JPH05501994A - 複合材料 - Google Patents

複合材料

Info

Publication number
JPH05501994A
JPH05501994A JP3501309A JP50130991A JPH05501994A JP H05501994 A JPH05501994 A JP H05501994A JP 3501309 A JP3501309 A JP 3501309A JP 50130991 A JP50130991 A JP 50130991A JP H05501994 A JPH05501994 A JP H05501994A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
fastener
composite material
leg
layer
layers
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP3501309A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
ウィルソン・ロバート・サミュエル
ブラニフ,マーク,アントニー
Original Assignee
シヨート・ブラザース・ピーエルシー
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by シヨート・ブラザース・ピーエルシー filed Critical シヨート・ブラザース・ピーエルシー
Publication of JPH05501994A publication Critical patent/JPH05501994A/ja
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C43/00Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C43/32Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C53/00Shaping by bending, folding, twisting, straightening or flattening; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C53/02Bending or folding
    • B29C53/04Bending or folding of plates or sheets
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/4805Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the type of adhesives
    • B29C65/483Reactive adhesives, e.g. chemically curing adhesives
    • B29C65/4835Heat curing adhesives
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/50Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like
    • B29C65/5064Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like of particular form, e.g. being C-shaped, T-shaped
    • B29C65/5071Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like of particular form, e.g. being C-shaped, T-shaped and being composed by one single element
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/50Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like
    • B29C65/5064Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like of particular form, e.g. being C-shaped, T-shaped
    • B29C65/5078Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like of particular form, e.g. being C-shaped, T-shaped and being composed by several elements
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/50Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like
    • B29C65/5064Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like of particular form, e.g. being C-shaped, T-shaped
    • B29C65/5085Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like of particular form, e.g. being C-shaped, T-shaped and comprising grooves, e.g. being E-shaped, H-shaped
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/562Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined
    • B29C65/564Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits using extra joining elements, i.e. which are not integral with the parts to be joined hidden in the joint, e.g. dowels or Z-pins
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/72Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by combined operations or combined techniques, e.g. welding and stitching
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112Single lapped joints
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/13Single flanged joints; Fin-type joints; Single hem joints; Edge joints; Interpenetrating fingered joints; Other specific particular designs of joint cross-sections not provided for in groups B29C66/11 - B29C66/12
    • B29C66/131Single flanged joints, i.e. one of the parts to be joined being rigid and flanged in the joint area
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • B29C66/434Joining substantially flat articles for forming corner connections, fork connections or cross connections
    • B29C66/4342Joining substantially flat articles for forming corner connections, e.g. for making V-shaped pieces
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • B29C66/434Joining substantially flat articles for forming corner connections, fork connections or cross connections
    • B29C66/4344Joining substantially flat articles for forming fork connections, e.g. for making Y-shaped pieces
    • B29C66/43441Joining substantially flat articles for forming fork connections, e.g. for making Y-shaped pieces with two right angles, e.g. for making T-shaped pieces, H-shaped pieces
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/474Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially non-flat
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/524Joining profiled elements
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721Fibre-reinforced materials
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/814General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8145General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the constructional aspects of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/81455General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the constructional aspects of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps being a fluid inflatable bag or bladder, a diaphragm or a vacuum bag for applying isostatic pressure
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/83General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/832Reciprocating joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/8322Joining or pressing tools reciprocating along one axis
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B29C66/91411Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature of the parts to be joined, e.g. the joining process taking the temperature of the parts to be joined into account
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B29C66/91441Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature the temperature being non-constant over time
    • B29C66/91443Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature the temperature being non-constant over time following a temperature-time profile
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/919Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/919Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
    • B29C66/9192Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams
    • B29C66/91951Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to time, e.g. temperature-time diagrams
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/06Fibrous reinforcements only
    • B29C70/10Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres
    • B29C70/16Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length
    • B29C70/24Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length oriented in at least three directions forming a three-dimensional [3D] structure
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/30Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core
    • B29C70/34Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core and shaping or impregnating by compression, i.e. combined with compressing after the lay-up operation
    • B29C70/345Shaping by lay-up, i.e. applying fibres, tape or broadsheet on a mould, former or core; Shaping by spray-up, i.e. spraying of fibres on a mould, former or core and shaping or impregnating by compression, i.e. combined with compressing after the lay-up operation using matched moulds
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Abstract

(57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるため要約のデータは記録されません。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 複 合 材 料 本発明は複合材料、たとえば航空機外面材料を形成するのにとくに適した複合材 料を製造する方法に関する。
“材料”なる語は適当な構成または構造、たとえば本発明の応用による積層継手 を含んでいる。
従来提案された複合材料は大きい弾性率を有する強度の大きい繊維を均質なマト リックス内に埋設することによって製造された。そのような材料の一例において 、繊維はカーボン、アラミドまたはボロンがら作られ、マトリックスはエポキシ 、ビスマレミダまたはポリイミド樹脂から形成することができる。
繊維は一方向の織成されたまたは繊維状マットとして供給され、マットは僅かに 硬化した樹脂を予め含浸され、中間繊維材料を形成している。この中間繊維材料 は可撓性かっ粘着性で内部の繊維フィラメントの位置は固定されない。これらの 中間繊維材料の層は型の中で重ねて組合わされ、ついで圧縮されかつ加熱される 。加熱作用は樹脂の硬化を促進し、加熱と圧縮の組合せは中間繊維材料を一緒に 接合して複合材料を形成する 本発明の目的は複合材料の進歩した製造方法を提供することである。
本発明によれば、それぞれ大きい弾性率を有する強度の大きい繊維を粘着性のあ る均質な樹脂マトリックス内に有する、複数の中間繊維材料の層を面を接して一 緒に設置し、蔚記暦を離れた位置で一緒に固定し、ついで層集合体を圧縮しかつ 加熱して樹脂を硬化させることを含む、複合材料を製造する方法が提供される。
前記層を一緒に固定する一型式は、クリンプ止め技術によるものである。本明細 書において、“クリンプ止め′とはファスナが静止または機械的回転をうけると きファスナの各脚部が少なくとも二つの重なった層を通して押込まれる工程を意 味している。ファスナの各脚部が重なった層を通しである距離突出するとき、制 御された方法でクリンプまたはバンチされ、クリンプまたは固定作用を生ずる。
クリンプファスナは適当な数、たとえば−、二または図8に示すように三本の脚 部を備えるか、または図9に示゛すようにスパイラルまたはヘリカル状とするこ とができる。ファスナは過当な材料、たとえば金属またはプラスチックのいずれ からも製造することができ、クリンプまたはバンチされて所要のクリンプまたは 固定作用を生ずる。
もし望むならば、ファスナは集合体が加熱されかつ圧縮される前に中間繊維材料 層によってカバーすることができる。
本発明の実施例を図面に基づいて下記に説明するが、その中で、 !!lla、lb、lcは複合材料の製造における三つの段階を示し、 図2は複合材料の準備中の一段階を示す斜視図であり、 図3は成形器具内における複合材料の断面正面図であり、 図4は成形器具内に設置された複合材料の一部の詳細断面正面図であり、 図5は別の複合材料の準備中の一段階を示す斜視図であり、 図6および7は複合材料の準備中に使用するクリンプファスナの二つの例を示す 線図であり、図8および9は複合材料の準備中に使用するクリンプファスナの別 の例を示す線図であり、図10は本発明の作業サイクルの線図であり、化構造の 例を示す線図であり、 図12は本発明複合材料の例を示すI1図であり、そして 図13は複合ファスナを使用する複合材料の製造における各段階を示す線図であ る。
図面とくに第1図を参照すると、一実施例において、中間繊維材料の横方向に離 れた堆積2および4はリリーズフイルム6上に供給される。これらの堆積は室温 において真空の下で圧縮または収縮される。この圧縮または収縮は各堆積に予定 の複合材料の集合を助けるある程度の構造的剛性を付与する。各堆積は面を接し て一緒に設置された複数の材料の層よりなる。中間繊維材料の各層は、大きい弾 性率を有する大きい強度の繊維をエポキシ、ビスアレミドまたはポリイミド樹脂 とすることのできる均質のマトリックス内に埋設することによって形成される。
繊維は一方向の、織成されたまたは繊維状マットとすることができ、繊維はカー ボン、アラミドまたはボロンのような材料から作ることができる。各中間繊維材 料層は僅かに硬化した樹脂マトリックスを供給され、繊維層が粘着性かつ可撓性 で、この段階においては確実にマトリックスの一定位置にないようにされる。堆 積2および4は長方形である。
リリーズフイルム6は堆積2および4から除去され、接着剤フィルムが堆積2の 側部8の下面および堆積4の側部10の上面に取付けられる。これらの側部8お よび10は図1bに示すように重ねて設置される。両側部分は適当な堆積2また は4の一端に平行に延びる条片の形のものである。これらの側部8および10は 、側部8および10に沿って離された複数のファスナ12によって一緒に固定さ れる。図ICに示すように、中間繊維材料の別の層14および16が側部8およ び10の上に載置されファスナ12をカバーする。
図3を参照すると、中間繊維材料のクリップ止めされた堆積2および4は基板1 8および頂部型板20を有する成形器具内に設置される。真空袋22は頂部型板 20上に設置され、気密ンールが真空袋22と基板18の間に周辺ンールテーブ 24によって形成される。
図4は図3の成形器具の一部の一層詳細な説明であり、明瞭のため、図3および 4の対応する要素は同じ参照符号を付されている。リリーズフイルム26はクリ ンプ止めされた堆積2および4と型板20の間に設置され、堆積の粘着性上面が 板20に接着するのを防止している。同様に、リリーズ材2が堆積2および4の 下に設置され、これらの堆積が型基板18に接着することを防止している。端部 吸排気口30は真空袋22の端部に隣接して基板18の周りに延び、板形の表面 吸排気口32は真空袋22の上部付近に設置されている。この表面吸排気口32 は真空袋22の頂部の、面積より僅かに狭い面積を有する。図3を参照すると、 真空袋22内部空間は真空袋22一端の通路34を通って空気を引出すことによ り排気される。端部吸排気口30および表面吸排気口32は空気が真空袋22に よってカバーされたほぼ全区域から引出されることを、また真空袋22が排気中 下具合に縮んだりまたは変形したりしないようにする。
作用において、真空袋22の下方空間は排気され、クリンプ止めされた堆積2お よび4は型板18および20を近付けることにより圧縮され、成形器具および真 空袋集合体はオートクレーブ内において加熱され、クリップ止めされた堆積2お よび4を硬化する一方それらは圧力下にあって所要の複合材料を形成する。硬化 作業が完了した後、成形器具および真空袋集合体はオートクレーブから除去され 、真空袋22は除去され、型板18および20は分離され、硬化した複合材料は 分離された型板18および20の間から除去される。
本発明はまたその範囲内に頂部型板20が使用さハない複合材料を製造する上記 方法を含んでいる。この別の方法において、所要程度の圧縮は真空袋22と基板 18の間で得られる。頂部型板は、(1)両方の主要面を仕上加工された複合材 料を製造するため、(2)ファスナ12を介するオートクレーブ圧力および堆積 2および4を解消するため、(3)適用しつる一体的補強または構造要素を形成 するため使用される。
適当な形式のクリンプファスナを使用することができ、図6ないし9は適当な形 式のクリンプファスナを示す。
これらのクリンプファスナは互いに別々に堆積に取付けられ、通常の工業用くぎ 打ち機と同様のクリンプ機械への取付けを容易にしている。
図5は二つの中間繊維材料の堆積を一緒に固定する種々の工程を示している。し かしながら、図5の例において一方の堆積36は平板の型式であり、他方の堆積 はC型断面の補強材またはガーダ−の型式である。
縮小したC型断面の堆積38は、基板18上に構造物を正確に位置決めするの助 けるため、縮小された平らな堆積36にクリンプ止めされる。
上記のかつ図示された実施例の方法は、自己シールする複合材料を提供し、硬化 した構造物の経費のかかる事後のジグによる加工または穿孔を必要としない。
本発明方法によって得られる複合材料の代表的硬化サイクルにおいて、最大硬化 圧力は5.86X 105ないし6.89x 105N / triの範囲で、 最高硬化温度 179±5℃は 120±5分間維持され、加熱割合は 0.5 から2.5℃/分で、最大冷却割合は2.5℃/分であった。°硬化圧力”はオ ートクレーブの内部圧力、したがって真空袋22に加えられる外部圧力を意味す る。
完全真空が成形器具の内部および真空袋集合体に加えられる。これは1.013  X 10” N / fd (14,7psig)の外部圧力に等しく、この 圧力は真空袋22に垂直に作用する空気柱によって生ずる。硬化サイクル開始前 にオートクレーブ内に設置された真空袋部分に許される最小圧力は、2011g (0,667x 105N / rrl )である。この真空はクリンプ止めさ れた堆積2および4上の袋、吸排気口等の位置を維持するのに役立つ。
袋部分と最低圧力0.667x 105N / rdを発生する真空ポンプを連 通する導管は、オートクレーブの内部圧力が1.38X 105N / al  (2011sig)に達するとオートクレーブ外側の待機に排気される。この操 作の理由は、オートクレーブ圧力が1.013 x to5N / i (14 ,7psig)を超えるともはや真空を加える利点がな(なるからである。
1真空袋の下の圧力をOないしJ45X 10 N / rdに維持すること” は背圧を加えることである。圧力は加熱硬化によって放出される蒸発物によって 、またオートクレーブ圧力が排気導管から流される真空袋のわずかな漏洩によっ て真空袋下方に生ずる。この0ないし345X 105N / mの誤差は大き い背圧が製品を劣化するため超えてはならない。
本発明の上記のかつ図示された実施例は下記の有利な特徴を有する。すなわち、 (a)(i) 改善された衝撃抵抗、引張り、剥離、剪断強度および改善された クラック拡大に対する抵抗性。
(ii) これらのファスナの構造要素(ステーブルフラノノ)は標準的、機械 的ファスナの要素より使用される負荷に対して一層整合するように設置すること ができる。
(b) 標準的、機械的継手に関する主要な課題の克服、すなわち (i) 通常機械的ファスナ止めに必要な層の厚さの増加は絶対的最小値に減少 する(層に対する損傷は最少となりまたその程度は自己修復可能であるため)。
(11)機械的ファスナ止めに関する代表的[Lすなわち、穿孔、ジグ加工、皿 穴、リベット止めなどに関する課題は回避される。
(iii) 継手は自己シール性で、したがって、環境に抗して使用するためま た燃料を収容する(翼内タンク)のに適当である。
(iv) 継手は他の機械的ファスナ止め継手より一層重量効果がよい。
(V) 継手は空気接触面において空力学的に平滑で、したがって、充填/フェ ザリング/平滑皿穴作業は必要ない。
(C) 継手は局部的補強のため、たとえば、補強要素の端部に使用することが できる。
(1) 剥離防止ファスナとして作用する(アルミニウム接合補強材と同様の役 割で使用される)。
(11)構造要素を硬化作用前またその間に所定位1こ正確に固定する。
(d) 機械的要素のファスナ止めは、有効な自動化された作業において完成さ れるため、他の機械的ファスナ止めより一層労働効率がよい。
(e) 燃料電池設備におけるファスナに通常含まれる複雑さ、たとえば、アー クプラズマ風の危険は、ファスナを構造体に封入しうるため、回避される。
(f) 余分な固定装置が必要であり、また、ファスナが通常使用されない、た とえば、ブレード、補強ウェブなどの区域に設置することができる。
(g) クリンプ止めは進歩した複合体の厚さ構造的強度を改善する(すなわち 、層の剥離を防止する)ため使用される 本発明の方法に対して推賞される硬化サイクルは下記のとおりである。すなわち 、 <s> 簡単な要素 700 IN/ dの圧力を加える。
工ないし20℃/分で 175℃まで加熱する。
175℃で1時間硬化する。
圧力を除去して要素を排出する前に60℃以下に冷却する。
(b) 最善のサイクル・ 真空において1ないし20℃/分で 120℃まで加熱する。
要素が 120℃に達したとき700 IN/ rdの圧力を加えて、要素を大 気に排気する。
175℃まで加熱を継続する。
175℃で1時間硬化し圧力を除去して要素を排出する前に60℃まで冷却する 。
(c) 厚い要素 10■■以上の厚い要素における発熱を回避するため上記 (b)の硬化サイク ルにおいて、2ないし3時間 130℃ないし 135℃に留めることが好まし い。
図1ないし11に示された実施例のクリンプファスナは、適当な金属または合金 から作られる。
図12および13を参照すると、第2実施例において、複合材料の層は複合ファ スナによって一緒にファスナ止めされる。本明細書において“複合ファスナ。
は織成された一方向材料の複数の層から作られたファスナを意味している。各層 は、ケブラー、カーボンまたはボロンから作られた補強材を含む、熱硬化性また は熱可塑性材料から作ることができる。これらの層は面を接して一緒に設置され て堆積を形成し、堆積は成形器具に載置され所望の形状に硬化される。図12は ファスナのいくつかの異なった形状を示し、図13(8)はZ型をなす層の堆積 の準備および硬化を示している。
図13 (b)および(C)を参照すると、硬化した堆積は切断され複数のZ型 ファスナを形成する。層堆積の切断の間隔は、もちろん各ファスナの幅を決定す る。
図13 (d)に示すように、層状中間繊維材料の第1および第2のし型堆積は 、背中合わせに第3の層状中間繊維材料の全体的に平らな堆積上に設置される。
堆積組立体は、鋼基板の上に置かれる。この基板は図4に示され、かつ対応して 記載されたように成形器具の基板を構成する。一連の孔がパンチによって二つの L型堆積の基礎部分および第3堆積の同軸部分に形成される。
図13 (c)に記載されたZ型ファスナはそれらの番孔を通して挿入され、図 13 (e)に示されたようなそれらの固定位1こ回転される。ファスナを堆積 に挿入するのを助けるため、堆積のすべての部分または一部は鋼基板から持上げ ることができる。ファナスは適当な形状のツイーザ型工具を使用して手で挿入さ れる。
三つの堆積および挿入された複合ファスナは圧縮されかつ前記のように加熱され る。
22 2.4 a)尾u/FORMED (SINGLE LEG) EXAMPLE 7Tt& THREE If石ン 費彪 TOP HAT ’r’ 5EOON ’J’ 5E(T10N 7’SE(TION(LJREDSTRIP IND MαIAL FASTENE?要 約 書 複合材料は中間繊維材料の二つの堆積(2および4)から作られる。各堆積は面 を接して一緒に設置された複数の材料の層よりなる。各層は大きい弾性率を有す る大きい強度の繊維を樹脂マトリックスに埋設することによって形成される。堆 積(2および4)はリリーズフイルム(6)から除去され、接着剤フィルムが堆 積(2)の側部(8)の下面に貼付されまた堆積(4)の側部(lO)の上面に 貼付される。これらの側部(8および10)は重ねて載置され、ついで複数のフ ァスナ(12)によって−緒にクリップ止めされる。中間繊維材料の別の層(1 4および16)が側部(8および10)上に設置されファスナ(12)をカバー する。クリンプ止めされた堆積(2および4)は成形器具内に設置され、成形器 具は基板(18)および頂部型板(20)を有する。真空袋(22)が頂部型板 (20)上に設置され、気密ソールが真空袋(22)と基板(1B)の間に周辺 ンールテーブ(24)によって形成される。真空袋(22)の内部空間は真空袋 (22)一端の通路(34)を通して排気される。ファスナ止めされた堆積(2 および4)は板を近付けることによって圧縮され、成形器具および真空袋集合体 はオートクレーブ内において加熱され、堆積(2および4)を硬化させ、一方そ れらは圧力下にあって所要の複合材料を形成Tる。
硬化作業が完了した後、成形器具および真空袋集合体はオートクレーブから除去 され、真空袋は除去され、型板(18および20)は分離され、硬化した複合材 料は除去される。
手続補正書(的) 平成 4年12月24日

Claims (19)

    【特許請求の範囲】
  1. 1.それぞれ大きい弾性率を有する大きい強度の繊維を粘着性のある均等な樹脂 マトリックス内に有する、複数の中間繊維材料の層を面を接して一緒に設置し、 前記層を離れた位置で一緒にファスナ止めし、ついで層集合体を圧縮しかつ加熱 して樹脂を硬化させることを含む、複合材料を製造する方法
  2. 2.層は前記離れた位置に設置された複数のファスナ(12)によって一緒にフ ァスナ止めされ、各ファスナは少なくとも一つの脚部を有する請求項1に記載の 方法。
  3. 3.ファスナの各脚部はファスナに加えられる直接の圧力によって少なくとも二 つの重なつた層に押込まれる請求項2に記載の方法。
  4. 4.ファスナは脚部押込み作業中機械的回転をうける請求項3に記載の方法。
  5. 5.各ファスナ脚部はそれが重ねられた層を通って所要の距離突出したとき制御 された方法で変形され、前記ファスナ止め作用を奏する請求項3または4に記載 の方法。
  6. 6.各ファスナ脚部はクリンプ加工によって変形される請求項5に記載の方法。
  7. 7.各ファスナ脚はパンチ加工によって変形される請求項5に記載の方法。
  8. 8.ファスナは中間繊維材料の層集合体が圧縮され加熱される前に少なくとも一 つの中間繊維材料の少なくとも一つの付加的層(14,16)によってカバーさ れる請求項2ないし4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  9. 9.接着剤の第1のフイルムを中間繊維材料層の第1の堆積(2)の側部の下面 に貼付け接着剤の第2のフイルムを中間繊維材料層の第1の堆積(4)の側部の 上面に貼付け、前記側部を重ねて設置し、その上の離れた位置において前記重な った側部を一諸にファスナ止めする請求項1ないし4のいずれか一項に記載の方 法。
  10. 10. 前記堆積(2,4)はりリーズフイルム(6)上にに横に離して設置さ れ、リリースフィルム(6)は接着剤が塗布される前に除去される請求項9に記 載の方法。
  11. 11.層集合体は真空中で圧縮されかつ加熱される請求項1ないし4のいずれか 一項に記載の方法。
  12. 12.孔は前記離れた位置において組立てられた層を通って形成され、Z型ファ スナが各孔に挿入されファスナがファスナ止め位置に同転される請求項1に記載 の方法。
  13. 13.少なくとも一つのファスナ(12)が金属から作られ、少なくとも二つの 重ねられた層を貫通するのに適した少なくとも一つの脚を有する、請求項2に記 載の方法によって製造された複合ファスナ。
  14. 14.各ファスナが繊成した一方向材料の複数の周から作られていることを特徴 とする請求項12に記載の複合材料。
  15. 15.各層が補強された熱硬化性材料から作られた請求項14に記載の複合材料 。
  16. 16.各層が補強された熱硬化性材料から作られた請求項14に記載の複合材料 。
  17. 17.実質的に添付図面を参照して記載した複合材料を製造する方法。
  18. 18.実質的に添付図面を参照して記載した複合材料を製造する装置。
  19. 19.実質的に添付図面に図示されかつ記載された複合材料。
JP3501309A 1989-12-07 1990-12-06 複合材料 Pending JPH05501994A (ja)

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GB8927734.7 1989-12-07
GB898927734A GB8927734D0 (en) 1989-12-07 1989-12-07 A composite material

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CA (1) CA2070830A1 (ja)
FI (1) FI922471A7 (ja)
GB (2) GB8927734D0 (ja)
IL (1) IL96596A0 (ja)
WO (1) WO1991008892A1 (ja)

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FI922471A7 (fi) 1992-05-29
AU6907991A (en) 1991-07-18
BR9007901A (pt) 1992-09-22
WO1991008892A1 (en) 1991-06-27
GB2238977A (en) 1991-06-19
GB9026576D0 (en) 1991-01-23
GB2238977B (en) 1994-01-05
GB8927734D0 (en) 1990-02-07
EP0504247A1 (en) 1992-09-23
IL96596A0 (en) 1991-09-16
CA2070830A1 (en) 1991-06-08

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