング、免疫賦活剤等の活性増強等の応用
研究が数多くなされている。リポソームがこれら
の研究に盛んに用いられている主な理由は、リポ
ソームの膜構成成分自体が生体由来の脂質である
ために毒性が少ないこと、生体の種々の膜との親
和性が高いことなどが挙げられる。一方これらリ
ポソームの製法としては大部分膜成分物質である
脂質の溶解剤としてクロロホルム、エーテル、ベ
ンゼン、エタノール、ヘキサン等を用いており、
また脂質の可溶化剤としてコール酸、トライトン
X−100及びその他の界面活性剤を用いている。
従つて前者の場合には有機溶媒を減圧、加温、不
活性ガスのバブリング等により除去せねばならな
いし、最終製品中の残留溶媒が問題となる。ま
た、これら調製方法をそのまま工業的生産に結び
つけるには保安上及び安全作業上の問題の他、操
作技術上の困難さ等がある。更に後者の場合には
最終製品から透析またはゲル濾過によつて用いた
界面活性剤を分離除去する必要がある。 有機溶媒あるいは界面活性剤等を用いずにリポ
ソームを調製するものとしては、アニーリング
法、凍結融解法の他、特開昭57−82310号及び同
57−82311号に示される凍結乾燥法などがある。
アニーリング法では、リン脂質−水分散液をリン
脂質の相転移温度(Tc)以下にて超音波照射し、
構造欠損(structural defect)を起こしたSUV
(小さな一枚膜リポソーム)をいつたん製し、そ
の後にTc以上でインキユベーシヨンして融合さ
せLUV(大きな一枚膜リポソーム)を調製する手
法をとつている。凍結融解法では、大豆リン脂質
に緩衝液を加え20〜35℃で20分間超音波照射して
SUVをいつたん製し、次にドライアイス−エタ
ノールですばやく凍結し更に室温に戻して融解さ
せ30℃で軽く超音波照射して融合させることによ
りLUVを調製する手法をとつている。また凍結
乾燥法ではリン脂質を水性溶媒中に分散させた後
凍結乾燥し、これを水性溶媒中に再分散させるこ
とによりリポソームを製するものである。本来リ
ン脂質は水和されて初めてラメラー構造を持つた
リポソームになるわけであるが、単なるTc以上
ではリン脂質はなかなか水性溶液によつて水和さ
れず、リポソームもできにくい。従つてTc付近
で適用しても能率、効率の面で決して優れている
とは言い難く、又一部の膜成分物質即ちジセチル
ホスフエートの如き単独で液晶相を持たない膜成
分物質が膜の中に入りにくいなどの欠点がある。 本発明者らはこれらの状況に鑑み、従来その有
用性についてはあまり顧みられなかつた有機溶媒
を全く使用せずにリポソームを調製する方法、即
ちただ単に脂質を水性溶媒中に分散させる方法に
注目し、その改良について鋭意検討した結果、リ
ポソームを構成する通常の膜成分物質と水性溶液
とを混ぜて膨潤させ撹拌する際、従来言われてい
た脂質が水和したラメラー相(2分子膜)での相
転移温度(Tc)ではなく、粉末結晶としての相
転移温度(Tα)以上でかつ低くても50℃にて行
うことにより(Tα>Tc)均一なリポソームを効
率良くしかも大量に製することができることを見
出し、本発明を完成するに至つた。一般に中性脂
質であるホスフアチジルコリン、スフインゴミエ
リン、ホスフアチジルエタノールアミンの場合、
その脂肪酸鎖長や不飽和度によらず固体としての
融点は高く各々230、205、196℃であることが知
られている。しかしながら実際にはこれら固体と
しての融点よりはるかに低い温度にて、これらの
脂質は吸熱的な相変化をし、脂肪酸鎖の部分が溶
けて液体状態になる。即ち液晶へと相変化するこ
とが知られている。例えばジパルミトイルホスフ
アチジルコリンの場合には、ラメラー相(2分子
膜)の状態では41℃に相転移温度がある。この温
度がよくいわれる脂質の相転移温度(Tc)であ
るが、これは脂質が水の中で完全に水和され(レ
シチン1分子に対し10分子の水が水和し、それ以
上の水は自由水となる)てラメラー相(2分子
膜)を形成しているときの相転移温度を意味して
いる。ジパルミトイルホスフアチジルコリンの場
合、水和した状態即ちラメラー相(2分子膜)の
状態では相転移温度は41℃にあるが、粉末結晶状
態では65℃(1水和物結晶)あるいは93℃(無水
物結晶)に相転移温度が存在する。そしてただ単
にリン脂質を水性溶媒中に分散させ温度を単に
Tc以上にしても、水界面と接したリン脂質は水
和されてこの温度で流動性を持つてはいるが、粉
末結晶内部のリン脂質は水和されず固体状態にあ
るといえる。ここで撹拌等の機械的振動を与える
と水界面と接し水和されたリン脂質だけが水性溶
媒中にリポソームとして分散していくことにな
る。 このように単なるTc以上で行う従来の方法は、
粉末結晶状態のリン脂質−水界面で徐々にラメラ
ー構造(2分子膜)を生成させ小胞化させていく
という方法があるがために、能率、効率の面で優
れた方法とは言いがたい。これに対し本発明によ
れば、リン脂質の粉末結晶状態即ち無水物結晶あ
るいは1水和物結晶としての相転移温度(Tα)
に注目して行うために能率、効率の面で上述の方
法よりはるかに優れている。即ちTα以上では水
性溶媒中に粉末結晶状態で分散しているリン脂質
は、水界面のリン脂質ばかりでなく内部のリン脂
質も液体状態にあるために非常に水和されやすい
状態にある。ここで撹拌等の機械的振動を与えて
やれば内部のリン脂質も瞬時に水和されながらリ
ポソーム化して水性溶媒中に分散していくことに
なる。かかる新知見に基いてなされたのが本発明
である。 本発明において使用される膜成分物質として
は、例えばホスフアチジルコリン、ホスフアチジ
ルエタノールアミン、ホスフアチジルセリン、ホ
スフアチジルイノシトール、リゾホスフアチジル
コリン、スフインゴミエリン、卵黄レシチン、大
豆レシチン等に代表されるリン脂質の他、糖脂
質、ジアルキル型合成界面活性剤等の一種又は二
種以上の混合物が主体となる。なお、これに膜安
定化剤としてコレスタン、コレステロール等のス
テロール類を、荷電物質としてジセチルホスフエ
ート、ホスフアチジン酸、ガングリオシド、ステ
アリルアミン等を、更に酸化防止剤としてα−ト
コフエロール等を加えて膜成分物質を形成させて
もよい。 これらリポソーム製剤の膜成分物質の引率は何
ら限定されるべきものではないが、好ましくは脂
質1重量部に対しステロール類を0〜2重量部程
度、荷電物質を0.1重量部程度加えるのが適して
いる。 また膜成分物質を分散させる水性溶媒として
は、水、生理食塩水、緩衝液、糖類の水溶液及び
これらの混合液等が好ましく使用される。 膜成分物質との使用比率は膜成分物質1重量部
に対し、10〜1000重量部程度が適当である。 本発明のリポソームに保存させる薬剤として
は、特に制限はないがサイトシンアラビノシド、
メトトレキセートに代表される制癌剤、ペニシリ
ンGに代表される抗生物質、インシユリン、イン
ターフエロン、グルコアミラーゼに代表されるた
んぱく質、デキストランに代表される多糖類、
DNA、RNAの如き核酸類、ビタミンAに代表さ
れるビタミン類などの他、サリチル酸ナトリウム
のような一般薬物が用いられ、一般にはこれ等は
水性溶媒に溶解して用いる。 本発明にもとづいてリポソーム製剤を製するに
は以下の如き手順によれば良い。 まず用いる膜成分物質自体の粉末結晶としての
相転移温度(Tα)を求めるが、一般に示差相差
熱分析(DSC)による熱的分析が速くて簡便で
ある。 ここで用いる膜成分物質自体とは、無水物結晶
状態であれ1水和物結晶状態であれ限定はされな
いが、一般には無水のリン脂質は吸湿性が強く容
易に1水和物を形成してしまうことが知られてい
る。ここでいう粉末結晶としての相転移温度
(Tα)は、卵黄レシチン、スフインゴミエリンに
代表される単独で液晶相をもつ脂質の場合には脂
肪酸鎖の部分が液体状態になる、即ち、液晶へ相
変化する温度を意味し、固体としての融点(mp)
を意味しているのではない(Tc<Tα≪mp)。ま
た、ステアリルアミン、ジセチルホスフエート、
コレスタンに代表される単独では液晶相をもたな
い脂質の場合には、いわゆる固体としての融点
(mp)を意味している。DSCの測定における昇温
速度は2〜4℃/minが適当であり、各々得られ
たピークの補外開始温度を相転移温度(Tα)と
すれば良い。 このようにして測定した各種の脂質膜成分の
Tαを、そのTcと対比して下表に示す。
The present invention relates to a method for producing liposomes. Liposomes, which are closed lipid vesicles, have been widely used as a model of biological membranes to study their physicochemical properties. Also, since liposomes can hold various drugs inside them,
As a type of microcapsule, many applied studies have been conducted on promoting the absorption of drugs that are difficult to absorb orally, targeting anticancer drugs to the reticuloendothelial tissue, and enhancing the activity of immunostimulants. The main reasons why liposomes are widely used in these studies are that their membrane components themselves are biologically derived lipids, so they are less toxic and have a high affinity with various membranes of living organisms. can be mentioned. On the other hand, most of the methods for manufacturing these liposomes use chloroform, ether, benzene, ethanol, hexane, etc. as a dissolving agent for lipids, which are membrane component substances.
In addition, cholic acid, Triton X-100, and other surfactants are used as lipid solubilizers.
Therefore, in the former case, the organic solvent must be removed by depressurization, heating, bubbling of inert gas, etc., and residual solvent in the final product becomes a problem. Further, in directly applying these preparation methods to industrial production, there are problems in terms of safety and work safety, as well as difficulties in operational technology. Furthermore, in the latter case, it is necessary to separate and remove the surfactant used from the final product by dialysis or gel filtration. Methods for preparing liposomes without using organic solvents or surfactants include annealing methods, freeze-thaw methods, and JP-A-57-82310 and the same method.
Examples include the freeze-drying method shown in No. 57-82311.
In the annealing method, a phospholipid-water dispersion is irradiated with ultrasound at a temperature below the phase transition temperature (Tc) of the phospholipid.
SUV with structural defect
The method used is to produce small unilamellar liposomes (small unilamellar liposomes) and then incubate them at Tc or higher to fuse and prepare LUVs (large unilamellar liposomes). In the freeze-thaw method, soybean phospholipids are added with a buffer solution and irradiated with ultrasound for 20 minutes at 20-35°C.
We use a method to prepare LUVs by first manufacturing SUVs, then quickly freezing them with dry ice and ethanol, returning them to room temperature, thawing them, and irradiating them with light ultrasound at 30°C to fuse them. In the freeze-drying method, phospholipids are dispersed in an aqueous solvent, lyophilized, and then redispersed in an aqueous solvent to produce liposomes. Normally, phospholipids become liposomes with a lamellar structure only after they are hydrated, but phospholipids with more than just Tc are difficult to hydrate with an aqueous solution, making it difficult to form liposomes. Therefore, even if applied near Tc, it cannot be said to be superior in terms of efficiency and efficiency, and some membrane component substances, such as dicetyl phosphate, which do not have a liquid crystal phase by themselves, are It has drawbacks such as being difficult to get into. In view of these circumstances, the present inventors focused on a method of preparing liposomes without using any organic solvent, whose usefulness had not been given much attention in the past, that is, a method of simply dispersing lipids in an aqueous solvent. However, as a result of extensive research into improvements, we found that when the usual membrane component substances that make up liposomes are mixed with an aqueous solution, swollen, and stirred, a lamellar phase (bimolecular membrane) in which lipids are hydrated, which was conventionally said, is formed. Uniform liposomes can be produced efficiently and in large quantities by performing the process at a temperature higher than the phase transition temperature (Tα) of powder crystals and at least 50°C (Tα>Tc) rather than at the phase transition temperature (Tc) of The inventors have discovered that this can be done, and have completed the present invention. In the case of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylethanolamine, which are generally neutral lipids,
It is known that its melting point as a solid is high, 230, 205, and 196°C, respectively, regardless of the fatty acid chain length or degree of unsaturation. However, in reality, these lipids undergo an endothermic phase change at temperatures far lower than their solid melting points, with fatty acid chains melting and becoming liquid. That is, it is known that the phase changes to liquid crystal. For example, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine has a phase transition temperature of 41°C in a lamellar phase (bilayer membrane) state. This temperature is often referred to as the phase transition temperature (Tc) of lipids. (becomes free water) and forms a lamellar phase (bilayer film). In the case of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, the phase transition temperature is 41°C in the hydrated state, that is, in the lamellar phase (bilayer membrane) state, but in the powdered crystalline state it is 65°C (monohydrate crystal) or 93°C. (anhydride crystal) has a phase transition temperature. Then simply disperse the phospholipids in an aqueous solvent and simply adjust the temperature.
Even above Tc, the phospholipids in contact with the water interface are hydrated and have fluidity at this temperature, but the phospholipids inside the powder crystals are not hydrated and remain in a solid state. If mechanical vibration such as stirring is applied here, only the hydrated phospholipids that come into contact with the water interface will be dispersed as liposomes in the aqueous solvent. In this way, the conventional method of using more than just Tc is
Since there is a method in which a lamellar structure (bilayer membrane) is gradually generated at the phospholipid-water interface in a powdered crystalline state to form vesicles, it cannot be said to be an excellent method in terms of efficiency and efficiency. On the other hand, according to the present invention, the phase transition temperature (Tα) of the phospholipid in a powder crystal state, that is, an anhydride crystal or a monohydrate crystal
It is far superior to the above methods in terms of efficiency and efficiency. That is, at temperatures above Tα, phospholipids dispersed in a powdered crystalline state in an aqueous solvent are in a state in which not only the phospholipids at the water interface but also the internal phospholipids are in a liquid state and are therefore very easily hydrated. If mechanical vibrations such as stirring are applied here, the internal phospholipids will be instantly hydrated and formed into liposomes, which will be dispersed in the aqueous solvent. The present invention has been made based on this new knowledge. Examples of membrane component substances used in the present invention include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, egg yolk lecithin, soybean lecithin, etc. In addition to phospholipids typified by phospholipids, glycolipids, dialkyl type synthetic surfactants, etc., or a mixture of two or more thereof are mainly used. Furthermore, sterols such as cholestane and cholesterol are added as membrane stabilizers, dicetyl phosphate, phosphatidic acid, ganglioside, stearylamine, etc. are added as charged substances, and α-tocopherol, etc. are added as antioxidants to form membrane components. A substance may be formed. There are no restrictions on the draw ratio of membrane component substances in these liposome preparations, but it is preferable to add about 0 to 2 parts by weight of sterols and about 0.1 part by weight of charged substances to 1 part by weight of lipid. There is. Furthermore, as the aqueous solvent in which the membrane component substance is dispersed, water, physiological saline, a buffer solution, an aqueous solution of saccharide, a mixture thereof, and the like are preferably used. The ratio of the membrane component material used is approximately 10 to 1000 parts by weight per 1 part by weight of the membrane component material. The drugs stored in the liposomes of the present invention are not particularly limited, but include cytosin arabinoside,
Anticancer drugs such as methotrexate, antibiotics such as penicillin G, proteins such as insulin, interferon, and glucoamylase, polysaccharides such as dextran,
In addition to nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, vitamins such as vitamin A, general drugs such as sodium salicylate are used, and these are generally used after being dissolved in an aqueous solvent. The following procedure may be used to produce a liposome preparation based on the present invention. First, the phase transition temperature (Tα) of the film component material itself as a powder crystal is determined, and thermal analysis using differential phase scanning calorimetry (DSC) is generally quick and easy. The membrane component substance itself used here is not limited to whether it is in an anhydrous crystalline state or a monohydrate crystalline state, but in general, anhydrous phospholipids have strong hygroscopicity and easily form monohydrates. It is known to stow away. The phase transition temperature (Tα) as a powder crystal here means that in the case of lipids that have a liquid crystal phase alone, such as egg yolk lecithin and sphingomyelin, the fatty acid chain part becomes a liquid state, that is, it becomes a liquid crystal. Melting point (mp) as a solid, meaning the temperature at which the phase changes
(Tc<Tα≪mp). Also, stearylamine, dicetyl phosphate,
In the case of lipids that do not have a liquid crystal phase by themselves, such as cholestane, it means the so-called melting point (mp) as a solid. An appropriate temperature increase rate in DSC measurement is 2 to 4° C./min, and the extrapolation start temperature of each obtained peak may be taken as the phase transition temperature (Tα). Various lipid membrane components measured in this way
Tα is shown in the table below in comparison with its Tc.

【表】 次に所定量の薬剤を含有する水性溶媒をとり、
あらかじめ膜成分物質の粉末結晶としての相転移
温度(Tα)以上に加温しておく。ここで膜成分
物質として何種類かを混合して用いる場合には、
用いる膜成分物質の中で最も粉末結晶としての相
転移温度(Tα)が高いものに合わせることが望
ましい。 従来のただ単に脂質のTc以上に加温する方法
では、このステアリルアミン、ジセチルホスフエ
ートの如き単独で液晶相を持たない膜成分物質が
無視されており、従つて、ジセチルホスフエート
のような高い融点(70℃)の物質が、例えばジパ
ルミトイルホスフアチジルコリン(Tc−41℃)
と共に処方された場合、リポソームの膜の中に入
りにくかつた理由がここにあると考えられる。 次にこの水性溶媒中に所定量を膜成分物質を加
えると、膜成分物質はすぐに水性溶媒中に膨潤し
始める。この時撹拌操作を行うことにより、薬剤
を保持した均一のリポソームが再現製良く得られ
ることになる。この膨潤、撹拌操作もTα以上で
行うが、この水性溶媒と膜成分物質の混合におい
ては、添加順序は任意である。 この撹拌においては撹拌機の選択によりできる
リポソームの粒径は影響を受けやすい。即ちプロ
ペラミキサーの如く比較的緩和な撹拌機を用いた
場合には大きな粒径のリポソームができやすい
し、ホモミキサーの如く比較的せん断力の強い撹
拌機を用いた場合には、小さな粒径のリポソーム
ができやすい。また更に小さな粒径のリポソーム
を製するには超音波乳化機、高圧乳化機等を用い
るのも良いし、径を均一にするため限外濾過膜
法、例えばポリカーボネート製メンブラン・フイ
ルターによつて粒径分布をコントロールすること
も可能である。 なお、同一処方内で薬剤のリポソームへの保持
率を高めるには保持させる薬剤を少量の水性溶媒
に溶かしこみ、これをまず膜成分物質との混合に
用いて、最後に残りの水性溶媒を加えて希釈した
方がよい。 このようにして薬剤を保持した均一粒径のリポ
ソーム製剤が再現製良く、しかも大量に得ること
もできるが、このリポソーム製剤ぱこのまま使用
しても良く、また透析、ゲル濾過、遠心分離等の
手段によりリポソームに保持されなかつた薬剤を
分離除去して使用しても良い。 既知のリポソーム調製法に比して本発明法が優
れているところは次の点である。 (1) 有機溶媒をいつさい使わずにリポソームの調
製が可能である。従つて、保安上、安全作業
上、及び生物学的安全性上問題ない。 (2) 製造は非常に簡便で、特別な装置や操作技術
は必要としない。 調製時の温度制御に留意するのみで良い。 (3) 薬剤の保持率の高いリポソーム製剤が得られ
る。 (4) スケールアツプが容易であり、リポソーム製
剤の工業的生産が可能である。 (5) 膜成分物質の中で一部使いにくいものもある
が(例えばコレステロールは融点が148℃と高
く、温度制御だけで膜の構成成分の一部として
入れるには若干時間がかかる。この場合、コレ
スタンなどの融点の低いステロール類によつて
代用が可能である。)、ほとんどの脂質で調製可
能である。従来のTc以上でただ単にリン脂質
粉末結晶を大量の水性溶媒中で撹拌する方法で
は、ジセチルホスフエートの如き単独で液晶相
を持たない膜成分物質が膜の中に入りにくいう
欠点があつたが、本発明によれば容易に膜中に
入れることができる。 次に実施例により本発明を例示するが、これら
の実施例は何ら本発明を限定するものではない。 実施例 1 市販のL−α−ジミリストイルホスフアチジル
コリン(L−α−DMPC、純度98%、Tc−23℃)
を粉末結晶状態のまま熱的分析(DSC)にかけ
Tαを求めたところ45℃(昇温速度4℃/min)
であつた。 次にリポソームに保持させるモデル薬物として
グルコースを選び、0.28Mグルコース水溶液50ml
を水浴上55℃(>Tα)に加温した。ここに上記
L−α−DMPC 0.7gを加え撹拌し均一に膨潤せ
しめた後、50〜55℃(>Tα)にてホモミキサー
により2分間撹拌し室温に戻したところ、グルコ
ールを保持した乳白色のリポソーム懸濁液が得ら
れた。 このリポソーム懸濁液0.5mlをとりセフアデツ
クスG−50を用いてゲル濾過(1cmφ×18cm、生
理食塩水5℃)し、リポソームに保持されなかつ
たグルコースを分離除去した。次いでリポソーム
画分のグルコースを常法従つて、油/水 分配に
より水層中に抽出し定量したところ、保持率は
9.3%であつた。 またゲル濾過して得たリポソーム画分を光学顕
微鏡(日本光学、広視野顕微鏡)により観察した
ところ、粒径1μm前後の均一な球状を呈してい
た。更に遠心分離を行い、得られた沈澱物につき
DSCによる熱測定を行つたところ、23℃(=Tc)
付近にピークが認められた。 比較例 1 実施例1と同一の処方で行い、グルコース水溶
液の加温は30℃(>TcかつTα)、撹拌は25〜30
℃(>TcかつTα)で行つた。ホモミキサーによ
る撹拌2分間では試料は均一に分散せず、撹拌を
中断すると沈澱物及び浮遊物が認められたことか
ら、リポソームが完全にはできないものと判断さ
れた。撹拌1時間後、均一な乳白色のリポソーム
懸濁液が得られ、この液を室温に戻した後その
0.5mlをとり実施例1と同様にゲル濾過を行つた
ところ、その保持率は5.1%であつた。 実施例 2 市販のL−α−ジパルミトイルホスフアチジル
コリン(L−α−DPPC、シグマ、純度98%、
Tc=41℃)の粉末結晶状態でのTαをDSCにより
求めたところ54℃(昇温速度4℃/min)であつ
た。 このL−α−DPPC 1.0gに、あらかじめ65℃
(>Tα)に保存した0.28Mグルコース水溶液50ml
を加えた後、60〜65℃(>Tα)にてホモミキサ
ーにより2分間撹拌し室温に戻したところ、グル
コースを保持した乳白色のリポソーム懸濁液が得
られた。 このリポソーム懸濁液0.5mlをとり実施例1と
同様にゲル濾過(ただ室温)を行つたところ、そ
の保持率は14.6%であつた。 またゲル濾過して得たリポソーム画分を広視野
光学顕微鏡により観察したところ、粒径1μm前
後の均一な球状を呈していた。更に遠心分離を行
い、得られた沈澱物につきDSCによる熱測定を
行つたところ、41℃(=Tc)付近にピークが認
められた。 比較例 2 実施例2と同一の処方で行い、グルコース水溶
液の加温は45℃(>Tcかつ<Tα)、撹拌は40〜
45℃(>Tcかつ<Tα)で行つた。ホモミキサー
による撹拌2分間では試料は均一に分散せず、室
温に戻したところ沈澱物及び浮遊物が認められた
ことから、リポソームが完全にはできないものと
判断された。撹拌1時間後、均一な乳白色のリポ
ソーム懸濁液が得られ、この液を室温に戻した後
その0.5mlをとり実施例2と同様にゲル濾過を行
つたところ、その保持率は10.4%であつた。 実施例 3 市販のDL−α−ジパルミトイルホスフアチジ
ルコリン(DL−α−DPPC、純度99%、Tc−41
℃)を粉末結晶状態でのTα1をDSCにより求めた
ところ62℃(昇温速度4℃/min)であつた。同
様にステアリルアミン(SA)についてその融点
(Tα2)を求めたところ41℃であつた。従つてこ
の系のTαを62℃(=Tα1)とした。 次に0.28Mグルコース水溶液50mlを100mlビー
カーにとり水浴にて75℃(>Tα)に加温した。
ここに上記DL−α−DPPC 1.0g及びSA40mgを
加え撹拌し均一に膨潤せしめた後、70〜75℃(>
Tα)にてホモミキサーにより2分間撹拌し室温
に戻したところ、グルコースを保持した乳白色の
リポソーム懸濁液が得られた。このリポソーム懸
濁液0.5mlをとり実施例2と同様にゲル濾過を行
つたところ、その保持率は15.2%であつた。 またゲル濾過して得たリポソーム画分を広視野
光学顕微鏡により観察したところ、粒径1μm前
後の均一な粒状を呈していた。 比較例 3 実施例3と同様の処方で行い、グルコース水溶
液の加温は45℃(>Tc、Tα2かつ<Tα1)、撹拌
は41〜45℃(>Tc、Tα2かつ<Tα1)で行つた。
ホモミキサーによる撹拌2分間では試料は均一に
は分散せず、撹拌を止めると沈殿物及び浮遊物が
認められたことから、リポソームは完全にはでき
ていないものと判断された。 次に撹拌温度を50〜55℃(>Tc、Tα2かつ<
1)に上げて更に撹拌を2分間行つたところ乳
白色の懸濁液が得られた。しかしながらこの懸濁
液を室温に戻した後、その0.5mlをとり実施例2
と同様にゲル濾過を行つたところ試料の一部が注
入口付近にとどまつていた。 カラムを通過したリポソーム画分につきグルコ
ースの保持率を求めたところ8.5%であつた。 実施例 4 膜成分物質として実施例3と同じDL−α−
DPPC(Tc=41℃、Tα1=62℃)を用い、更にジ
セチルホスフエート(DCP)についてDSCによ
りその融点(Tα2)を求めたところ70℃(昇温速
度4℃/min)であつた。従つてこの系のTαを
70℃(=Tα2)とした。 0.28Mグルコース水溶液50mlを水浴上75℃(>
Tα)に加温した。ここにDL−α−DPPC 0.7g
及びDCP55mgを加え撹拌し均一に膨潤せしめた
後、70〜75℃(>Tα)にてホモミキサーにより
2分間撹拌し室温に戻したところ、グルコースを
保持した乳白色のリポソーム懸濁液が得られた。 このリポソーム懸濁液0.5mlをとり実施例2と
同様にゲル濾過を行つたところ、その保持率は
13.8%であつた。 比較例 4 実施例4と同一の処方で行い、グルコース水溶
液の加温及び撹拌は65℃前後(>Tc、Tα1かつ
<Tα2)で行つた。ホモミキサーによる撹拌を30
分間行つたが、乳白色の懸濁液が得られるもの
の、懸濁液中にDCPと思われる白色結晶が多く
認められ室温に戻して放置したところ沈降した。
これはこの温度での条件ではDL−α−DPPCは
水和されてリポソーム化するが、荷電物質である
DCPはその融点(Tα2)が高いため、膜を構成す
る一成分となるに至らなかつたためであることが
示唆された。 この懸濁液の上層を0.5mlとり、実施例2と同
様にゲル濾過を行つたところその保持率は8.9%
であつた。 実施例 5 完全水添精製卵黄レシチン(IV=1、リン脂
質99%以上、Tc=45〜60℃、Tmax=52℃)の
粉末結晶状態でのTα1をDSCにより求めたところ
67℃(昇温速度4℃/min)であつた。また荷電
物質としてはジセチルホスフエート(DCP、Tα2
=70℃)を用いることとし、この系のTαを70℃
(=Tα2)とした。 次に上記完全水添精製卵黄レシチン11.0g及び
DCP820mgをあらかじめ75℃(>Tα)に保温し
た0.28Mグルコース水溶液300mlを加えた後、70
〜75℃(>Tα)にてホモミキサーにより3分間
撹拌し室温に戻したところ、グルコースを保持し
た乳白色のリポソーム懸濁液が得られた。 このリポソーム懸濁液0.5mlをとり実施例2と
同様にゲル濾過を行つたところ、その保持率は
28.0%であつた。 比較例 5 実施例5と同一の処方で行い、グルコース水溶
液の加温及び撹拌は60〜65℃(>Tc、<Tα1
Tα)で行つた。ホモミキサーによる撹拌を30分
間行つたが、比較例4と同様懸濁液中にDCPと
思われる白色結晶が多く認められ、室温に戻して
放置したところ沈降した。 比較例4と同様、この懸濁液の上層を0.5mlと
り実施例2と同様にゲル濾過を行つたところその
保持率は19.0%であつた。 実施例 6 実施例5と同様にして0.28Mグルコース水溶液
の代わりに1%デキストランT40生理食塩水溶液
を、ホモミキサーの代わりにプロペラミキサーを
用いて調整したところ、デキストランT40を保持
した乳白色のリボソーム懸濁液が得られた。 このリポソーム懸濁液1mlをとりセフアローズ
CL−4Bを用いてゲル濾過(2.2cmφ×42cm、生理
食塩水)し、リポソームに保持されなかつたデキ
ストランT40を分離除去した。次いでリポソーム
画分のデキストランT40を常法に従つて油/水分
配により水層中に抽出し定量したところ、保持率
は21.2%であつた。 実施例 7 実施例6と同一処方で行つたが、デキストラン
T40は高濃度生理食塩水溶液で添加し、この段階
で撹拌してリポソームを調製し、その後残りの生
理食塩水を加えて希釈、撹拌した。即ち実施例6
と同様にまず完全水添精製卵黄レシチン11.0g及
びDCP820mgをとり、あらかじめ75℃(>Tα)
に保温した2%デキストランT40生理食塩水溶液
150mlを加えた後70〜75℃(>Tα)にてプロペラ
ミキサーにより3分間撹拌した。この液を室温に
戻した後、更に生理食塩水150mlを加えて室温に
てプロペラミキサーにより2分間撹拌したとこ
ろ、デキストランT40を保持した乳白色のリポソ
ーム懸濁液が得られた。 このリポソーム懸濁液1mlをとり実施例6と同
様にゲル濾過を行つたところ、その保持率は29.7
%であつた。
[Table] Next, take an aqueous solvent containing a predetermined amount of the drug,
The membrane component material is heated in advance to a temperature higher than the phase transition temperature (Tα) of the powder crystal. When using a mixture of several types of membrane component substances,
It is desirable to match the material with the highest phase transition temperature (Tα) as a powder crystal among the film component materials used. In the conventional method of simply heating above the Tc of lipids, membrane component substances such as stearylamine and dicetyl phosphate, which do not have a liquid crystal phase by themselves, are ignored; For example, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (Tc - 41℃) is a substance with a high melting point (70℃).
This is thought to be the reason why it was difficult to enter the liposome membrane when formulated together. Next, when a predetermined amount of membrane component material is added to this aqueous solvent, the membrane component material immediately begins to swell into the aqueous solvent. By performing a stirring operation at this time, uniform drug-retaining liposomes can be obtained with good reproducibility. This swelling and stirring operation is also carried out at Tα or above, but the order of addition is arbitrary in mixing the aqueous solvent and membrane component substances. In this stirring, the particle size of the liposomes formed is easily influenced by the selection of the stirrer. In other words, when a relatively mild stirrer such as a propeller mixer is used, liposomes with a large particle size are likely to be formed, whereas when a stirrer with a relatively strong shear force such as a homomixer is used, liposomes with a small particle size are likely to be formed. Easy to form liposomes. Furthermore, to produce liposomes with even smaller particle sizes, it is possible to use an ultrasonic emulsifier, high-pressure emulsifier, etc., or to make the diameter uniform, ultrafiltration membrane methods such as polycarbonate membrane filters can be used to make the particles smaller. It is also possible to control the diameter distribution. In addition, in order to increase the retention rate of drugs in liposomes within the same formulation, dissolve the drug to be retained in a small amount of aqueous solvent, first use this to mix with the membrane component material, and finally add the remaining aqueous solvent. It is better to dilute it. In this way, liposome preparations with uniform particle size holding drugs can be easily reproducibly produced and can be obtained in large quantities. However, these liposome preparations can be used as they are, or they can be prepared by means such as dialysis, gel filtration, centrifugation, etc. The drug not retained in the liposome may be separated and removed for use. The method of the present invention is superior to known liposome preparation methods in the following points. (1) Liposomes can be prepared without using any organic solvent. Therefore, there are no problems in terms of safety, work safety, and biological safety. (2) Production is very simple and does not require special equipment or operating techniques. It is only necessary to pay attention to temperature control during preparation. (3) Liposome preparations with high drug retention can be obtained. (4) It is easy to scale up, and industrial production of liposome preparations is possible. (5) Some membrane component substances are difficult to use (for example, cholesterol has a high melting point of 148°C, so it takes some time to incorporate it as a membrane component just by controlling the temperature. In this case can be substituted with sterols with low melting points such as cholestane), and can be prepared with most lipids. The conventional method of simply stirring phospholipid powder crystals in a large amount of aqueous solvent at temperatures above Tc has the disadvantage that membrane component substances that do not have a liquid crystal phase alone, such as dicetyl phosphate, cannot easily enter the membrane. However, according to the present invention, it can be easily incorporated into the membrane. EXAMPLES Next, the present invention will be illustrated by Examples, but these Examples are not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Example 1 Commercially available L-α-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (L-α-DMPC, purity 98%, Tc - 23°C)
was subjected to thermal analysis (DSC) in its powdered crystalline state.
Tα was determined to be 45℃ (heating rate 4℃/min)
It was hot. Next, select glucose as a model drug to be retained in liposomes, and use 50ml of 0.28M glucose aqueous solution.
was heated to 55°C (>Tα) on a water bath. After adding 0.7 g of the above L-α-DMPC and stirring to make it swell uniformly, the mixture was stirred for 2 minutes at 50-55℃ (>Tα) using a homomixer and then returned to room temperature. A liposome suspension was obtained. 0.5 ml of this liposome suspension was taken and subjected to gel filtration using Sephadex G-50 (1 cm φ x 18 cm, physiological saline at 5°C) to separate and remove glucose not retained in the liposomes. Next, glucose in the liposome fraction was extracted into the aqueous layer by oil/water partitioning using a conventional method and quantified, and the retention rate was found to be
It was 9.3%. Furthermore, when the liposome fraction obtained by gel filtration was observed using an optical microscope (Nippon Kogaku, Wide Field Microscope), it was found to have a uniform spherical shape with a particle size of approximately 1 μm. Further centrifugation is performed, and the resulting precipitate is
When I measured the temperature by DSC, it was 23℃ (=Tc)
A peak was observed nearby. Comparative Example 1 The same recipe as in Example 1 was used, the glucose aqueous solution was heated to 30°C (>Tc and Tα), and stirred at 25-30°C.
The test was carried out at ℃ (>Tc and Tα). The sample was not uniformly dispersed after 2 minutes of stirring with the homomixer, and precipitates and suspended matter were observed when stirring was interrupted, so it was determined that liposomes could not be completely formed. After 1 hour of stirring, a homogeneous milky white liposome suspension was obtained, and this solution was returned to room temperature and then
When 0.5 ml was taken and subjected to gel filtration in the same manner as in Example 1, the retention rate was 5.1%. Example 2 Commercially available L-α-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (L-α-DPPC, Sigma, purity 98%,
Tα in the powder crystal state with Tc=41°C) was determined by DSC to be 54°C (heating rate 4°C/min). Add 1.0 g of this L-α-DPPC to 65°C in advance.
50ml of 0.28M glucose aqueous solution stored in (>Tα)
After adding, the mixture was stirred for 2 minutes at 60 to 65°C (>Tα) using a homomixer and returned to room temperature, to obtain a milky white liposome suspension retaining glucose. When 0.5 ml of this liposome suspension was taken and subjected to gel filtration (only at room temperature) in the same manner as in Example 1, the retention rate was 14.6%. Furthermore, when the liposome fraction obtained by gel filtration was observed using a wide-field optical microscope, it was found to have a uniform spherical shape with a particle size of approximately 1 μm. Further centrifugation was performed, and when the resulting precipitate was subjected to thermal measurement by DSC, a peak was observed at around 41°C (=Tc). Comparative Example 2 The same recipe as in Example 2 was used, the glucose aqueous solution was heated to 45°C (>Tc and <Tα), and stirred at 40°C to
The temperature was 45°C (>Tc and <Tα). The sample was not uniformly dispersed after stirring with a homomixer for 2 minutes, and precipitates and suspended matter were observed when the sample was returned to room temperature, so it was determined that liposomes could not be completely formed. After 1 hour of stirring, a homogeneous milky white liposome suspension was obtained. After returning this solution to room temperature, 0.5 ml of it was taken and gel filtration was performed in the same manner as in Example 2, and the retention rate was 10.4%. It was hot. Example 3 Commercially available DL-α-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DL-α-DPPC, purity 99%, Tc-41
The Tα 1 in the powder crystal state was determined by DSC to be 62°C (heating rate: 4°C/min). Similarly, the melting point (Tα 2 ) of stearylamine (SA) was determined to be 41°C. Therefore, Tα of this system was set to 62°C (=Tα 1 ). Next, 50 ml of 0.28M glucose aqueous solution was placed in a 100 ml beaker and heated to 75°C (>Tα) in a water bath.
To this, 1.0 g of the above DL-α-DPPC and 40 mg of SA were added, stirred to uniformly swell, and then heated to 70-75°C (>
When the mixture was stirred for 2 minutes using a homomixer at Tα) and returned to room temperature, a milky white liposome suspension retaining glucose was obtained. When 0.5 ml of this liposome suspension was taken and subjected to gel filtration in the same manner as in Example 2, the retention rate was 15.2%. Furthermore, when the liposome fraction obtained by gel filtration was observed using a wide-field optical microscope, it was found to have a uniform particle shape with a particle size of approximately 1 μm. Comparative Example 3 The same recipe as in Example 3 was used, and the glucose aqueous solution was heated to 45°C (>Tc, Tα 2 and <Tα 1 ), and stirred at 41 to 45°C (>Tc, Tα 2 and <Tα 1 ). I went there.
The sample was not uniformly dispersed after stirring with the homomixer for 2 minutes, and precipitates and suspended matter were observed when stirring was stopped, so it was determined that the liposomes were not completely formed. Next, increase the stirring temperature to 50-55℃ (>Tc, Tα 2 and <
When the temperature was raised to Tα 1 ) and stirring was further performed for 2 minutes, a milky white suspension was obtained. However, after returning this suspension to room temperature, 0.5 ml of it was taken and Example 2
When gel filtration was performed in the same manner as above, part of the sample remained near the injection port. The retention rate of glucose in the liposome fraction that passed through the column was determined to be 8.5%. Example 4 The same DL-α- as in Example 3 was used as a membrane component material.
Using DPPC (Tc = 41°C, Tα 1 = 62°C), the melting point (Tα 2 ) of dicetyl phosphate (DCP) was determined by DSC and was 70°C (heating rate 4°C/min). Ta. Therefore, Tα of this system is
The temperature was set at 70°C (=Tα 2 ). Add 50 ml of 0.28 M glucose aqueous solution to 75°C (>
Tα). Here is DL−α−DPPC 0.7g
After adding 55 mg of DCP and stirring to uniformly swell, the mixture was stirred for 2 minutes with a homomixer at 70-75°C (>Tα) and returned to room temperature. A milky white liposome suspension containing glucose was obtained. . When 0.5 ml of this liposome suspension was taken and subjected to gel filtration in the same manner as in Example 2, the retention rate was
It was 13.8%. Comparative Example 4 The same recipe as in Example 4 was used, and the glucose aqueous solution was heated and stirred at around 65°C (>Tc, Tα 1 and <Tα 2 ). Stirring with homomixer for 30 minutes
Although a milky white suspension was obtained, many white crystals, which appeared to be DCP, were observed in the suspension, and when the temperature was returned to room temperature and allowed to stand, they precipitated.
This is because DL-α-DPPC is hydrated and formed into liposomes at this temperature, but it is a charged substance.
It was suggested that this was because DCP did not become a component of the membrane due to its high melting point (Tα 2 ). When 0.5 ml of the upper layer of this suspension was taken and subjected to gel filtration in the same manner as in Example 2, the retention rate was 8.9%.
It was hot. Example 5 Tα 1 of fully hydrogenated purified egg yolk lecithin (IV = 1 , phospholipid 99% or more, Tc = 45 to 60°C, Tmax = 52°C) in a powder crystal state was determined by DSC.
The temperature was 67°C (heating rate: 4°C/min). Also, as a charged substance, dicetyl phosphate (DCP, Tα 2
= 70℃), and Tα of this system is set to 70℃.
(=Tα 2 ). Next, 11.0g of the above fully hydrogenated purified egg yolk lecithin and
After adding 300 ml of a 0.28 M glucose aqueous solution that had been pre-warmed at 75°C (>Tα) to 820 mg of DCP,
When the mixture was stirred for 3 minutes using a homomixer at ~75°C (>Tα) and returned to room temperature, a milky white liposome suspension retaining glucose was obtained. When 0.5 ml of this liposome suspension was taken and subjected to gel filtration in the same manner as in Example 2, the retention rate was
It was 28.0%. Comparative Example 5 The same recipe as in Example 5 was used, and the glucose aqueous solution was heated and stirred at 60 to 65°C (>Tc, <Tα 1 ,
Tα). Stirring was carried out using a homomixer for 30 minutes, but as in Comparative Example 4, many white crystals believed to be DCP were observed in the suspension, and when the suspension was returned to room temperature and allowed to stand, it precipitated. As in Comparative Example 4, 0.5 ml of the upper layer of this suspension was taken and subjected to gel filtration in the same manner as in Example 2, and the retention rate was 19.0%. Example 6 In the same manner as in Example 5, a 1% dextran T40 physiological saline solution was prepared in place of the 0.28M glucose aqueous solution using a propeller mixer instead of the homomixer, resulting in a milky white ribosome suspension retaining dextran T40. A liquid was obtained. Take 1 ml of this liposome suspension and use Sepharose.
Gel filtration (2.2 cmφ x 42 cm, physiological saline) was performed using CL-4B to separate and remove dextran T40 that was not retained in the liposomes. Next, dextran T40 from the liposome fraction was extracted into the aqueous layer by oil/water partitioning according to a conventional method and quantified, and the retention rate was 21.2%. Example 7 The same formulation as Example 6 was used, but dextran
T40 was added as a high concentration physiological saline solution and stirred at this stage to prepare liposomes, and then the remaining physiological saline was added, diluted, and stirred. That is, Example 6
In the same way as above, first take 11.0 g of fully hydrogenated purified egg yolk lecithin and 820 mg of DCP, and heat them to 75℃ (>Tα) in advance.
2% dextran T40 saline solution kept warm at
After adding 150 ml, the mixture was stirred for 3 minutes at 70 to 75°C (>Tα) using a propeller mixer. After this solution was returned to room temperature, 150 ml of physiological saline was added and stirred for 2 minutes at room temperature using a propeller mixer, to obtain a milky white liposome suspension containing dextran T40. When 1 ml of this liposome suspension was taken and subjected to gel filtration in the same manner as in Example 6, the retention rate was 29.7.
It was %.

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 1 リポソーム膜成分物質と水性溶液とを、粉末
結晶としての膜成分の相転移温度(Tα)以上で
かつ低くても50℃にて、撹拌することを特徴とす
るリポソームの製造法。
1. A method for producing liposomes, which comprises stirring a liposome membrane component substance and an aqueous solution at a temperature equal to or higher than the phase transition temperature (Tα) of the membrane component in the form of powder crystals and at a temperature as low as 50°C.
JP11800783A 1983-06-29 1983-06-29 Preparation of liposome Granted JPS607933A (en)

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JPS607933A JPS607933A (en) 1985-01-16
JPH0436735B2 true JPH0436735B2 (en) 1992-06-17

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JPH0326897Y2 (en) * 1987-05-29 1991-06-11
DE3840505C2 (en) * 1987-12-10 1999-05-12 James J Keller Device for moistening the printing cylinder of a lithographic printing press
US5096629A (en) * 1988-08-29 1992-03-17 501 Nippon Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. Method for preparing lipid powder for use in preparing liposomes and method for preparing liposomes
KR20020011993A (en) * 1999-06-01 2002-02-09 우에노 도시오 Microliposomes and process for producing the same
JP4595319B2 (en) * 2003-12-03 2010-12-08 コニカミノルタエムジー株式会社 Liposomes for liposomes, liposomes and methods for producing them
JP2005220034A (en) * 2004-02-03 2005-08-18 Konica Minolta Medical & Graphic Inc Method for producing contrast medium for X-ray examination
JP4649841B2 (en) * 2004-02-18 2011-03-16 コニカミノルタエムジー株式会社 Method for producing liposome-containing preparation, and liposome-containing preparation
ES2275443B1 (en) * 2005-11-30 2008-06-01 Italfarmaco, S.A. LIPOSOMAS PREPARATION PROCEDURE.
JP2013136038A (en) * 2011-12-28 2013-07-11 Miyoshi Oil & Fat Co Ltd Liposome and method of manufacturing the same
JP6866060B2 (en) * 2014-10-27 2021-04-28 花王株式会社 Manufacturing method of refined tea extract
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