JPH05308975A - 組換えアデノ随伴ウイルスベクター - Google Patents
組換えアデノ随伴ウイルスベクターInfo
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- JPH05308975A JPH05308975A JP3285205A JP28520591A JPH05308975A JP H05308975 A JPH05308975 A JP H05308975A JP 3285205 A JP3285205 A JP 3285205A JP 28520591 A JP28520591 A JP 28520591A JP H05308975 A JPH05308975 A JP H05308975A
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Abstract
れを生産する方法。 【構成】 本発明の組換えプラスミドベクターには、エ
プスタイン・バールウイルス核抗原(EBNA)遺伝
子、エプスタイン・バールウイルスの潜在感染期におけ
る複製起点(oriP)、および組換えAAVゲノムが
含まれる。本発明のキメラプラスミドを有する宿主細胞
に野生型アデノ随伴ウイルスのヘルパー機能を加えるこ
とによって、組換えアデノ随伴ウイルスベクターが大量
に生産される。このように生産された組換えアデノ随伴
ウイルスベクターは外来遺伝子を他のヒト細胞系に導入
する能力を有する。
Description
分野に向けられていて、特にヒト細胞系へ外来の遺伝子
を形質導入するのに用いられる組換えアデノ随伴ウイル
ス(AAV)ベクターの生産に向けられている。
個体群に内在する一本鎖DNAのパルボウイルスであ
る。種々の種の細胞において増殖的感染の能力を有する
が、AAVは自身の複製のためにアデノウイルスあるい
はヘルペスウイルスのヘルパー機能を必要とする依存ウ
イルス(dependovirus)である。このようなヘルパーウ
イルスのいずれもがない場合には、AAVは細胞に感染
して、核においてコートタンパクをぬぎ、そしてゲノム
を宿主染色体に組み込むが、しかし複製を行わず、新た
なウイルス粒子を生産しない。
ーン化され、そして良く特徴づけられている。このウイ
ルスゲノムは、各々145個の塩基の2つの末端反復を
有する、4682個の塩基からなる。これらの末端反復
は、ウイルスのDNA複製起点として働く。研究者の何
人かはさらにそれらがエンハンサー機能を有することを
提案した。ゲノムの残りの部分は2つの機能性ドメイン
に分けられる。ゲノムの左の部分は、ウイルスDNA複
製およびウイルス遺伝子発現を制御するrep機能をコ
ードする。ウイルスゲノムの右側は、構造キャプシドタ
ンパク質VP1、VP2およびVP3を有する。AAV
のrepおよびキャプシドタンパク質の両者は、増殖的
ウイルス複製の間、トランスに機能する。
て理想的であって、この様式で用いられてきた。組換え
AAVウイルスは多くの実験室で構築され、種々の系列
の細胞に外来遺伝子を運ぶのに用いられてきた。これら
のベクターでは、AAVのキャプシドおよび/またはr
ep遺伝子がウイルスゲノムから削除され、選択された
DNAセグメントで置換される。一般的なベクターは、
所望のDNAの最高4300個の塩基を有し得る。組換
えウイルスを作るために、所望のウイルス構築物を有す
るプラスミドがアデノウイルス感染細胞にトランスフェ
クトされる。さらに、第二のヘルパープラスミドが組換
えウイルスの構築物の複製およびパッケージングに必須
であるAAVrepおよびキャプシド機能を提供するた
めに、これらの細胞に同時にトランスフェクトされる。
これらの条件下に、AAVのrepおよびキャプシドタ
ンパク質は、組換えAAV構築物の複製およびパッケー
ジングを促進するために、トランスに作用する。トラン
スフェクション後3日で、組換えAAVウイルスはアデ
ノウイルスと共に細胞から収穫される。次に、混入して
いるアデノウイルスは熱処理によって不活性化される。
れる個々の方法は比較的単純であるが、2つの欠点があ
る。組換えAAVプラスミドによる繰り返しのトランス
フェクションは、そのたび毎に組換えウイルスが作られ
る必要がある。さらに、組換えウイルスの生産は、大き
い型の細胞に2つのプラスミドを同時にトランスフェク
トする固有の非効率性のために比較的に非効率的であ
る。従って、組換えAAVベクターの生産のための新し
い方法が強く望まれている。
I.およびR.A. Bohensky (1987),"Adeno-Associated Vir
uses: An Update," in Advances in Virus Research,
Vol.32. Academic Press. 32: 243-306を参照。AAV
のゲノムは、Laughlin, C.A.ら 、(1983) " Cloning of
infectious adeno-associated virus genomes in bact
erial plasmids," Gene 23: 65-73に記載されている。
AAVの発現は、Beaton, A.ら、(1989) "Expression f
rom the Adeno-associated virus p5 and p19promoters
is negatively regulated in trans by the rep prote
in, " J. Virol. 63:4450-4454に記載されている。組換
えAAVウイルスの構築は、多くの文献に記載されてい
る:Tratschin, J.D.ら、(1984) " Adeno-associated v
irus vector for high frequency integration, expres
sion and rescue of genes inmammalian cells," Mol.
Cell. Biol. 4:2072-2081; Hermonat, P.L.およびN. Mu
zyczka (1984) "Use of adeno-associated virus as a
mammalian DNA cloningvector ; Transduction of neom
ycin resistance into mammalian tissue culture cell
s, " proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6466-6470; McLa
ughlin, S.K.ら、(1988) "Adeno-associated virus gen
eral transduction vectors: Analysisof Proviral Str
uctures," J. Virol. 62:1963-1973;およびSamulski,
R.J.ら、(1989) "Helper-free stocks of recombinant
adeno-associated viruses: normal integration does
not require viral gene exprerssion, "J. Virol. 63:
3822-3828。組換えAAVウイルスによって形質転換さ
れ得る細胞系は、Lebkowski, J.S.ら、(1988) " Adeno-
assoiated virus: a vector system for efficientintr
oduction and integration of DNA into a variety of
mammalian cell types," Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:3988-399
6。
を有利に、そして大量に生産するのに有用な技術および
遺伝子構築物を提供することにある。
るが、外来遺伝物質を含有する、前もって作られたAA
Vベクターをエプスタイン・バールウイルス(EBV)
プラスミドにクローニングする方法を提供することによ
って完成された。ここでこのEBVプラスミドは、5’
から3’方向に、エプスタイン・バールウイルス核抗原
(EBNA)、EBV oriP DNAセグメント、
および外来遺伝物質を有する、前もって作られたAAV
ベクターの遺伝子を含有する。検出可能な遺伝子マーカ
ーのような他の遺伝子情報は、EBVプラスミドに存在
し得る。合成プラスミドは、細胞増殖培地で増殖される
宿主細胞系にトランスフェクトされ、細胞増殖期の間
に、このAAVベクターは増える。適当な期間後、トラ
ンスフェクトされた宿主細胞を、アデノウイルスあるい
はヘルペスウイルスのヘルパー機能(完全ウイルスある
いは他の型で)、および十分な遺伝子情報に接触させ
て、欠けている複製機能(AAVウイルスのキャプシド
および/またはrep領域)を提供する。次に、外来遺
伝物質を有する所望のAAVベクターは、細胞培養培地
から単離される。
に、本発明を実施するのに用いられるある種の遺伝子構
築物を包含する。
(AAV)ベクターを大量生産する新規の系が含まれ
る。本発明の実施に用いられている構築物は、エプスタ
イン・バールウイルス(EBV)プラスミドがEBV核
抗原(EBNA)の存在下でヒト細胞において自己複製
プラスミドとして機能するという性質に一部依存する。
EBVベクターを用いたウイルスの配列の増幅がこれま
でに記述されているが、第2ウイルスベクター、この場
合では組換えAAVベクター、を生産するいかなる系
に、EBVプラスミドが用いられていない。その上、E
BVベクターおよびAAVベクターの両方の特徴を有す
る構築物が、細胞増殖あるいは細胞溶解性のウイルス増
殖において、望ましい性質を維持することが示されてい
ない。
ムの複数コピーがキメラAAV/EBVプラスミドの一
部としてヒト細胞に永久的に存在する。組換えAAVウ
イルスの大量生産には、これらの細胞をアデノウイルス
あるいはヘルペスウイルス(あるいは要求されるヘルパ
ー機能を有する適切な組換え構築物)で感染し、そして
組換えAAVゲノムにおいて欠損している任意の野生型
AAVrep機能あるいはキャプシド機能をコードする
プラスミドでトランスフェクトする。これらの環境下で
は、細胞溶解性AAV複製が続いて起こり、そして増幅
されたゲノムが形質導入可能なベクターとしてパッケー
ジされる。
は組換えアデノ随伴ウイルスの生産の通常の方法より多
くの利点を呈する。本発明の系を用いることによって、
クローン化された組換えAAVゲノムを有する永久細胞
系が構築される。これらの細胞系は、組換えAAVウイ
ルスを生産しようとする度に必要とされる比較的に能率
の悪いプラスミドによる同時トランスフェクションを必
要としない、組換えウイルスの安定な源として継続的に
用いられ得る。その上、組換えEBVプラスミドは、宿
主細胞内で一旦確立されれば、少なくとも3ヶ月は構造
的に安定であり、そしてキメラプラスミドの完全なコピ
ーを有する細胞系が選抜され得る。一方、新たにトラン
スフェクトされたDNAは点変異およびリアレンジメン
ト変異の非常に高い突然変異率を示すという難点があ
る。そして、組換えウイルスゲノムを繰り返しトランス
フェクトすることによるウイルス生産系は典型的に高頻
度の突然変異ウイルスを有する。組換えウイルスが遺伝
子療法プロトコルにおいてインビボで用いられる場合に
は、この考慮は特に重要である。
ドを用いて、効率的なAAV増殖を可能にする細胞系、
つまりEBVプラスミドベクターの良い宿主、における
組換えAAVゲノムを高いコピー数で維持する。このこ
とは、野生型あるいは組換えAAVウイルスの複数コピ
ーが感染Detroit6細胞の一部の細胞に縦列配列
として組み込まれると以前発表されたいくつかの研究と
異なっている。Cheung, A.K.ら、"Integration of the
Adeno-Associated Virus Genome into Cellular DNA in
Latently Infected Human Detroit 6 Cells", J. Viro
l. 33:739-748参照。組み込まれたウイルスはアデノウ
イルス感染によりDetroit6細胞から「救出」さ
れ得る。このような系は組換えAAVウイルスを作製す
る出発点としても利用され得るだろう。しかし、本発明
の発明者らは、ヒト293細胞のようなウイルスの大量
生産においてより有用な宿主細胞へのAAVの縦列組み
込みを観察できなかった。組換えウイルスの単独コピー
のみがこのような細胞内で観察され、そしてアデノウイ
ルスの重感染によるウイルスの「救出」がまれに観察さ
れる。従って、AAV/EBVキメラベクター系は大量
生産の適用により適している。本発明の系によって、複
数の完全コピーのプラスミドを有する細胞クローンの生
産が効率的になる。その上、この系は、トランスフェク
ションおよび発現が容易であって、そして大量のウイル
スを生産する、293細胞のような宿主細胞の利用を可
能にする。組み込みが可能であっても、組み込まれたベ
クターは本発明においてあまり好ましくない面である。
BVキメラベクターはウイルスのrepタンパク質が野
生型である組換えAAVゲノムを含有した。テストした
あらゆる場合において、これらのベクターは、EBVベ
クター内のAAV構築物の方向に関係なく、宿主細胞内
でプラスミドとして存在できなかった。野生型rep機
能が組換えAAVゲノムから除去された時にのみ、プラ
スミドとして持続され得た。野生型rep遺伝子の存在
下では、これらの遺伝子自身あるいはこれらの遺伝子に
コードされるタンパク質はEBVプラスミドの複製を引
き起こしたと考えられる。あるいは、プラスミド上にコ
ードされているプラスミドの維持に必須なEBNA機能
の発現が妨げられ得る。このような遺伝子発現の負の調
節は以前他の系において観察されていた。従って、本発
明の遺伝子構築物のAAVベクターの部分にはrepあ
るいはキャプシドタンパク質の遺伝子の全部あるいは一
部が欠けている。
を用いて生産された組換えウイルスは、高頻度のヒト細
胞内への遺伝子の形質導入能力を有する。それに加え、
これらの株では野生型AAVウイルスの混入が検出され
ない。この明細書に記述されている方法は多数の組換え
ウイルスを有する株を生産するが、理論的にはより多く
のウイルスを有することが可能である。この明細書に述
べられているように、必要とされる野生型AAV機能を
供給するために、この系はまだAAVのrepおよびキ
ャプシド遺伝子の一過的な発現だけを提供する。このよ
うな状況は、組換えウイルスの生産において化学量論的
に要求されるAAVキャプシドタンパク質の生産のため
に最適化し得る。
にはエプスタイン・バールウイルスが感染し得る任意の
ヒト細胞において行われ得る。宿主の細胞系が選択され
る要素は一般的に、複雑な培地を要求せずに容易に増殖
する、クローンの薬剤選抜の簡易さ、高いクローニング
効率、およびできるだけ最高のEBV−AAVキメラプ
ラスミドのコピー数の維持という点である。細胞系の例
には、293、HeLa、KBおよびJW−2細胞が含
まれる。これらの細胞は一般に入手できる。例えば、2
93細胞、HeLa細胞およびKB細胞はアメリカンタ
イプカルチャーコレクション(American Type Culture
Collection)より購入できる(例えば、形質転換された
一次ヒト胚性腎臓細胞である293細胞はATCC C
RL 1573の受託番号で得られる)。
知である。今までに生産されたベクターと本発明の実施
に用いられているAAVベクターとの主な相違は、本発
明のAAVベクターが機能性rep遺伝子領域を欠損し
ているところである。前に述べたように、この領域はウ
イルスのDNA複製およびウイルスの遺伝子発現を調節
するrep機能をコードする、AAVゲノムの領域であ
る。
々の技術がある。典型的な遺伝子操作の例には、この領
域内の遺伝物質の除去、リーディングフレームの誤りを
引き起こす遺伝物質のこの領域内への挿入、および複製
機能を阻止する点変異が含まれる。任意のAAVベクタ
ー系の機能性rep領域が容易にテストされ得る。その
方法は、アデノウイルスが感染した細胞にこの構築物を
トランスフェクトして、その48時間後、これらの細胞
抽出物での複製ベクターゲノムの存在を調べる。野生型
遺伝子が存在するならば、複製DNAはサザンブロット
で明らかである。
ない。完全なAAVゲノムは4700塩基対を越えては
ならない。AAVの2つの末端反復配列(複製の起点)
は組換えAAV構築物に存在しなければならない。組換
えプラスミドベクターに含まれる外来遺伝物質には制限
がない。
換えアデノ随伴ウイルスベクターに加え、この明細書に
記述されているような挙動で組換えプラスミドが機能し
得るのに十分なエプスタイン・バールウイルス由来の遺
伝物質を含有する。最小限には、これはエプスタイン・
バール核抗原をコードする遺伝子領域、および一般にo
riP領域と呼ばれるエプスタイン・バールの潜在感染
期における複製起点が含まれる。エプスタイン・バール
ウイルスの他の領域は存在し得るが、必要とはされな
い。
選択可能な遺伝子マーカー、例えば抗生物質耐性遺伝子
が含まれ得る。
とも2つの遺伝子マーカーがある。その1つは、組換え
AAVベクター内にあり、他の1つはAAVベクター外
にある。
トランスフェクトするのに用いられる本発明の個々の工
程は通常の方法であり、エプスタイン・バールウイルス
を用いて細胞を形質転換する方法として以前に述べられ
ている。同様に、トランスフェクトされた細胞の生育培
地中での増殖プロセスは通常のものである。細胞を所望
のレベルまで増殖させる時、宿主細胞をアデノウイルス
あるいはヘルペスウイルスで感染し、典型的には完全な
アデノウイルスあるいはヘルペスウイルスの形で感染し
て、野生型アデノ随伴ウイルスヘルパー機能を有するプ
ラスミドあるいは他のベクターでトランスフェクトす
る。
スであり、それ自身の複製にはアデノウイルスあるいは
ヘルペスウイルスのいずれかのヘルパー機能を必要とす
る。本発明のプロセスには、ヘルパーウイルス、すなわ
ちアデノウイルスあるいはヘルペスウイルスのいずれか
が一般的に供給される。しかし、ヘルパー機能を有する
組換えプラスミドが供給されることも可能である。この
ような組換えプラスミドは市販されていない。しかし、
このような組換えプラスミドの使用はアデノウイルスあ
るいはヘルペスウイルスの形でヘルパー機能を供給する
のと同じような働きをすると予想される。
去された任意の欠損しているAAVタンパク質、例えば
repあるいはキャプシドタンパク質を供給する必要が
ある。典型的には、適切な遺伝物質を有するプラスミド
で宿主細胞系をトランスフェクトして行われる。
施例につき説明する。しかし、多くの改変が行われ得る
こと、および実施例は説明の目的のために提供され、そ
して特定されない限り本発明を制限するものではないこ
とは普通の当業者に公知である。
ドの構築は標準の方法を用いて行われた。プラスミドp
Balは、前出引用文献のLebkowskiらが記述した通り
構築された。2つの異なる組換えAAV構築物を図1に
示されているEBVプラスミドp220.2にクローン
化した。プラスミドp220.2はエプスタイン・バー
ルウイルス核抗原(EBNA)の遺伝子、およびウイル
ス潜伏期の複製起点として作用するウイルスのoriP
のDNA断片が含まれている(Yates, J.L.ら、"Stable
Replication of Plasmids Derived from Epstein-Barr
Virus in Various Mamma Lian Cells," Nature 313:812
-815、およびSugden, B.ら、"A Vector That Replicate
s as a Plasmid and Can Be Efficiently Selected in
B-lymphoblastsTransformed by Epstein-Barr Virus,"
Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:410-413)。このプラスミドには哺
乳類細胞での選抜を可能にするヒグロマイシンB耐性遺
伝子も含まれる。p220.2を多数のヒト細胞系にト
ランスフェクトした際、ヒグロマイシン耐性形質転換細
胞が高頻度で選抜され得る。これらの薬剤耐性細胞内で
は、p220.2は自己複製単位として維持され、1細
胞当たり約10〜100コピー存在する。
1に示されている。p220ASMneoは、以前の公
知の模範的な組換えAAVベクター、pSMneo、の
BglII断片の一部をp220.2のBamHIポリ
リンカー部位に挿入して、構築された。同様に、組換え
AAVベクター、ARCMSVapoをp220.2に
クローン化してp220ARCMSVapo14および
15を作成した。サブクローン14および15ではp2
20.2内のARCMSVapoの向きが異なってい
る。これらの3つのベクターはAAVのrepおよびキ
ャプシド機能の両方を欠いている。
5を構築するのに、pARCMSVapoが中間体とし
て用いられた。要するに、pARCMSVapoは、p
ASHKにapoAlのcDNAクローンを有するHi
ndIII−KpnI断片を挿入して構築された。次
に、マウス肉腫ウイルスのLTRをこのプラスミドのH
indIII部位に挿入して、pARCMSVapoを
作製した。p220ARCMSVapoを構築するの
に、組換えAAVベクターをpARCMSVapoから
BglIIで切断し、これをp220.0のBamHI
部位に挿入した。
Cから入手可能なヒト293細胞を、10%の仔ウシの
胎児の血清および100U/mlのペニシリンおよびス
トレプトマイシンを含有するダルベッコの修飾イーグル
培地(DMEM)で維持した。5%のCO2を充填した
培養器中で、37℃で湿気のある状態で、細胞を培養し
た。ヒグロマイシンB耐性293細胞の選抜は通常、A
AV/EBVキメラプラスミドでトランスフェクトした
3〜5日後に開始した。選抜工程を開始するために、こ
の培養培地をこれらの細胞から取り除き、そして200
μg/mlヒグロマイシンBまたは1mg/mlのG4
18のいずれかを含有する新鮮な培地を加えた。選抜工
程が完了するまで2〜3日ごとにこの方法を繰り返し
た。キメラAAV/EBVプラスミドを含有する293
細胞を適切な選抜用の薬剤を含有する培養培地で絶えず
維持した。
U/mlのペニシリンおよびストレプトマイシンを含有
するRPMIでK562細胞を培養した。1×106個
のK562細胞を5mlの所定のウイルス株でインキュ
ベートしたこと以外は、Lebkowskiらの前出引用文献中
に記載されているように、K562細胞に組換えAAV
株を感染させた。Lebkowskiらによって記載された方法
でG418耐性度数をモニターすることによりウイルス
の感染能を決定した。
よびトランスフェクトされた細胞の評価〕3個のAAV
/EBVキメラベクター全てを、ヒト293細胞にトラ
ンスフェクトして、安定な薬剤耐性細胞系を選抜した。
220ARCMSVapo14および15を有する29
3細胞を、ヒグロマイシンBの存在下に選抜した。22
0SMneoでトランスフェクトされたこの細胞は、薬
剤G418を用いて選抜した。各々の構築物を有する個
々の薬剤耐性クローンを大量培養のために増殖して、実
験に用いた。100を越える個々の293細胞クローン
のプールを、さらに薬剤耐性クローンの集団にした。こ
のプールを「集団」と称する。
れた細胞を、自己複製キメラプラスミドについて試験し
た。この実験において、Hirtの方法を用いて選抜細胞系
から小さい分子量のDNAを抽出した。この抽出された
DNAをE. coli HB101株に導入し、そして形質転換さ
れた細菌をアンピシリンの存在下に選抜した。プラスミ
ドDNAを個々の細菌コロニーを植え付けた培養物から
単離して、アクリルアミドゲル上で制限酵素分析によっ
て特徴づけた。
8−耐性293細胞から取り出し、E. coliに再導入し
た。p220SMneo293細胞の7個の個別のクロ
ーンおよび1つの集団のクローンからの小さい分子量の
DNAで形質転換された個々の細菌コロニーから単離さ
れたプラスミドDNAは、ゲル上に認められた。Hirt抽
出までに、これらのG418耐性293細胞を2ヶ月以
上培養した。すべての場合に、単離されたプラスミドの
HindIII制限分析で、0.5、2.8および9.7kb
の期待された長さのDNA断片が得られた。このような
結果は、p220SMneoがG418耐性293細胞
でプラスミドとして維持されていることを示している。
得られたプラスミドは、さらに大きさおよび制限分析で
もともとのp220SMneoであるこが示された。こ
のプラスミドは哺乳類細胞に存在する間に、リアレンジ
メントを行ってないことを示している。これらの観察
は、種々のG418耐性293細胞から単離された、Hi
ndIIIで切断された小さい分子量のDNAのサザンブロ
ット分析により証明された。
MSVapo14および15を用いて作成させられた、
ヒグロマイシンB耐性293細胞の個々のクローンおよ
び集団クローンについて行われた。上記のように、この
分析は、ヒグロマイシンB耐性293細胞の小さい分子
量のDNAによって形質転換された細菌コロニーから単
離されたプラスミドDNAのHindIIIの消化物が、2つ
のp220ARCMSVapo15 293細胞クロー
ンから取り出されたプラスミドで認められたように、ゲ
ルに認められた。再度、全ての場合において、完全なプ
ラスミドが、p220ARCMSVapo14および1
5 293細胞から取り出され得る。1つの場合には、
すなわちクローン15-3では、もう一つp220AR
CMSVapo15の欠損変異体が、さらに観察され、
これはトランスフェクション後ただちに生じた欠損を示
すと思われる。
産された薬剤耐性293細胞の10のクローンおよび2
つの集団、およびp220ARCMSVapo14およ
び15によって生産された3つのクローンおよび2つの
集団についてこのような分析を行ってきた。すべての場
合に、リアレンジメントされなかったプラスミドが、培
養2ヶ月後でさえも哺乳類細胞から単離され得た。さら
に15〜17の薬剤耐性細胞系が試験されたが、リアレ
ンジメントされなかったプラスミドのみが観察された。
neoC’と呼ばれる293細胞クローンの1つに、わ
れわれは、そのクローンの確立後の3ヶ月にp220S
Mneoプラスミドを取り戻し、36の形質転換細菌コ
ロニー由来のプラスミド構築物の試験を行った。各々の
場合において、リアレンジメントされていないプラスミ
ドのみが観察された。この結果は、AAV/EBVキメ
ラベクターが安定に3ヶ月の間、293細胞に維持され
得ることを示している。
クターのプラスミドの維持を確実にしている。この場
合、おそらくEBVのoriP領域を複製起点として用
いて、キメラプラスミドは宿主染色体とともに複製す
る。
因子が供給される場合、細胞溶解性AAV複製へのスイ
ッチが生じるかどうかを決定するために、以下の実験を
行った。ウイルスが産生される2日前に、ヒグロマイシ
ンB欠損の新鮮な培地中にAAV/EBVキメラベクタ
ーを含有するヒト293細胞を置いた。ウイルス生産の
日に直径100mmの培養皿上にこれらの細胞が約25
〜40%コンフルエントに存在するように、これらの細
胞を培地中に植え付けた。組換えウイルスを生産するた
めに、2〜4時間、2株(1〜5moi)のアデノウイ
ルスをこれらの細胞に感染させた。次いで、リン酸カル
シウムを用いた共沈澱(Wigler,M.R.ら、“Transformat
ionof Mammalian Cells with Genes From Procaryotes
and Eukaryotes,”Cell 16:777-785)を用いて20g
のpBalをこれらの細胞にトランスフェクトした。次
の日、この培地を回収し、そしてヒグロマイシンB欠損
の新鮮な培地5mlで置き換えた。2日後、アデノウイ
ルスの細胞変性効果が明らかになり、組換えAAVウイ
ルス株を採収した。
び培地を集め、そして1秒パルスの音波処理を2回行う
ことによって、この細胞を完全に破壊した。遠心分離に
より、細胞の破片を除去し、ウイルス株を分離した。こ
の株を56℃で1時間加熱することにより、アデノウイ
ルスを不活性化した。使用の前に、この株を1μmの酢
酸セルロース膜を通して濾過した。
Polyoma DNA From Infected MouseCultures,”J.Mol.Bi
ol.126:275-288に記載されているHirtの方法を用い
て、細胞から小分子量のDNAを集めた。Hirt溶解
産物を10g/mlのプロテイナーゼKで処理し、次い
で、フェノール、およびフェノール:クロロホルム:イ
ソアミルアルコール(25:24:1)の順で抽出する
ことによって、このDNAを精製した。次いで、エタノ
ール沈澱法および記載された方法を用いることによっ
て、精製されたDNAを濃縮した。サザンブロット法の
ために、DNAを0.8%アガロースゲルに流し、ナイ
ロン膜(ハイボンド(Hybond)N+;Amersham)上にブ
ロッティングした。ブロットをランダムプライミング法
(randompriming method)(Pharmacia,Piscataway,N.
J.)により、標識されたDNA断片でプローブした。6
5℃で水性のハイブリダイゼーションを行った後、65
℃でストリンジェンシーを増加する溶液で濾液を洗浄
し、最終的に0.1×SSC(15mMのNaCl、
1.5mMのクエン酸ナトリウムpH7.0)+1.0
%のSDSで洗浄した。オートラジオグラムをX線フィ
ルム(XAR型;Eastman Kodak Co. Rochester,N.Y.)
に曝すことによって生産した。
プラスミドのエピソームの性質(episomal nature)を
分析するために、上記のようなHirt法を用いて小分
子量のDNAを細胞から単離し、それをE. coliHB1
01株中に形質転換した。単一の細菌のコロニーの培地
1mlから少量のプラスミドの調製物を精製した。プラ
スミドの特性付けを制限酵素分析によって行った。
プラスミドを含有する細胞にアデノウイルスを感染さ
せ、pBalでトランスフェクトした時、AAV構築物
の細胞溶解性複製が開始した。この結果は、apoA1
プローブにハイブリダイズする2.8kbバンドの出現
によって証明された。この2.8kbバンドはp220
ARCMSVapo14および15中にクローン化され
た組換えARCMSVapoゲノムに対して正しいサイ
ズである。5.6kbで開始する弱いバンドのはしご構
造(ladder)もまた見られた。これらのバンドは、AA
V複製における中間体であると知られている組換えAA
Vゲノムの多量体を表す。
野生型AAVヘルパー機能の存在に完全に依存する。こ
れらの同じ細胞に単にアデノウイルスを感染させた場
合、またはこれらの細胞にアデノウイルスを感染させ、
そしてrep欠損変異体pSCcapでトランスフェク
トした場合には、ARCMSVapoの複製は見られな
かった。さらに、組換えAAV構築物の増幅はAAV/
EBVキメラプラスミドの存在に依存した。AAV/E
BVキメラベクター欠損の293親細胞は、両方の野生
型AAV機能の存在下でさえ、ARCMSVapoの増
幅を示さなかった。現在までに、総計6個のp220A
RCMSVapo14および11個のp220ARCM
SVapo15のクローンを試験した。それぞれの場
合、これらの細胞にアデノウイルスおよび野生型AAV
機能を供給した時、組換えAAV構築物の複製が起こっ
た。さらに、このような増幅はEBVベクターにおける
組換えAAV構築物の方向に依存しなかった。両方の方
向は類似のレベルのARCMSVapo増幅に導いた。
た、p220SMneoを含有する細胞のクローンにお
いて開始され得る。また、組換えAAV構築物の複製は
アデノウイルスおよび野生型AAV機能が同時に存在す
ることに依存した。単にアデノウイルスを感染させたp
220SMneo細胞のクローンは、組換えASMne
oサイズの配列を含有しない。これらの細胞にアデノウ
イルスを感染させ、そしてrep変異体pSCcapで
トランスフェクトを行った場合、同様の結果が見られ
た。しかし、アデノウイルスに感染したこれらのクロー
ンに、pBal由来のAAVのrepおよびキャプシド
機能の両者を与えると、ネオマイシンホスホトランスフ
ェラーゼ遺伝子でハイブリダイズする4.1kbバンド
の出現によって検知されるように、ASMneoの細胞
溶解性複製は起こる。この4.1kb断片は組換えAS
Mneoゲノムの予想されたサイズである。また、キメ
ラプラスミドを含有しない293細胞は、いかなる環境
下においても4.1kbバンドの出現を示さない。従っ
て、組換えAAVベクターの複製は、試験された2つの
異なるキメラAAV/EBVプラスミド型から起こり、
この現象は広範囲の構築物に適用され得るということを
示している。
p220ARCMSVapo14、15、およびp22
0SMneoにおけるAAV構築物は、欠損した野生型
AAVのDNAの1350個の塩基以外の全てを有す
る。それらはAAVのrepおよびキャプシド機能の両
者が欠損している。repおよびキャプシドAAV機能
を供給するために用いられるプラスミドpBalは、各
々の145個の塩基の末端反復配列における121個の
塩基が欠損している以外は、全てのAAV配列の野生型
である。その結果、pBalにおけるAAV構築物はA
AVウイルス複製に必要なシス機能が欠損している。こ
れらの研究の1つの重要な問題は、組換えAAVの複製
の間に組換えが起こり、野生型AAVゲノムの複製が生
じるかどうかということであった。
MSVapo14、15またはp220SMneoのい
ずれかを含有する細胞のクローンにアデノウイルスを感
染させ、pBalでトランスフェクトした。48時間
後、これらのトランスフェクトした物のHirt抽出物
を作成し、そして組換えおよび野生型のAAV配列の存
在について分析した。
V/EBVキメラベクター細胞のクローンの処理は2.
8kbおよび4.1kbの適切な組換えゲノムの出現に
よって証明されたように、組換えAAV構築物の増幅を
誘発する。これらの同じサザンブロットをAAVキャプ
シド遺伝子で再びプローブした時、4.7kbの野生型
ゲノムに相当するバンドは見られなかった。時々見られ
る唯一のハイブリダイズされた配列は、トランスフェク
ト後、これらの細胞上に残っているpBalプラスミド
DNA由来の配列に相当する。293親株に同一の処理
を行った後に、これらの残りのスーパーコイルの、切れ
目の入った(nicked)、および線状のpBalバンドも
また見られ得るという結果はこの結論を支持する。従っ
て、組換えAAV構築物を10,000倍を越える増幅
の間、野生型ゲノムの検知し得る生産は見られ得ない。
スの分析〕アデノウイルスおよびpBalの両方で処理
したp220SMneo細胞のクローンから生産された
ウイルス株における形質導入された組換えASMneo
ウイルスの存在を調べた。これらの実験において、ヒト
白血病系由来のK562細胞をこのような株にさらし、
次いで、ネオマイシンホスホトランスフェラーゼ遺伝子
の存在下で選抜した。表1はこのような3つの実験結果
を示す。
を感染し得、そしてG418耐性K562クローンを安
定して生産し得る組換えAAVウイルスを生産した。感
染能は実験において0.04%〜1.0%の範囲で多少
変化した。種々のp220SMneoのクローンから生
産されたウイルス量は株によってもまた変化した。例え
ば、細胞系220SMneo4から生産された組換えウ
イルス株は、他の細胞のクローン由来の株より高い感染
能を慣例的に生じた。
MSVapo15のクローンから生産された組換えウイ
ルスはまた同時感染が可能である。K562細胞に上記
で記載されたように生産されたASMneoおよびAR
CMSVapo株を同時感染させた。G418耐性クロ
ーンを選抜し、プールし、そしてアポリポタンパクA1
の分泌物をスクリーニングした。このような実験におい
て、これらのおよびコントロールK562細胞を35S
メチオニンで標識し、そしてこの細胞の培地の上澄みを
ポリクローナル抗apoA1抗体でイムノプレシピテー
ションを行った。簡単にいうと、同時感染された細胞
を、200Ciの35Sメチオニンを含有する標準培地
において4日間標識した。この時点で、この培養培地を
遠心分離によって細胞を取り除き、過剰のウサギ抗ヒト
アポリポタンパクA1抗血清(ベーリンガーマンハイ
ム)で3時間予めコートした、プロテインA結合アガロ
ースビーズ(Repligen)100リットルでインキュベー
トした。細胞培養培地ビーズの混合物を穏やかに回転さ
せて37℃で一晩インキュベートした。次の朝、このビ
ーズを集め、遠心分離で2回洗浄した。固まったタンパ
ク質をLaemmliの試料緩衝液を用いて遊離させ、Laemml
i,U.K.,Nature(1970)227:680-685の方法に従って15%
のSDS/PAGEゲル上で分析した。イムノプレシピ
テーションされた細胞培養培地中のタンパク質をオート
ラジオグラフィーによって表した。
アポリポ蛋白A1が2つのウイルス株で同時感染された
細胞から分泌されたことを示す。コントロールK562
細胞はこの蛋白を分泌しなかった。これらの実験は、こ
の単純化した方法によって生産された組換えAAVウイ
ルスが単一の細胞中に1個または2個の遺伝子を容易に
形質導入するために用いられ得るということを示した。
これらのベクターにおいて、この形質導入された遺伝子
は正しく発現し得、そしてそれらのタンパク質は種々の
細胞の区画に適切に標的し得る。
版物および特許出願書は、まるで各個々の出版物または
特許出願書が明確におよび個々に参考として引用された
と示されたのと同じように、ここに引用として加える。
た請求の範囲の意図または範囲から外れることなく多く
の改変および修飾がなされ得るということは当業者によ
り自明である。
産するための簡単な方法が記載されている。この方法に
は、エプスタイン・バール核抗原(EBNA)遺伝子、
エプスタイン・バールウイルスの潜在感染期における複
製起点(oriP)、および組換えAAVゲノムを取り
込んでいるキメラプラスミドの使用が含まれている。キ
メラプラスミドそれ自身は、さらに本発明の一部分であ
る。これらのEBV/AAVプラスミドは、ヒト293
細胞のような細胞内で、複数コピーの染色体外エレメン
トとして維持されている。これらのEBV/AAVプラ
スミドを有する永久細胞系は、野生型アデノ随伴ウイル
スヘルパー機能を加えることによって、組換えAAVウ
イルスの大量生産が誘導される。この様式で生産された
組換えAAVベクターは、外来遺伝子を他のヒト細胞系
に形質導入し得て、そして従来の方法で生産されたウイ
ルスエレメントの全ての特性を提示する。
わせて考慮されるとき、下記の特定の実施態様の詳細な
説明を参照することによりさらによく理解される。ここ
で、本発明の構築物あるいは本発明の構築物を作るのに
用いられる多くのプラスミドの図面である。いずれの場
合にも、地図は、実測に従って示されており、ポリリン
カー中に記載されている制限部位が必ずしも1つのクロ
ーニング部位を示すわけではない。
Claims (9)
- 【請求項1】5’から3’方向に順次、エプスタイン・
バール核抗原(EBNA)遺伝子;エプスタイン・バー
ルウイルス(EBV)の潜在感染期における複製起点
(oriP);および、外来遺伝物質を有し、そして機
能性のAAVrep遺伝子を欠く組換えアデノ随伴ウイ
ルス(AAV)ベクター;を含有する、組換えプラスミ
ドベクター。 - 【請求項2】前記プラスミドが、検出可能な遺伝子マー
カーを含有する、請求項1に記載のベクター。 - 【請求項3】前記遺伝子マーカーが、抗生物質耐性遺伝
子である、請求項2に記載のベクター。 - 【請求項4】前記抗生物質耐性遺伝子が、前記AAVベ
クター内に位置する、請求項3に記載のベクター。 - 【請求項5】前記抗生物質耐性遺伝子が、前記プラスミ
ドの前記AAVベクター外に位置する、請求項3に記載
のベクター。 - 【請求項6】前記プラスミドベクター内に少なくとも2
つの遺伝子マーカーがあり、前記AAVベクター内に抗
生物質耐性遺伝子があり、そして前記プラスミドベクタ
ーの前記AAVベクターの外に第二の遺伝子マーカーが
ある、請求項1に記載のベクター。 - 【請求項7】前記AAVベクターが、さらに機能性構造
キャプシド遺伝子セグメントを欠いている、請求項1に
記載のベクター。 - 【請求項8】前記組換えAAVベクターが、選択可能な
マーカー遺伝子、および2つあるいはそれ以上の外来遺
伝子を含有する、請求項1に記載のベクター。 - 【請求項9】AAVベクターを生産する方法であって、 外来遺伝物質を有する前もって作ったAAVベクター
を、EBNA遺伝子、oriP DNA断片、および検
出可能な遺伝子マーカーを含有するEBVプラスミドへ
クローニングする工程;該EBVプラスミドで宿主細胞
系をトランスフェクトして、トランスフェクトされた細
胞系を生産する工程;該トランスフェクトされた細胞系
を増殖培地で増殖する工程;該トランスフェクトされた
宿主細胞をアデノウイルスおよび野生型アデノ随伴ウイ
ルスヘルパー機能に接触させる工程;および該AAVベ
クターを該細胞増殖培地から単離する工程;を包含す
る、方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/605,775 | 1990-10-30 | ||
| US7/605,775 | 1990-10-30 | ||
| US07/605,775 US5173414A (en) | 1990-10-30 | 1990-10-30 | Production of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH05308975A true JPH05308975A (ja) | 1993-11-22 |
| JP2655771B2 JP2655771B2 (ja) | 1997-09-24 |
Family
ID=24425162
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP3285205A Expired - Lifetime JP2655771B2 (ja) | 1990-10-30 | 1991-10-30 | 組換えアデノ随伴ウイルスベクター |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (6) | US5173414A (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP0488528B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP2655771B2 (ja) |
| AT (1) | ATE130870T1 (ja) |
| CA (1) | CA2054517C (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE69114997T2 (ja) |
| DK (1) | DK0488528T3 (ja) |
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| JP2003533170A (ja) * | 1999-10-07 | 2003-11-11 | ユニバーシテイ・オブ・アイオワ・リサーチ・フアウンデーシヨン | アデノ随伴ウイルスおよびその使用 |
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| US4686186A (en) * | 1984-09-26 | 1987-08-11 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Recombinant vector and eukaryotic host transformed thereby |
| US4797368A (en) * | 1985-03-15 | 1989-01-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Adeno-associated virus as eukaryotic expression vector |
| US5585254A (en) * | 1987-08-21 | 1996-12-17 | University Of Colorado Foundation, Inc. | Autonomous parvovirus gene delivery vehicles and expression vectors |
| AU7906691A (en) * | 1990-05-23 | 1991-12-10 | United States of America, as represented by the Secretary, U.S. Department of Commerce, The | Adeno-associated virus (aav)-based eucaryotic vectors |
| US5173414A (en) * | 1990-10-30 | 1992-12-22 | Applied Immune Sciences, Inc. | Production of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2003533170A (ja) * | 1999-10-07 | 2003-11-11 | ユニバーシテイ・オブ・アイオワ・リサーチ・フアウンデーシヨン | アデノ随伴ウイルスおよびその使用 |
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| US5354678A (en) | 1994-10-11 |
| US5691176A (en) | 1997-11-25 |
| US5589377A (en) | 1996-12-31 |
| DE69114997T2 (de) | 1996-04-18 |
| HK1007765A1 (en) | 1999-04-23 |
| US5780280A (en) | 1998-07-14 |
| ATE130870T1 (de) | 1995-12-15 |
| US5173414A (en) | 1992-12-22 |
| US5681731A (en) | 1997-10-28 |
| DK0488528T3 (da) | 1995-12-27 |
| CA2054517A1 (en) | 1992-05-01 |
| EP0488528A1 (en) | 1992-06-03 |
| JP2655771B2 (ja) | 1997-09-24 |
| DE69114997D1 (de) | 1996-01-11 |
| CA2054517C (en) | 1995-10-03 |
| EP0488528B1 (en) | 1995-11-29 |
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