JPH0891946A - Method of firing porcelain material - Google Patents
Method of firing porcelain materialInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0891946A JPH0891946A JP6233057A JP23305794A JPH0891946A JP H0891946 A JPH0891946 A JP H0891946A JP 6233057 A JP6233057 A JP 6233057A JP 23305794 A JP23305794 A JP 23305794A JP H0891946 A JPH0891946 A JP H0891946A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- porcelain
- firing
- porcelain material
- setter
- oxygen
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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- Tunnel Furnaces (AREA)
- Furnace Charging Or Discharging (AREA)
Abstract
(57)【要約】
【目的】 鉛化合物を高濃度に含有する磁器材料を焼成
するに当り、脱脂条件の高度制御、焼結粒子の巨大化、
化学組成のずれ、焼成コストの高騰を生じることなく、
炭素による磁器材料の還元を防止して、所望の高特性焼
結体を得る。
【構成】 磁器材料３を置いたセッター２Ａと、熱分解
により酸素を生成する金属酸化物を含む材料４を置いた
セッター２Ｂとを重ねて磁器製の厘１中で焼成する。
【効果】 熱分解により酸素を生成する金属酸化物を含
む材料の量や組成を選択することで、磁器材料の還元を
抑制するのに必要な濃度の酸素雰囲気を厘中につくり、
焼成中の磁器材料からの鉛化合物の揮発も抑制し、焼成
後の磁器材料の化学組成を所望の組成に維持できる。
(57) [Abstract] [Purpose] When firing porcelain materials containing lead compounds in high concentrations, advanced control of degreasing conditions, enlargement of sintered particles,
Without causing deviation of chemical composition and soaring of firing cost,
The reduction of the porcelain material by carbon is prevented, and the desired high-performance sintered body is obtained. [Structure] A setter 2A on which a porcelain material 3 is placed and a setter 2B on which a material 4 containing a metal oxide that produces oxygen by thermal decomposition are placed are stacked and fired in a porcelain bowl 1. [Effect] By selecting the amount and composition of a material containing a metal oxide that produces oxygen by thermal decomposition, an oxygen atmosphere with a concentration necessary to suppress the reduction of porcelain materials is created in the urine.
Volatilization of lead compounds from the porcelain material during firing is also suppressed, and the chemical composition of the porcelain material after firing can be maintained at a desired composition.
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は磁器材料の焼成方法に係
り、特に、鉛化合物を高濃度に含有する磁器材料、とり
わけ誘電体又は圧電体用高濃度鉛化合物含有磁器材料の
焼成に当り、炭素による焼成中の磁器材料の還元を防止
して、高特性焼結体を得る方法に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of firing a porcelain material, and more particularly to the firing of a porcelain material containing a lead compound in a high concentration, particularly a porcelain material containing a high concentration lead compound for a dielectric or a piezoelectric material. The present invention relates to a method for obtaining a high-performance sintered body by preventing reduction of a porcelain material during firing by carbon.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来、鉛化合物を高濃度に含有する誘電
体又は圧電体用の磁器材料は、例えば、積層セラミック
コンデンサ、アクチュエータ、センサ素子などの電子部
品に幅広く使用されている。これら誘電体又は圧電体用
高濃度鉛化合物含有磁器材料は、各種産業ないし民生分
野等における電子機器の小型・高性能化に有効な優れた
特性を有することから、近年、増々広く普及する傾向に
ある。2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a ceramic material for a dielectric or a piezoelectric material containing a lead compound in a high concentration has been widely used for electronic parts such as a laminated ceramic capacitor, an actuator and a sensor element. These high-concentration lead compound-containing porcelain materials for dielectrics or piezoelectric materials have excellent properties that are effective for miniaturization and high performance of electronic devices in various industries or consumer fields, and thus have become more and more popular in recent years. is there.
【０００３】しかし、高濃度鉛化合物含有磁器材料は、
その焼成に際して、磁器材料から鉛化合物が揮発し易い
という問題がある。鉛化合物の揮発が起こると、磁器材
料を構成する化合物の化学組成が、所望の組成と異なる
ものとなり、目的とする特性が得られない、或いは、製
品に特性のばらつきが生じるなどの不具合を生じる。However, porcelain materials containing high-concentration lead compounds are
During the firing, there is a problem that the lead compound is easily volatilized from the porcelain material. If lead compounds volatilize, the chemical composition of the compounds that make up the porcelain material will differ from the desired composition, and the desired characteristics will not be obtained, or there will be problems such as variations in the characteristics of the product. .
【０００４】このため、鉛化合物を高濃度に含有する磁
器材料の成形体の焼成に当っては、アルミナ、マグネシ
ア、スピネルなどの磁器製の厘（匣鉢）中で焼成し、鉛
化合物の揮発を抑制する方法が一般に採用されている。Therefore, when firing a molded body of a porcelain material containing a high concentration of a lead compound, the lead compound is volatilized by firing in a porcelain bowl such as alumina, magnesia, or spinel. The method of suppressing is generally adopted.
【０００５】ところで、磁器材料の成形体は、一般に、
有機溶剤、有機バインダ、その他有機成分を磁器材料粉
末と混合して成形することにより製造されている。更
に、内部に電極層を形成する場合には、有機成分を含ん
だ電極ペーストを使用することがある。このような有機
成分を含む成形体は、焼成する前に一旦熱処理して脱脂
するが、脱脂処理後においても、成形体中には分解した
有機成分から生成した炭素をわずかに含まれていること
がある。By the way, a molded body of porcelain material is generally
It is manufactured by mixing an organic solvent, an organic binder, and other organic components with porcelain material powder and molding. Furthermore, when forming an electrode layer inside, an electrode paste containing an organic component may be used. A molded product containing such an organic component is once heat-treated and degreased before firing, but even after the degreasing process, the molded product contains a small amount of carbon generated from the decomposed organic component. There is.
【０００６】一方、磁器材料を厘中で焼成する場合に
は、厘中には酸素は限られた量しか存在しないので、酸
素が不足した状態となり、成形体中に残留する炭素が焼
成中の高温で二酸化炭素に酸化される際には、磁器材料
の一部を還元し、磁器材料の特性を劣化させることが問
題となっていた。On the other hand, when the porcelain material is fired in the bowl, oxygen is present only in a limited amount in the bowl, so that the oxygen is in a deficient state, and carbon remaining in the molded body is burned during firing. When oxidized to carbon dioxide at a high temperature, it has been a problem that a part of the porcelain material is reduced and the characteristics of the porcelain material are deteriorated.
【０００７】このため、従来、焼成に供する成形体中に
炭素が残留しないようにするために、脱脂工程の温度や
昇温速度などの諸条件を制御する方法、或いは、成形体
中の炭素を焼成時に除去するために、予め磁器材料組成
中に添加助剤としてＰｂＯ2，Ｐｂ3 Ｏ4 ，Ｐｂ2 Ｏ3
のうち少なくとも一種を添加し、中性或いは還元雰囲気
で焼成する方法が提案されている（特開平２−１１６７
０号公報）。For this reason, conventionally, in order to prevent carbon from remaining in the compact to be subjected to firing, a method of controlling various conditions such as temperature and temperature rising rate in the degreasing process, or carbon in the compact In order to remove it during firing, PbO 2 , Pb 3 O 4 , and Pb 2 O 3 were added to the porcelain material composition in advance as an additive aid.
A method has been proposed in which at least one of them is added and fired in a neutral or reducing atmosphere (JP-A-2-1167).
No. 0).
【０００８】[0008]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかし、脱脂条件を制
御する方法では、十分な効果を得るためには、諸条件を
高度に制御する必要があり、実施が容易ではない。一
方、予め鉛酸化物を添加しておく方法では、焼結する際
に、この鉛酸化物から液相の生成が著しくなり焼結粒子
が巨大化することがある。また、これらの添加剤は磁器
材料から揮発する鉛成分を補う作用があるが、焼成時の
鉛化合物の揮発を任意に制御することはできず、このた
め、焼成後の材料の化学組成からのずれは依然残ると考
えられる。更に、この方法では、雰囲気調整のための窒
素やアルゴンなどの気体を流しながら焼成するためコス
トが大きくなるという問題もある。However, in the method of controlling the degreasing conditions, it is necessary to highly control the various conditions in order to obtain a sufficient effect, which is not easy to carry out. On the other hand, in the method in which the lead oxide is added in advance, the liquid phase may be remarkably generated from the lead oxide during sintering, and the sintered particles may become huge. Further, although these additives have a function of supplementing the lead component volatilized from the porcelain material, volatilization of the lead compound at the time of firing cannot be controlled arbitrarily, and therefore, the chemical composition of the material after firing cannot be controlled. It is considered that the gap still remains. Further, this method has a problem that the cost increases because the firing is performed while flowing a gas such as nitrogen or argon for adjusting the atmosphere.
【０００９】本発明は上記従来の問題点を解決し、鉛化
合物を高濃度に含有する磁器材料を焼成するに当り、脱
脂条件の高度制御を要することなく、また、焼結粒子の
巨大化、化学組成のずれ、焼成コストの高騰といった不
具合を生じることなく、炭素による磁器材料の還元を防
止して、所望の高特性を有する焼結体を得る方法を提供
することを目的とする。The present invention solves the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, and does not require advanced control of degreasing conditions when firing a porcelain material containing a lead compound in a high concentration, and makes the sintered particles larger, An object of the present invention is to provide a method for obtaining a sintered body having desired high characteristics by preventing reduction of a porcelain material by carbon without causing problems such as a shift in chemical composition and a rise in firing cost.
【００１０】[0010]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明の磁器材料の焼成
方法は、鉛化合物を高濃度に含有する磁器材料をセッタ
ーの上に載置して磁器製の厘（匣鉢）中で焼成する方法
において、該磁器材料を載置したセッターと、熱分解に
より酸素を生成する金属酸化物を含む材料を載置したセ
ッターとを重ねて焼成することを特徴とする。A method of firing a porcelain material according to the present invention is to place a porcelain material containing a lead compound in a high concentration on a setter and fire it in a porcelain bowl (bowl). The method is characterized in that a setter on which the porcelain material is placed and a setter on which a material containing a metal oxide that produces oxygen by thermal decomposition are placed are stacked and fired.
【００１１】以下、図面を参照して本発明の磁器材料の
焼成方法を詳細に説明する。Hereinafter, the method for firing a porcelain material according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
【００１２】図１は本発明の磁器材料の焼成方法の一実
施例方法を示す断面図である。FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing a method of an embodiment of a method for firing a porcelain material according to the present invention.
【００１３】図示の如く、本実施例においては、鉛化合
物を高濃度に含有する磁器材料の成形体３をセッター２
（２Ａ）に載置し、これを多段に積層して磁器製の厘
（匣鉢）１内で焼成するに当り、最下段のセッター２Ｂ
に、熱分解により酸素を生成する金属酸化物を含む材料
（以下「酸素生成材料」と称す。）４を載置し、その他
のセッター２Ａに磁器材料の成形体３を載置して焼成す
る。As shown in the figure, in the present embodiment, the setter 2 is a molded body 3 of a porcelain material containing a lead compound in a high concentration.
The bottom setter 2B is placed on (2A), laminated in multiple stages, and fired in a porcelain bowl (bowl) 1.
A material 4 containing a metal oxide that generates oxygen by thermal decomposition (hereinafter referred to as "oxygen-generating material") 4 is placed on, and a molded body 3 of porcelain material is placed on the other setter 2A and fired. .
【００１４】このように、酸素生成材料４を厘１中に配
置することにより酸素生成材料４から生成する酸素によ
り、成形体３の磁器材料の還元が防止される。As described above, by disposing the oxygen generating material 4 in the bowl 1, the reduction of the porcelain material of the molded body 3 is prevented by the oxygen generated from the oxygen generating material 4.
【００１５】本発明で使用される酸素生成材料として
は、焼成する条件において、磁器材料の還元を抑制する
ための必要量の酸素雰囲気を厘中に形成することができ
る金属酸化物含有材料、より好ましくは、焼成中の磁器
材料からの鉛化合物の揮発も抑制できるものが好適に用
いられる。従って、用いる酸素生成材料は、磁器材料組
成及びその焼成温度に応じて適宜決定され、例えば、下
記表１に示す磁器材料を焼成する場合、それぞれ表１に
示すような組み合せで使用するのが好ましい。The oxygen-generating material used in the present invention is a metal oxide-containing material capable of forming an oxygen atmosphere in the required amount in order to suppress the reduction of the porcelain material under firing conditions. It is preferable to use a material that can suppress the volatilization of lead compounds from the porcelain material during firing. Therefore, the oxygen generating material to be used is appropriately determined according to the composition of the porcelain material and the firing temperature thereof. For example, when firing the porcelain materials shown in Table 1 below, it is preferable to use the combinations shown in Table 1 respectively. .
【００１６】[0016]
【表１】 [Table 1]
【００１７】厘中に入れる酸素生成材料の量は少な過ぎ
ると本発明による改良効果が十分に得られず、多過ぎる
と、相対的に焼成する成形体の個数を低減させることと
なり好ましくない。通常の場合、酸素生成材料は焼成す
る成形体の総重量に対して５〜７０重量％程度の割合で
用いるのが好ましい。If the amount of the oxygen generating material to be put in the bowl is too small, the improving effect of the present invention cannot be sufficiently obtained, and if it is too large, the number of compacts to be fired relatively decreases, which is not preferable. Usually, it is preferable to use the oxygen generating material in a proportion of about 5 to 70% by weight based on the total weight of the molded body to be fired.
【００１８】なお、本発明において、酸素生成材料は特
に成形することなく、粉体のまま用いることができる。
また、厘中の配置部位には特に制限はなく、上段のセッ
ター或いは中段のセッターに配置しても良い。また、最
上段のセッターと最下段のセッターに配置するようにし
ても良い。In the present invention, the oxygen generating material can be used as a powder without any particular molding.
Further, there is no particular limitation on the placement site in the bowl, and it may be placed in the upper setter or the middle setter. Further, they may be arranged in the uppermost setter and the lowermost setter.
【００１９】本発明の方法は、厘中の少なくとも１つの
セッターに酸素生成材料を載置して焼成すること以外
は、従来と同様に実施することができ、焼成は、通常の
場合、９００〜１２００℃で０．５〜数時間程度実施さ
れる。The method of the present invention can be carried out in the same manner as in the prior art, except that the oxygen generating material is placed on at least one setter in the bowl and then fired. It is carried out at 1200 ° C. for about 0.5 to several hours.
【００２０】[0020]
【作用】前述の如く、鉛化合物を高濃度に含有する磁器
材料を焼成する際には、一般に、磁器製の厘中で焼成を
行って鉛化合物の揮発を抑制する。このとき、厘中は酸
素が不足した状態になっているため、成形体中に炭素が
わずかでも残存すると、炭素が酸化される際に、磁器材
料の一部を還元し、磁器材料の特性を劣化させる。As described above, when firing a porcelain material containing a high concentration of a lead compound, firing is generally performed in a porcelain bowl to suppress the volatilization of the lead compound. At this time, since oxygen is insufficient during the slag, if even a small amount of carbon remains in the molded body, when carbon is oxidized, a part of the porcelain material is reduced and the characteristics of the porcelain material are reduced. Deteriorate.
【００２１】そこで、本発明においては、厘中に、熱分
解により酸素を生成する金属酸化物を含む材料を入れて
おくことにより、厘中の磁器材料の還元を抑制する。Therefore, in the present invention, the reduction of the porcelain material in the bowl is suppressed by putting a material containing a metal oxide which produces oxygen by thermal decomposition in the bowl.
【００２２】この場合、熱分解により酸素を生成する金
属酸化物を含む材料の量や組成を選択することで、磁器
材料の還元を抑制するのに必要な濃度の酸素雰囲気を厘
中につくることが可能である。それ故、焼成中に磁器材
料から鉛化合物が揮発するのを抑制することもでき、磁
器材料の還元の抑制も相俟って、焼成後の磁器材料の化
学組成を所望の組成に維持することができる。In this case, by selecting the amount and composition of the material containing a metal oxide which produces oxygen by thermal decomposition, an oxygen atmosphere having a concentration necessary to suppress the reduction of the porcelain material is created in the bowl. Is possible. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the volatilization of lead compounds from the porcelain material during firing, and also to suppress the reduction of the porcelain material to maintain the chemical composition of the porcelain material after firing at a desired composition. You can
【００２３】[0023]
【実施例】以下に実施例及び比較例を挙げて本発明をよ
り具体的に説明する。EXAMPLES The present invention will be described more specifically with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples below.
【００２４】実施例１ 一酸化鉛、酸化マグネシウム、酸化ニオブ、酸化第二鉄
及び酸化チタンをＰｂ［（Ｍｇ1/3 Ｎｂ2/3)0.83（Ｆｅ
1/2 Ｎｂ1/2)0.14Ｔｉ0.03］Ｏ3 の組成になるように、
それぞれ秤量し、湿式ボールミル等を用いて十分に混合
した。次に、この混合物を乾燥した後、８００℃で２時
間仮焼した。得られた仮焼物を湿式ボールミルで粉砕し
た後、乾燥した。得られた粉末に、ポリビニルアルコー
ルを加えて成形した後乾燥し、直径１５ｍｍで厚さ１ｍ
ｍの円板状成形体を作成した。この成形体を６００℃で
１時間保持してバインダを除去した。Example 1 Lead monoxide, magnesium oxide, niobium oxide, ferric oxide and titanium oxide were mixed with Pb [(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 ) 0.83 (Fe
1/2 Nb 1/2 ) 0.14 Ti 0.03 ] O 3
Each was weighed and thoroughly mixed using a wet ball mill or the like. Next, this mixture was dried and then calcined at 800 ° C. for 2 hours. The obtained calcined product was pulverized with a wet ball mill and then dried. Polyvinyl alcohol was added to the obtained powder, which was then molded and dried, and the diameter was 15 mm and the thickness was 1 m.
A disk-shaped molded body of m was prepared. The molded body was kept at 600 ° C. for 1 hour to remove the binder.
【００２５】別に、二酸化マンガン及び酸化第二鉄をＭ
ｎＯ2 ・Ｆｅ2 Ｏ3 の組成になるように、それぞれ秤量
し、湿式ボールミル等を用いて十分に混合した後、乾燥
して酸素生成材料とした。Separately, manganese dioxide and ferric oxide are added to M
Each was weighed so as to have a composition of nO 2 · Fe 2 O 3 , thoroughly mixed using a wet ball mill or the like, and then dried to obtain an oxygen generating material.
【００２６】図１に示すように厘１中で、成形体３を置
いたセッター２（２Ａ）と、酸素生成材料４を置いたセ
ッター２（２Ｂ）とを重ねて、電気炉中で１１００℃で
２時間焼成した。なお、用いた酸素生成材料４は５ｇで
あり、これは、焼成する成形体の全重量の３６重量％に
相当する。得られた焼結体の両面に銀電極を７００℃で
焼き付けて平行平板コンデンサとし、その電気特性を調
べ、結果を表２に示した。As shown in FIG. 1, a setter 2 (2A) on which the molded body 3 is placed and a setter 2 (2B) on which the oxygen generating material 4 is placed are piled up in the kitchen 1 and placed at 1100 ° C. in an electric furnace. It was baked for 2 hours. The oxygen generating material 4 used was 5 g, which corresponds to 36% by weight of the total weight of the molded body to be fired. Silver electrodes were baked on both surfaces of the obtained sintered body at 700 ° C. to form a parallel plate capacitor, and its electrical characteristics were examined. The results are shown in Table 2.
【００２７】なお、誘電率及び誘電損失はＹＨＰデジタ
ルＬＣＲメータモデル４２４７Ａを用い、測定周波数１
ｋＨｚ、測定電圧１．０Ｖｒｍｓ、温度２５℃にて測定
した。また、絶縁抵抗はＹＨＰアナログＩＲメータ４３
２９Ａを使用し、温度２５℃で印加電圧１００Ｖにて１
分後の値を測定した。The dielectric constant and the dielectric loss were measured with a YHP digital LCR meter model 4247A at a measurement frequency of 1
The measurement was performed at a frequency of kHz, a measurement voltage of 1.0 Vrms, and a temperature of 25 ° C. Also, the insulation resistance is YHP analog IR meter 43.
29A, 1 at an applied voltage of 100V at a temperature of 25 ° C
The value after minutes was measured.
【００２８】比較例１ 酸化鉛含有材料を用いなかったこと以外は、実施例１と
同様にして成形体の焼成を行い、同様に電気特性の測定
を行って結果を表２に示した。Comparative Example 1 A molded product was fired in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the lead oxide-containing material was not used, and the electrical characteristics were measured in the same manner. The results are shown in Table 2.
【００２９】[0029]
【表２】 [Table 2]
【００３０】表２より明らかなように、本発明の焼成方
法により焼成したものは、熱分解により酸素を生成する
金属酸化物を含む材料を厘中に入れない従来の方法によ
り焼成した比較例１のものに比べ、絶縁抵抗の特性が高
いことがわかる。As is clear from Table 2, Comparative Example 1 which was fired by the firing method of the present invention was fired by the conventional method in which a material containing a metal oxide which produces oxygen by thermal decomposition was not put in the jar. It can be seen that the insulation resistance characteristics are higher than those of the above.
【００３１】[0031]
【発明の効果】以上詳述した通り、本発明の磁器材料の
焼成方法によれば、鉛化合物を高濃度に含有する磁器材
料を焼成する際の、残留炭素による磁器材料の還元を簡
便な方法で効果的に防止して、焼成後の磁器材料の化学
組成を所望の組成に維持することができる。このため、
本発明によれば、目的の特性、即ち、高い誘電率、低い
誘電損失及び高い絶縁抵抗を有する磁器材料を容易かつ
効率的に、しかも安価に得ることができる。As described in detail above, according to the method of firing a porcelain material of the present invention, a simple method for reducing the porcelain material by residual carbon when firing a porcelain material containing a lead compound in a high concentration is provided. Can be effectively prevented and the chemical composition of the porcelain material after firing can be maintained at a desired composition. For this reason,
According to the present invention, a porcelain material having desired characteristics, that is, a high dielectric constant, a low dielectric loss, and a high insulation resistance can be easily and efficiently obtained at low cost.
【図１】本発明の磁器材料の焼成方法の一実施例方法を
示す断面図である。FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example method of a method for firing a porcelain material according to the present invention.
１ 磁器製の厘 ２，２Ａ，２Ｂ セッター ３ 磁器材料の成形体 ４ 酸素生成材料 1 Porcelain waste 2, 2A, 2B setter 3 Porcelain material compact 4 Oxygen generating material
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (51)Int.Cl.6 識別記号 庁内整理番号 ＦＩ 技術表示箇所 Ｆ２７Ｄ 3/12 Ｓ Ｃ０４Ｂ 35/64 Ｈ ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (51) Int.Cl. 6 Identification code Internal reference number FI Technical display area F27D 3/12 SC04B 35/64 H
Claims (1)
セッターの上に載置して磁器製の厘中で焼成する方法に
おいて、該磁器材料を載置したセッターと、熱分解によ
り酸素を生成する金属酸化物を含む材料を載置したセッ
ターとを重ねて焼成することを特徴とする磁器材料の焼
成方法。1. A method of placing a porcelain material containing a lead compound in a high concentration on a setter and firing the porcelain material in a porcelain bowl, wherein oxygen is generated by thermal decomposition of the setter on which the porcelain material is placed. A method for firing a porcelain material, which comprises firing a setter on which a material containing a metal oxide to be formed is placed and fired.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6233057A JPH0891946A (en) | 1994-09-28 | 1994-09-28 | Method of firing porcelain material |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6233057A JPH0891946A (en) | 1994-09-28 | 1994-09-28 | Method of firing porcelain material |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0891946A true JPH0891946A (en) | 1996-04-09 |
Family
ID=16949128
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6233057A Withdrawn JPH0891946A (en) | 1994-09-28 | 1994-09-28 | Method of firing porcelain material |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0891946A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111838766A (en) * | 2019-04-12 | 2020-10-30 | 湖南中烟工业有限责任公司 | PTC heating element and low temperature smoking set |
-
1994
- 1994-09-28 JP JP6233057A patent/JPH0891946A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111838766A (en) * | 2019-04-12 | 2020-10-30 | 湖南中烟工业有限责任公司 | PTC heating element and low temperature smoking set |
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