JPH09112938A - Heat storage type radiation panel for preventing cold draft - Google Patents
Heat storage type radiation panel for preventing cold draftInfo
- Publication number
- JPH09112938A JPH09112938A JP7272903A JP27290395A JPH09112938A JP H09112938 A JPH09112938 A JP H09112938A JP 7272903 A JP7272903 A JP 7272903A JP 27290395 A JP27290395 A JP 27290395A JP H09112938 A JPH09112938 A JP H09112938A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- panel
- heat
- heat storage
- electric heater
- storage material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 3
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/60—Planning or developing urban green infrastructure
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage
Landscapes
- Central Heating Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】この発明は、建物のペリメー
タゾーンのコールドドラフトを防止するための輻射パネ
ルに関し、特に、電熱ヒータによる発熱を潜熱蓄熱材に
蓄えて利用するタイプの蓄熱式輻射パネルの改良に関す
る。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a radiation panel for preventing cold draft in a perimeter zone of a building, and in particular, an improvement of a heat storage type radiation panel in which heat generated by an electric heater is stored in a latent heat storage material for use. Regarding
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】特開平６−１８０５２号公報にはコール
ドドラフト防止用蓄熱式輻射パネルの従来の典型的な構
成が開示されている。この従来技術では、波板ベースパ
ネルの片面の多数の凹部に潜熱蓄熱材を装填し、この潜
熱蓄熱材の表面側に薄板状の電熱ヒータを被着し、この
電熱ヒータで輻射パネルの表面を形成している。この蓄
熱式輻射パネルは例えば窓開口部の下方の壁の内面に添
わせて設置する。その際、波板ベースパネルの背面（潜
熱蓄熱材のない側）を壁面に対向させ、表面の電熱ヒー
タ面を室内に向かせる。電熱ヒータに通電すると、その
発熱が直接的に室内に放出されるとともに、潜熱蓄熱材
が熱を吸収し、非通電時には潜熱蓄熱材から室内に徐々
に熱が放出される。これらの放熱によりペリメータゾー
ンのコールドドラフトを防止する。2. Description of the Related Art Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 6-18052 discloses a typical conventional structure of a cold-radiation preventive heat storage type radiation panel. In this prior art, a latent heat storage material is loaded in a large number of recesses on one side of a corrugated plate base panel, a thin plate-shaped electric heater is attached to the surface side of the latent heat storage material, and the surface of the radiation panel is covered with this electric heater. Is forming. This heat storage type radiation panel is installed along the inner surface of the wall below the window opening, for example. At that time, the back surface (the side without the latent heat storage material) of the corrugated plate base panel is opposed to the wall surface, and the electric heater surface on the surface is directed to the room. When the electric heater is energized, the generated heat is directly released into the room, and the latent heat storage material absorbs the heat, and when not energized, the latent heat storage material gradually releases the heat into the room. The heat radiation prevents cold draft in the perimeter zone.
【０００３】また、特開平６−２４１４８１号公報には
類似した構成の暖房用蓄熱パネルが開示されている。こ
の従来技術では、建物の床上に断熱材を配設し、その上
に潜熱蓄熱材を配設し、その上に薄い電熱ヒータを配設
し、さらに全体をモルタル層で被覆している。ここでは
全体を覆うモルタル層が蓄熱パネルの表面を形成し、電
熱ヒータからの発熱および潜熱蓄熱材からの熱がモルタ
ル層を通して室内空間に放出される。Further, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-241481 discloses a heating heat storage panel having a similar structure. In this conventional technique, a heat insulating material is arranged on the floor of a building, a latent heat storage material is arranged thereon, a thin electric heater is arranged thereon, and the whole is covered with a mortar layer. Here, the mortar layer covering the entire surface forms the surface of the heat storage panel, and heat generated from the electric heater and heat generated from the latent heat storage material are radiated to the indoor space through the mortar layer.
【０００４】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】前記の２つの従来技術
のいずれも、安価な深夜電力を利用して潜熱蓄熱材に多
量の熱を蓄えておき、その熱を昼間に利用するという考
え方が基本にある。ところで一般的なオフィスビルなど
の場合、深夜は無人となって利用されず、活用時間帯は
もっぱら昼間である。この場合、安価な深夜電力で潜熱
蓄熱材に熱を蓄える動作モードでは、電熱ヒータから室
内空間への放熱をできるだけ少なくして、エネルギーの
無駄をなくすほうが良い。Both of the above-mentioned two prior arts are based on the idea that a large amount of heat is stored in the latent heat storage material by using inexpensive late-night power and the heat is used in the daytime. It is in. By the way, in the case of a general office building, it is not used unattended at midnight, and the usage time is mainly in the daytime. In this case, in an operation mode in which heat is stored in the latent heat storage material with inexpensive late-night power, it is better to reduce heat radiation from the electric heater to the indoor space as much as possible to eliminate energy waste.
【０００５】この観点で前記の２つの従来技術を評価し
た場合、いずれも、室内側から見て電熱ヒータが手前に
あり、その背後に潜熱蓄熱材が位置している。そのため
電熱ヒータからの発熱の相当部分が直接またはモルタル
層を介して室内側に放出される。特に、コールドドラフ
トの防止を目的とした前者の蓄熱式輻射パネルでは、室
内に人のいない深夜の時間帯にも電熱ヒータの発熱の多
くが室内空間に逃げてしまうので、きわめてエネルギー
ロスが多い。When the above-mentioned two conventional techniques are evaluated from this point of view, the electrothermal heater is in front when viewed from the room side, and the latent heat storage material is located behind it. Therefore, a considerable part of the heat generated from the electric heater is radiated to the room side directly or through the mortar layer. In particular, in the former heat storage type radiation panel for the purpose of preventing cold draft, much heat generated by the electric heater escapes into the indoor space even during the nighttime when there are no people in the room, resulting in extremely large energy loss.
【０００６】この発明は前述した従来の問題点に鑑みな
されたもので、その目的は、電熱ヒータによりもっぱら
潜熱蓄熱材に熱を吸収させる動作モードにおいて電熱ヒ
ータからの熱が不必要に室内に放出されないようにした
エネルギー効率の高いコールドドラフト防止用蓄熱式輻
射パネルを提供することにある。The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned conventional problems, and an object thereof is to unnecessarily release the heat from the electric heater into the room in the operation mode in which the latent heat storage material absorbs the heat exclusively by the electric heater. It is to provide a heat storage type radiant panel for preventing cold draft which has high energy efficiency so as not to be generated.
【０００７】[0007]
【課題を解決するための手段】この発明のコールドドラ
フト防止用蓄熱式輻射パネルは、断熱材で形成された断
熱パネルと、この断熱パネルの片面に薄く広く配設され
た電熱ヒータと、この電熱ヒータが配設された前記断熱
パネルの片面との間に適当な間隔をおいて配設された放
熱用コンクリートパネルと、このコンクリートパネルと
前記電熱ヒータとの間の空間に装填された潜熱蓄熱材と
を備え、全体が一体的なパネル構造体をなしているもの
である。なお、前記の放熱用コンクリートパネルの材料
としてはモルタルを含むものとする。A heat storage type radiation panel for preventing cold draft of the present invention is a heat insulating panel formed of a heat insulating material, an electric heater widely and thinly arranged on one surface of the heat insulating panel, and an electric heater. A heat dissipating concrete panel disposed at an appropriate distance from one side of the heat insulation panel on which a heater is disposed, and a latent heat storage material loaded in a space between the concrete panel and the electric heater. And a whole panel structure. The material for the heat dissipation concrete panel contains mortar.
【０００８】この蓄熱式輻射パネルは例えば窓開口部の
下方の壁の内面に添わせて設置する。その際、前記断熱
パネルの側を壁面に対向させ、前記放熱用コンクリート
パネルの面を室内に向かせる。前記電熱ヒータは背面の
前記断熱パネルと前面の前記潜熱蓄熱材に挟まれた配置
であり、さらに蓄熱材の前方に放熱用コンクリートパネ
ルがある。したがって、電熱ヒータに通電すると、その
発熱が直接的に室内に放出される分はきわめて少量であ
り、多くの熱は潜熱蓄熱材に吸収され、非通電時には潜
熱蓄熱材からコンクリートパネルを通して室内に徐々に
熱が放出される。This heat storage type radiation panel is installed along the inner surface of the wall below the window opening, for example. At that time, the side of the heat insulation panel is made to face the wall surface, and the surface of the heat dissipation concrete panel is directed to the room. The electric heater is arranged so as to be sandwiched between the heat insulating panel on the back surface and the latent heat storage material on the front surface, and further, there is a concrete panel for heat dissipation in front of the heat storage material. Therefore, when electricity is applied to the electric heater, the amount of heat generated is directly released into the room, and most of the heat is absorbed by the latent heat storage material. Heat is released to the.
【０００９】[0009]
【発明の実施の形態】この発明の一実施例によるコール
ドドラフト防止用蓄熱式輻射パネルの構造とその据え付
け状態を図１および図２に示している。この輻射パネル
の広い背面は硬質ウレタン製の断熱パネル１からなり、
この断熱パネル１の片面（図の右側）にはシート状の電
熱ヒータ２が張り付けられている。放熱用のコンクリー
トパネル３はＰＣパネルであり、４辺が壁状に少し立ち
上がった浅い箱型容器の形態になっている。そのコンク
リートパネル３の凹面側を電熱ヒータ２の付いた断熱パ
ネル１の片面に接合して一体化しているが、パネル３の
凹面により、パネル３の薄い主面３ａと断熱パネル１の
間には空間が形成されている。そして、その空間内に潜
熱蓄熱材４が装填されている。潜熱蓄熱材４は断熱パネ
ル１とコンクリートパネル３との間に挟み込まれてお
り、片側は電熱ヒータ２に接し、反対側はパネル主面３
ａの内面に接している。これら全体が例えば適当な締結
具で結合され、一体的なパネル構造体をなしている。ま
た、一体化した蓄熱式輻射パネルの幅の狭い底面にやは
り硬質ウレタンからなるサブ断熱パネル５があてがわれ
て接合され、これも含めて一体化されている。1 and 2 show the structure of a cold-storage prevention heat storage type radiation panel and its installed state according to an embodiment of the present invention. The wide back of this radiant panel consists of a hard urethane insulation panel 1,
A sheet-shaped electric heater 2 is attached to one surface (right side of the drawing) of the heat insulating panel 1. The heat-dissipating concrete panel 3 is a PC panel, and is in the form of a shallow box-shaped container with four sides slightly rising like walls. The concave side of the concrete panel 3 is joined and integrated with one side of the heat insulating panel 1 with the electric heater 2. However, due to the concave surface of the panel 3, there is a space between the thin main surface 3a of the panel 3 and the heat insulating panel 1. A space is formed. Then, the latent heat storage material 4 is loaded in the space. The latent heat storage material 4 is sandwiched between the heat insulation panel 1 and the concrete panel 3, one side is in contact with the electric heater 2, and the other side is the panel main surface 3
It contacts the inner surface of a. All of these are joined, for example, by suitable fasteners to form an integral panel structure. Further, a sub heat insulating panel 5 made of hard urethane is also applied to and joined to the narrow bottom surface of the integrated heat storage type radiation panel, and this is also integrated.
【００１０】以上のように構成されたものが図２におけ
るコールドドラフト防止用蓄熱式輻射パネル１００であ
る。図２の建物は鉄骨コンクリート構造で、６は大梁、
７は小梁、８はコンクリート床、９はカーテンウオー
ル、１０は窓ガラス、１１はダクト化粧板を兼ねた窓
台、１２は窓台１１の下に隠れた空調ダクト、１３は窓
台１１の下の窓下壁部である。The heat-radiating panel 100 for preventing cold draft in FIG. 2 is configured as described above. The building in Fig. 2 has a steel concrete structure, 6 is a large beam,
7 is a beam, 8 is a concrete floor, 9 is a curtain wall, 10 is a window glass, 11 is a window stand that also serves as a duct decorative plate, 12 is an air conditioning duct hidden under the window stand 11, 13 is a window stand 11. It is the lower part of the window below.
【００１１】この実施例においては、図１に詳しく示す
ように、窓下壁部１３にあてがうようにして蓄熱式輻射
パネル１００が適宜なブラケット１４などを介して据え
付けられている。もちろん、断熱パネル１の側を窓下壁
部１３に対向させ、放熱用コンクリートパネル３の面を
室内に向かせる。そして、パンチドメタル製などのペリ
メータカバー１５を本パネル１００の前面に取り付けて
本パネル１００を隠している。In this embodiment, as shown in detail in FIG. 1, the heat storage type radiation panel 100 is installed via an appropriate bracket 14 so as to be applied to the window lower wall portion 13. Of course, the side of the heat insulation panel 1 is made to face the window lower wall portion 13 and the surface of the heat dissipation concrete panel 3 is made to face the room. A perimeter cover 15 made of punched metal or the like is attached to the front surface of the main panel 100 to hide the main panel 100.
【００１２】前記のように、電熱ヒータ２は背面側の断
熱パネル１と前面側の潜熱蓄熱材４に挟まれた配置であ
り、さらに蓄熱材４の前方に放熱用コンクリートパネル
３がある。したがって、電熱ヒータ２に通電すると、そ
の発熱が直接的に室内に放出される分はきわめて少量で
あり、多くの熱は潜熱蓄熱材４に吸収され、非通電時に
は潜熱蓄熱材４からコンクリートパネル主面３ａを通し
て室内に徐々に熱が放出される。As described above, the electric heater 2 is arranged so as to be sandwiched between the heat insulating panel 1 on the back side and the latent heat storage material 4 on the front side, and the heat dissipating concrete panel 3 is located in front of the heat storage material 4. Therefore, when the electric heater 2 is energized, the generated heat is directly released into the room in a very small amount, and most of the heat is absorbed by the latent heat storage material 4, and when not energized, the latent heat storage material 4 transfers from the concrete panel main body. Heat is gradually released into the room through the surface 3a.
【００１３】[0013]
【発明の効果】この発明のコールドドラフト防止用蓄熱
式輻射パネルを意図どおりにペリメータゾーンに据え付
けた場合、これを室内側から見ると、いちばん手前に放
熱用コンクリートパネルがあり、そのすぐ内側に潜熱蓄
熱材があり、その背部に電熱ヒータが位置し、背面は断
熱パネルで構成されている。そのため、電熱ヒータに通
電すると、その発熱が直接的に室内に放出される分はき
わめて少量であり、多くの熱は潜熱蓄熱材に吸収され、
非通電時には潜熱蓄熱材からコンクリートパネルを通し
て室内に徐々に熱が放出される。したがって、安価な深
夜電力を利用して電熱ヒータによりもっぱら潜熱蓄熱材
に熱を吸収させる動作モードにおいては、電熱ヒータか
らの熱が不必要に室内に放出されないので、エネルギー
の無駄が少なくなる。When the cold draft prevention heat storage type radiant panel of the present invention is installed in the perimeter zone as intended, when viewed from the indoor side, the radiating concrete panel is at the forefront, and the latent heat is immediately inside. There is a heat storage material, an electric heater is located on the back of the heat storage material, and a back surface is composed of a heat insulating panel. Therefore, when the electric heater is energized, the amount of heat generated is directly released into the room, and much heat is absorbed by the latent heat storage material.
When power is off, heat is gradually released from the latent heat storage material through the concrete panel into the room. Therefore, in the operation mode in which the latent heat storage material is exclusively absorbed by the electrothermal heater by using inexpensive late-night power, the heat from the electrothermal heater is not unnecessarily released into the room, so that waste of energy is reduced.
【図１】この発明の一実施例によるコールドドラフト防
止用蓄熱式輻射パネルの内部構造を示す断面図である。FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an internal structure of a cold draft prevention heat storage type radiation panel according to an embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】同上蓄熱式輻射パネルの据え付け状態を示す概
略図である。FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing an installed state of the heat storage type radiation panel.
１ 断熱パネル ２ 電熱ヒータ ３ 放熱用コンクリートパネル ３ａ 主面 ４ 潜熱蓄熱材 ５ サブ断熱パネル ６ 大梁 ７ 小梁 ８ コンクリート床 ９ カーテンウオール １０ 窓ガラス １１ ダクト化粧板を兼ねた窓台 １２ 窓台１１の下に隠れた空調ダクト １３ 窓台１１の下の窓下壁部 １４ ブラケット １５ ペリメータカバー 1 Heat Insulation Panel 2 Electric Heater 3 Heat Dissipation Concrete Panel 3a Main Surface 4 Latent Heat Storage Material 5 Sub Heat Insulation Panel 6 Large Beam 7 Small Beam 8 Concrete Floor 9 Curtain Wall 10 Window Glass 11 Window Stand 12 That Works as a Duct Veneer 11 Window Stand 11 Air-conditioning duct hidden underneath 13 Lower window part under window stand 11 Bracket 15 Perimeter cover
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (72)発明者 二宮 勉 東京都千代田区神田司町２丁目３番地 株 式会社大林組東京本社内 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (72) Inventor Tsutomu Ninomiya 2-3 Chome, Kandajimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Obayashi Corporation Tokyo Head Office
Claims (1)
断熱パネルの片面に薄く広く配設された電熱ヒータと、
この電熱ヒータが配設された前記断熱パネルの片面との
間に適当な間隔をおいて配設された放熱用コンクリート
パネルと、このコンクリートパネルと前記電熱ヒータと
の間の空間に装填された潜熱蓄熱材とを備え、全体が一
体的なパネル構造体をなしていることを特徴とするコー
ルドドラフト防止用蓄熱式輻射パネル。1. A heat insulating panel formed of a heat insulating material, and an electric heater widely and thinly arranged on one surface of the heat insulating panel,
A heat dissipating concrete panel disposed at an appropriate interval between the electric heat heater and one surface of the heat insulation panel, and latent heat loaded in a space between the concrete panel and the electric heater. A heat storage type radiation panel for preventing cold draft, which is provided with a heat storage material and forms an integral panel structure as a whole.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP7272903A JP2925473B2 (en) | 1995-10-20 | 1995-10-20 | Thermal storage radiant panel to prevent cold draft |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP7272903A JP2925473B2 (en) | 1995-10-20 | 1995-10-20 | Thermal storage radiant panel to prevent cold draft |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH09112938A true JPH09112938A (en) | 1997-05-02 |
| JP2925473B2 JP2925473B2 (en) | 1999-07-28 |
Family
ID=17520372
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP7272903A Expired - Fee Related JP2925473B2 (en) | 1995-10-20 | 1995-10-20 | Thermal storage radiant panel to prevent cold draft |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2925473B2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102135289A (en) * | 2010-01-26 | 2011-07-27 | 哈尔滨鸿盛房屋节能体系研发中心 | Peak-load-shifting heat storage type electric heater |
| DE102013103993A1 (en) * | 2013-04-19 | 2014-11-06 | Solamagic Gmbh | Electrically operated radiator and method for its production |
-
1995
- 1995-10-20 JP JP7272903A patent/JP2925473B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102135289A (en) * | 2010-01-26 | 2011-07-27 | 哈尔滨鸿盛房屋节能体系研发中心 | Peak-load-shifting heat storage type electric heater |
| DE102013103993A1 (en) * | 2013-04-19 | 2014-11-06 | Solamagic Gmbh | Electrically operated radiator and method for its production |
| EP2816297A1 (en) | 2013-04-19 | 2014-12-24 | Solamagic GmbH | Electrically operable radiator and method for its manufacture |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2925473B2 (en) | 1999-07-28 |
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