JPH06500894A - 包まれた埋込みチャネルトランジスタ - Google Patents
包まれた埋込みチャネルトランジスタInfo
- Publication number
- JPH06500894A JPH06500894A JP1508211A JP50821189A JPH06500894A JP H06500894 A JPH06500894 A JP H06500894A JP 1508211 A JP1508211 A JP 1508211A JP 50821189 A JP50821189 A JP 50821189A JP H06500894 A JPH06500894 A JP H06500894A
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- buried channel
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- substrate
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 238000005468 ion implantation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005421 electrostatic potential Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005036 potential barrier Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N SnO2 Inorganic materials O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009933 burial Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007943 implant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005591 polysilicon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D30/00—Field-effect transistors [FET]
- H10D30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10D30/021—Manufacture or treatment of FETs having insulated gates [IGFET]
- H10D30/0223—Manufacture or treatment of FETs having insulated gates [IGFET] having source and drain regions or source and drain extensions self-aligned to sides of the gate
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D30/00—Field-effect transistors [FET]
- H10D30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10D30/021—Manufacture or treatment of FETs having insulated gates [IGFET]
- H10D30/0223—Manufacture or treatment of FETs having insulated gates [IGFET] having source and drain regions or source and drain extensions self-aligned to sides of the gate
- H10D30/0227—Manufacture or treatment of FETs having insulated gates [IGFET] having source and drain regions or source and drain extensions self-aligned to sides of the gate having both lightly-doped source and drain extensions and source and drain regions self-aligned to the sides of the gate, e.g. lightly-doped drain [LDD] MOSFET or double-diffused drain [DDD] MOSFET
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D30/00—Field-effect transistors [FET]
- H10D30/60—Insulated-gate field-effect transistors [IGFET]
- H10D30/637—Lateral IGFETs having no inversion channels, e.g. buried channel lateral IGFETs, normally-on lateral IGFETs or depletion-mode lateral IGFETs
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D62/00—Semiconductor bodies, or regions thereof, of devices having potential barriers
- H10D62/10—Shapes, relative sizes or dispositions of the regions of the semiconductor bodies; Shapes of the semiconductor bodies
- H10D62/113—Isolations within a component, i.e. internal isolations
- H10D62/114—PN junction isolations
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D84/00—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers
- H10D84/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10D84/0123—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs
- H10D84/0126—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs the components including insulated gates, e.g. IGFETs
- H10D84/0165—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs the components including insulated gates, e.g. IGFETs the components including complementary IGFETs, e.g. CMOS devices
- H10D84/0167—Manufacturing their channels
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D84/00—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers
- H10D84/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10D84/02—Manufacture or treatment characterised by using material-based technologies
- H10D84/03—Manufacture or treatment characterised by using material-based technologies using Group IV technology, e.g. silicon technology or silicon-carbide [SiC] technology
- H10D84/038—Manufacture or treatment characterised by using material-based technologies using Group IV technology, e.g. silicon technology or silicon-carbide [SiC] technology using silicon technology, e.g. SiGe
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D84/00—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers
- H10D84/80—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers characterised by the integration of at least one component covered by groups H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integration of IGFETs
- H10D84/82—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers characterised by the integration of at least one component covered by groups H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integration of IGFETs of only field-effect components
- H10D84/83—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers characterised by the integration of at least one component covered by groups H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integration of IGFETs of only field-effect components of only insulated-gate FETs [IGFET]
- H10D84/85—Complementary IGFETs, e.g. CMOS
- H10D84/856—Complementary IGFETs, e.g. CMOS the complementary IGFETs having different architectures than each other, e.g. high-voltage and low-voltage CMOS
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D84/00—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers
- H10D84/80—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers characterised by the integration of at least one component covered by groups H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integration of IGFETs
- H10D84/82—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers characterised by the integration of at least one component covered by groups H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integration of IGFETs of only field-effect components
- H10D84/83—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers characterised by the integration of at least one component covered by groups H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integration of IGFETs of only field-effect components of only insulated-gate FETs [IGFET]
- H10D84/85—Complementary IGFETs, e.g. CMOS
- H10D84/859—Complementary IGFETs, e.g. CMOS comprising both N-type and P-type wells, e.g. twin-tub
Landscapes
- Insulated Gate Type Field-Effect Transistor (AREA)
- Thin Film Transistor (AREA)
- Junction Field-Effect Transistors (AREA)
- Amplifiers (AREA)
- Metal-Oxide And Bipolar Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Integrated Circuits (AREA)
- Semiconductor Memories (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (17)
- 1.第1の導電型の半導体基板を準備し、半導体基板の表面に前記第1の導電型 と反対の第2の導電型の埋込みチャネル領域を形成し、 埋込みチャネル領域を覆う酸化物の層を形成し、酸化物の層の表面上にゲート電 極を形成して埋込みチャネル領域を覆い、 埋込みチャネル領域の一方の側に近接した基板の表面に第1の導電型の分離領域 を形成し、 分離領域に隣接する第2の導電型のドレイン領域および少なくともその一部分で あって分離領域によって埋込みチャネル領域から離された一部分を形成し、 埋込みチャネル領域に対してドレイン領域と反対の側で埋込みチャネル領域に隣 接する第2の導電型のソース領域を形成することを備える埋込みチャネルトラン ジスタを形成する方法。
- 2.基板がシリコンである請求項1の方法。
- 3.分離領域の濃度が基板の濃度より高く、表面で反転され得るものである請求 項1の方法。
- 4.分離領域は、埋込みチャネル領域の両側に配置され、ソース領域の少なくと も1部分が埋込みチャネル領域から離される請求項1の方法。
- 5.埋込みチャネル領域の両側の分離領域はソース領域およびドレイン領域を埋 込みチャネル領域から完全に離す請求項4の方法。
- 6.分離領域はドレイン領域を埋込みチャネル領域から完全に離し、分離させる 請求項1の方法。
- 7.分離領域およびドレイン領域を形成する工程が、ゲート電極の直立端部をア ライメント・マスクとして利用して基板表面に第1の導電型の不純物を導入し、 トランジスタのドレイン側でゲート電極の直立端部から延びる所定の厚さの絶縁 物質のスペーサを形成し、 不純物がスペーサの直下の基板に導入されることを禁止するように、スペーサの 一番外側の端部をアライメント・マスクとして利用してトランジスタの表面上、 基板の表面内に第2の導電型の不純物を導入すること を含み、 ドレインを形成するため基板に第2の導電型の不純物を導入する工程は、分離領 域を形成するために利用される不純物のレベルより多量の不純物を利用する 請求項1の方法。
- 8.第1の導電型の基板を準備する工程と、基板の表面上に、分離酸化物の層に より囲まれた能動領域を画定する工程と、 能動領域内の基板表面に第1の導電型と反対の第2の導電型の不純物を導入して 第1の領域を画定する工程と、能動領域の上に所定の厚さでゲート酸化物の層を 形成する工程と、能動領域の上に所定の寸法を有するゲート電極を形成し、ゲー ト電極の下の能動領域に埋込みチャネル領域を画定する工程と、ゲート電極をマ スクとして利用し能動領域に第1の導電型の不純物を導入してゲート電極の両側 に第2および第3の領域を形成する工程であって、第1の領域において第1の導 電型の不純物の濃度は第2の導電型の不純物の濃度より大きくなっている工程と 、ゲート電極の直立端部上にそこから所定の距離だけ水平方向に延びる絶縁物質 のスペーサを形成する工程と、スペーサの端部をマスクとして利用し、第2およ び第3の領域に第2の導電型の不純物を導入してソース/ドレイン領域を形成す る工程であって、ソース/ドレイン領域の第2の導電型の不純物のレベルは第2 および第3の領域における第1の導電型の不純物レベルより高い工程とを含み、 第1の導電型物質の分離領域はソース/ドレイン領域の少なくとも1部を埋込み チャネル領域から離す 埋込みチャネルトランジスタを形成する方法。
- 9.基板がシリコンであり、第1の導電型の不純物がN型不純物であり、第2の 導電型の不純物がP型不純物である請求項8の方法。
- 10.ゲート電極が多結晶シリコンにより形成されている請求項8の方法。
- 11.スペーサを形成する工程が、基板とゲート電極の表面を覆って下地に倣う 形の酸化物の層を形成し、下地に倣う形の酸化物の層を異方性エッチングして実 質的に直立な表面上の酸化物以外の全ての酸化物を除去する工程を含む請求項8 の方法。
- 12.スペーサの下に画定された分離領域がソースおよびドレイン領域を埋込み チャネル領域から完全に離す請求項8の方法。
- 13.分離領域において第1の導電型の不純物の濃度が、実現し得るゲート電圧 で表面反転を許容する請求項8の方法。
- 14.第1の導電型の基板と、 基板の表面上に形成され、ゲート酸化物の層によりそこから離されるゲート電極 と、 ゲート電極およびゲート酸化物の層の下に埋込みチャネル領域を形成するために 配置された第1の導電型の物質とは反対の第2の導電型の物質の領域と、 埋込みチャネル領域のドレインの側でかつそれに隣接して配置された基板の濃度 より大きな濃度を有する第1の導電型の物質の分離領域であって、表面で反転し 得る分離領域と、 第2の導電型の物質のドレイン領域であって、分離領域に隣接して配置され、分 離領域によって埋込みチャネル領域から離されているドレイン領域と、 埋込みチャネル領域に対しドレイン領域と反対の側で、埋込みチャネル領域に近 接して配置された第2の導電型の不純物のソース領域とを備える埋込みチャネル トランジスタ。
- 15.基板がシリコンである請求項14の埋込みチャネルトランジスタ。
- 16.分離領域は、埋込みチャネル領域をドレイン領域から完全に離す請求項1 4の埋込みチャネルトランジスタ。
- 17.さらに、埋込みチャネル領域のソース側に配置され、第1の導電型の不純 物を含む第2の導電型の物質の第2の分離領域を具備し、前記第2の分離領域は ソース領域を埋込みチャネル領域から離す請求項14の埋込みチャネルトランジ スタ。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US210,242 | 1988-06-23 | ||
| US07/210,242 US4906588A (en) | 1988-06-23 | 1988-06-23 | Enclosed buried channel transistor |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH06500894A true JPH06500894A (ja) | 1994-01-27 |
| JP2716829B2 JP2716829B2 (ja) | 1998-02-18 |
Family
ID=22782136
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1508211A Expired - Lifetime JP2716829B2 (ja) | 1988-06-23 | 1989-06-23 | 包まれた埋込みチャネルトランジスタ |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4906588A (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP0422129B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP2716829B2 (ja) |
| AT (1) | ATE158441T1 (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE68928326T2 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO1989012910A1 (ja) |
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| USRE38296E1 (en) * | 1987-04-24 | 2003-11-04 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Semiconductor memory device with recessed array region |
| US5196910A (en) * | 1987-04-24 | 1993-03-23 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Semiconductor memory device with recessed array region |
| US4943537A (en) * | 1988-06-23 | 1990-07-24 | Dallas Semiconductor Corporation | CMOS integrated circuit with reduced susceptibility to PMOS punchthrough |
| US5122474A (en) * | 1988-06-23 | 1992-06-16 | Dallas Semiconductor Corporation | Method of fabricating a CMOS IC with reduced susceptibility to PMOS punchthrough |
| US5180682A (en) * | 1988-08-18 | 1993-01-19 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Semiconductor device and method of producing semiconductor device |
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| US20060038223A1 (en) * | 2001-07-03 | 2006-02-23 | Siliconix Incorporated | Trench MOSFET having drain-drift region comprising stack of implanted regions |
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| JPS6042626B2 (ja) * | 1976-05-18 | 1985-09-24 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
| US4078947A (en) * | 1976-08-05 | 1978-03-14 | International Business Machines Corporation | Method for forming a narrow channel length MOS field effect transistor |
| JPS5322480A (en) * | 1976-08-13 | 1978-03-01 | Hitachi Ltd | Measuring device for analog data |
| DE2706623A1 (de) * | 1977-02-16 | 1978-08-17 | Siemens Ag | Mis-fet fuer hohe source-drain-spannungen |
| US4142926A (en) * | 1977-02-24 | 1979-03-06 | Intel Corporation | Self-aligning double polycrystalline silicon etching process |
| US4205330A (en) * | 1977-04-01 | 1980-05-27 | National Semiconductor Corporation | Method of manufacturing a low voltage n-channel MOSFET device |
| DE2802838A1 (de) * | 1978-01-23 | 1979-08-16 | Siemens Ag | Mis-feldeffekttransistor mit kurzer kanallaenge |
| US4236167A (en) * | 1978-02-06 | 1980-11-25 | Rca Corporation | Stepped oxide, high voltage MOS transistor with near intrinsic channel regions of different doping levels |
| US4173818A (en) * | 1978-05-30 | 1979-11-13 | International Business Machines Corporation | Method for fabricating transistor structures having very short effective channels |
| JPS5526666A (en) * | 1978-08-15 | 1980-02-26 | Nec Corp | Insulated gate type semiconductor device |
| DE2842589A1 (de) * | 1978-09-29 | 1980-05-08 | Siemens Ag | Feldeffekttransistor mit verringerter substratsteuerung der kanalbreite |
| US4209349A (en) * | 1978-11-03 | 1980-06-24 | International Business Machines Corporation | Method for forming a narrow dimensioned mask opening on a silicon body utilizing reactive ion etching |
| US4229756A (en) * | 1979-02-09 | 1980-10-21 | Tektronix, Inc. | Ultra high speed complementary MOS device |
| JPS55151363A (en) * | 1979-05-14 | 1980-11-25 | Chiyou Lsi Gijutsu Kenkyu Kumiai | Mos semiconductor device and fabricating method of the same |
| DE3069973D1 (en) * | 1979-08-25 | 1985-02-28 | Zaidan Hojin Handotai Kenkyu | Insulated-gate field-effect transistor |
| US4514897A (en) * | 1979-09-04 | 1985-05-07 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Electrically programmable floating gate semiconductor memory device |
| ATE11909T1 (de) * | 1980-07-23 | 1985-03-15 | Blendax Werke Schneider Co | Addukte aus diisocyanaten und methacryloylalkylethern, -alkoxybenzolen bzw. alkoxycycloalkanen und deren verwendung. |
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| US4677735A (en) * | 1984-05-24 | 1987-07-07 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Method of providing buried contacts for N and P channel devices in an SOI-CMOS process using a single N+polycrystalline silicon layer |
| US4697198A (en) * | 1984-08-22 | 1987-09-29 | Hitachi, Ltd. | MOSFET which reduces the short-channel effect |
| US4746624A (en) * | 1986-10-31 | 1988-05-24 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Method for making an LDD MOSFET with a shifted buried layer and a blocking region |
| JPH063808B2 (ja) * | 1987-06-03 | 1994-01-12 | 株式会社東芝 | Mos型半導体装置の製造方法 |
| JP3025813B2 (ja) * | 1992-02-10 | 2000-03-27 | 日本軽金属株式会社 | 微小構造断面の押出成形用アルミニウム合金 |
-
1988
- 1988-06-23 US US07/210,242 patent/US4906588A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-06-23 DE DE68928326T patent/DE68928326T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-23 WO PCT/US1989/002787 patent/WO1989012910A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-06-23 EP EP89908745A patent/EP0422129B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-23 JP JP1508211A patent/JP2716829B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-23 AT AT89908745T patent/ATE158441T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO1989012910A1 (en) | 1989-12-28 |
| HK1003040A1 (en) | 1998-09-30 |
| DE68928326T2 (de) | 1998-02-05 |
| DE68928326D1 (de) | 1997-10-23 |
| EP0422129A1 (en) | 1991-04-17 |
| ATE158441T1 (de) | 1997-10-15 |
| US4906588A (en) | 1990-03-06 |
| EP0422129A4 (en) | 1991-09-04 |
| JP2716829B2 (ja) | 1998-02-18 |
| EP0422129B1 (en) | 1997-09-17 |
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