JPH09201U - Lining structure of ultra-high temperature resistance furnace - Google Patents
Lining structure of ultra-high temperature resistance furnaceInfo
- Publication number
- JPH09201U JPH09201U JP1182596U JP1182596U JPH09201U JP H09201 U JPH09201 U JP H09201U JP 1182596 U JP1182596 U JP 1182596U JP 1182596 U JP1182596 U JP 1182596U JP H09201 U JPH09201 U JP H09201U
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- ultra
- high temperature
- temperature resistance
- resistance furnace
- zirconia
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 54
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011094 fiberboard Substances 0.000 description 4
- YXTPWUNVHCYOSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis($l^{2}-silanylidene)molybdenum Chemical compound [Si]=[Mo]=[Si] YXTPWUNVHCYOSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910021343 molybdenum disilicide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- NFYLSJDPENHSBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(3+);lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Cr+3].[La+3] NFYLSJDPENHSBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003028 elevating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004313 glare Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013441 quality evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)
- Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
Abstract
(57)【要約】
【課題】 １８００℃を越える炉内雰囲気温度において
も安定して耐えられる超高温抵抗炉のライニング構造を
提供する。
【解決手段】 超高温加熱室の天井、壁および床に配設
した断熱材の各コーナーを、セラミックス製の締結具、
例えばセラミックピン、セラミックかすがいを用いて連
結し、膨張収縮または焼結収縮による目地開きを防止す
るようにしたことを特徴とする。
(57) Abstract: [PROBLEMS] To provide a lining structure of an ultra-high temperature resistance furnace capable of stably withstanding even an atmosphere temperature in the furnace exceeding 1800 ° C. SOLUTION: Each corner of a heat insulating material arranged on a ceiling, a wall and a floor of an ultrahigh temperature heating chamber is connected with a fastener made of ceramics,
For example, it is characterized in that it is connected by using a ceramic pin or a ceramic shaving to prevent a joint opening due to expansion / contraction or sintering contraction.
Description
【０００１】[0001]
本考案は、高融点酸化物の溶融、結晶の育成および熱処理（アニール）、焼結 あるいは圧縮、曲げ、引張試験等の品質評価試験などに利用されるジルコニア発 熱体を用いた超高温抵抗炉に関わり、特に超高温抵抗炉の予熱（保温）室内に超 高温加熱室を有する超高温抵抗炉のライニング構造に関するものである。 The present invention is an ultra-high temperature resistance furnace using a zirconia heating element that is used for quality evaluation tests such as melting of high melting point oxides, crystal growth and heat treatment (annealing), sintering or compression, bending, and tensile tests. In particular, the present invention relates to a lining structure of an ultra-high temperature resistance furnace having an ultra-high temperature heating chamber in a preheating (heating) chamber of the ultra-high temperature resistance furnace.
【０００２】[0002]
従来より、酸化雰囲気において用いられる高温用発熱体としては、１４００℃ 程度までは炭化珪素が、また１７００℃程度までは二珪化モリブデンが用いられ いる。また、これ以上の高温度の発熱体としてはランタンクロマイトが用いられ 、さらに超高温用発熱体としてはジルコニア発熱体が使用されている。 Conventionally, as a high temperature heating element used in an oxidizing atmosphere, silicon carbide has been used up to about 1400 ° C, and molybdenum disilicide up to about 1700 ° C. Further, lanthanum chromite is used as a heating element having a higher temperature than this, and zirconia heating element is used as a heating element for ultrahigh temperature.
【０００３】 図３は超高温用発熱体を用いた超高温抵抗炉の例を示す図で、図３（ａ）は縦 断面図、図３（ｂ）は図３（ａ）のＡーＡ断面図である。 超高温抵抗炉２０は、アルミナファイバーボード２７で形成された予熱・保温 室２１内にジルコニアハローボード２６及び昇降式炉床２８で形成された超高温 加熱室２２が設けられた構造になっている。超高温加熱室は昇降式炉床２８に載 置して昇降することにより炉への出し入れを行い、また前側には炉扉３０が設け られており、被焼結体の炉への出し入れを行う。そして、予熱・保温室２１は二 珪化モリブデン発熱体２３で高温にまで加熱され、絶縁リング２５を通して超高 温加熱室に挿通されたジルコニア発熱体２４を加熱し、ジルコニア発熱体は高温 で導電性を示すようになり、通電することにより発熱して１８００℃以上の超高 温状態が達成される。なお、炉内の温度は放射温度計２９で測定することができ る。FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of an ultra-high temperature resistance furnace using an ultra-high temperature heating element. FIG. 3 (a) is a longitudinal sectional view and FIG. 3 (b) is AA of FIG. 3 (a). FIG. The ultra-high temperature resistance furnace 20 has a structure in which a pre-heating / heating chamber 21 formed of an alumina fiber board 27 is provided with an ultra-high temperature heating chamber 22 formed of a zirconia halo board 26 and a lifting hearth 28. . The ultra-high temperature heating chamber is placed on the elevating hearth 28 and moved up and down to move it into and out of the furnace. A furnace door 30 is provided on the front side to move the sintered body into and out of the furnace. . The preheating / retaining greenhouse 21 is heated to a high temperature by the molybdenum disilicide heating element 23 and heats the zirconia heating element 24 inserted into the ultrahigh temperature heating chamber through the insulating ring 25, and the zirconia heating element is conductive at high temperature. When the power is turned on, heat is generated and an ultrahigh temperature state of 1800 ° C. or higher is achieved. The temperature inside the furnace can be measured with a radiation thermometer 29.
【０００４】[0004]
ところで、ジルコニア発熱体を用いて１８００℃を越えて炉内雰囲気温度を上 げても、この超高温に安定して耐えられるライニング構造が従来では得られなか った。これは、主に超高温への昇温と降温に伴う膨張収縮または焼結収縮の繰り 返しにより断熱材に亀裂あるいは目地開きが発生してしまうためであった。 本考案は上記課題を解決するためのもので、ジルコニア発熱体等を用いて１８ ００℃を越える炉内雰囲気温度においても安定して耐えられる超高温抵抗炉のラ イニング構造を提供することを目的とする。 By the way, it has not been possible to obtain a lining structure that can stably withstand the ultrahigh temperature even when the temperature of the atmosphere in the furnace is increased to over 1800 ° C. by using a zirconia heating element. This is because cracking or opening of joints occurs in the heat insulating material due to repeated expansion and contraction or sintering and contraction that accompany heating and cooling to ultra-high temperatures. The present invention is intended to solve the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide a lining structure of an ultra-high temperature resistance furnace that can stably withstand a furnace atmosphere temperature exceeding 1,800 ° C by using a zirconia heating element or the like. And
【０００５】[0005]
本考案は、超高温加熱室の天井、壁および床に配設した断熱材の各コーナーを 、セラミックス製の締結具、例えばセラミックピン、セラミック「かすがい」を 用いて連結し、膨張収縮または焼結収縮による目地開きを防止するようにしたこ とを特徴としている。 本考案の超高温抵抗炉は、大気雰囲気下で加熱温度が1900℃以上に達し、超高 温加熱室の天井、壁および床に配設した断熱材の各コーナーを、セラミックス製 の締結具で締結することにより、熱応力の作用による亀裂の発生あるいは焼結収 縮による割れを防止し、1800℃以上の超高温度に安定して耐えられるライニング 構造が得られる。ただし、1770〜1780℃の使用温度でジルコニア質とアルミナ質 ライニング材（断熱材）を介在させると、これらが反応して低融物を生成するの で好ましくない。 According to the present invention, each corner of the heat insulating material arranged on the ceiling, wall and floor of the ultra-high temperature heating chamber is connected by using a fastener made of ceramics, for example, a ceramic pin or a ceramic “glazing” to expand or contract or burn. The feature is that it prevents the joint from opening due to shrinkage. The ultra-high temperature resistance furnace of the present invention has a heating temperature of 1900 ° C or higher in the air atmosphere, and each corner of the heat insulating material installed on the ceiling, wall and floor of the ultra-high temperature heating chamber is attached with ceramic fasteners. By fastening, the generation of cracks due to the action of thermal stress or the cracks due to sintering shrinkage can be prevented, and a lining structure that can withstand extremely high temperatures of 1800 ° C or higher can be obtained. However, interposing a zirconia-based material and an alumina-based lining material (heat insulating material) at a working temperature of 1770 to 1780 ° C. is not preferable because they react with each other to form a low melt.
【０００６】[0006]
以下、図面を参照して本考案の実施例を説明する。 図１は本考案に係る超高温抵抗炉の実施の形態の例を示す図で、図１（ａ）は 正面図、図１（ｂ）は図１（ａ）側断面図である。図中、１は超高温抵抗炉、２ は予熱・保温室、３は超高温加熱室、７はジルコニアボード、９はジルコニア発 熱体、１２はジルコニアボード、１３はアルミナファイバーボード、１４はジル コニアピンである。 Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a view showing an example of an embodiment of an ultrahigh temperature resistance furnace according to the present invention, FIG. 1 (a) is a front view, and FIG. 1 (b) is a side sectional view of FIG. 1 (a). In the figure, 1 is a super high temperature resistance furnace, 2 is a preheating / retaining greenhouse, 3 is a super high temperature heating chamber, 7 is a zirconia board, 9 is a zirconia heat generator, 12 is a zirconia board, 13 is an alumina fiber board, and 14 is a zirconium. It is Koniapin.
【０００７】 超高温抵抗炉１は、アルミナファイバーボード１３で包囲される予熱・保温室 ２内に、ジルコニアボード７、１２で包囲することにより超高温加熱室３が形成 されている。 予熱・保温室２には、高温抵抗発熱体として、複数の二珪化モリブデン発熱体 （図示省略）が配設されている。また、超高温加熱室３には、超高温抵抗発熱体 として、複数のジルコニア発熱体９が、ジルコニアボードとの接触による漏電を 防止するマグネシアチューブ（図示省略）を通して設けられている。 このように構成された超高温加熱室の天井、壁および床を通して断熱材の各コ ーナーを、ジルコニアピン１４を用いて連結する。このような構造とすることに より、膨張収縮あるいは焼結収縮によるライニング材の目地開きを防止すること ができた。In the ultra-high temperature resistance furnace 1, an ultra-high temperature heating chamber 3 is formed by enclosing the zirconia boards 7 and 12 in a preheating / greenhouse 2 enclosed by an alumina fiber board 13. In the preheating / greenhouse 2, a plurality of molybdenum disilicide heating elements (not shown) are arranged as high temperature resistance heating elements. Further, in the ultra-high temperature heating chamber 3, a plurality of zirconia heating elements 9 are provided as ultra-high temperature resistance heating elements through a magnesia tube (not shown) that prevents leakage due to contact with the zirconia board. The corners of the heat insulating material are connected using zirconia pins 14 through the ceiling, walls and floor of the ultra-high temperature heating chamber configured as described above. With such a structure, it was possible to prevent the joint opening of the lining material due to expansion and contraction or sintering and contraction.
【０００８】 図２は本考案に係る超高温抵抗炉の実施の形態の他の例を示す図で、図２（ａ ）は正面図、図２（ｂ）は図２（ａ）の側面図で、図１と同一番号は同一内容を 示している。なお、１５はジルコニア「かすがい」である。FIG. 2 is a view showing another example of the embodiment of the ultra-high temperature resistance furnace according to the present invention, FIG. 2 (a) is a front view, and FIG. 2 (b) is a side view of FIG. 2 (a). The same numbers as in FIG. 1 indicate the same contents. In addition, 15 is a zirconia "glare".
【０００９】 この例においては、超高温加熱室の天井、壁および床に配設した断熱材をジル コニア製の「かすがい」で連結したものであり、他の構成は図１のものと同様で ある。このような構造とすることにより、膨張収縮または焼結収縮によりライニ ング材の目地開きを防止できた。In this example, the heat insulating materials provided on the ceiling, wall and floor of the ultra-high temperature heating chamber are connected by "glazing" made of zirconia, and the other configurations are the same as those in FIG. Is. With such a structure, expansion of the lining material due to expansion and contraction or sintering and contraction could be prevented.
【００１０】 なお、図１、図２の例では、ジルコニアボード７、１２を使用するようにした が、ジルコニアボードに代えてジルコニアファイバーを添加したジルコニアハロ ーボードを適用することも可能である。Although the zirconia boards 7 and 12 are used in the examples of FIGS. 1 and 2, it is also possible to apply zirconia halo boards containing zirconia fibers instead of the zirconia boards.
【００１１】[0011]
以上述べた通り、本考案によるライニング構造を超高温抵抗炉の超高温加熱室 に採用することにより、天井、壁および床に配設した断熱材（ライニング材）に 昇降温中における膨張収縮または焼結収縮による目地開きがなくなり、超高温加 熱室内の雰囲気温度が安定すると共に、1900℃の超高温度に、安定して耐えられ るライニング構造が得られた。 As described above, by adopting the lining structure according to the present invention in the ultra-high temperature heating chamber of the ultra-high temperature resistance furnace, the thermal insulation material (lining material) installed on the ceiling, wall and floor expands and contracts or burns during heating and cooling. The joint opening due to binding shrinkage has disappeared, the ambient temperature inside the ultra-high temperature heating chamber has stabilized, and a lining structure has been obtained that can withstand the ultra-high temperature of 1900 ℃.
【図１】 本考案の実施例に係る超高温抵抗炉を示す図
である。FIG. 1 is a view showing an ultra-high temperature resistance furnace according to an embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】 本考案の他の実施例を示す図である。FIG. 2 is a view showing another embodiment of the present invention.
【図３】 従来の超高温抵抗炉の構造を説明するための
図である。FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the structure of a conventional ultra-high temperature resistance furnace.
１…超高温抵抗炉、２…予熱・保温室、３…超高温加熱
室、７…ジルコニアボード、９…ジルコニア発熱体、１
２…ジルコニアボード、１３…アルミナファイバーボー
ド、１４…ジルコニアピン、１５…ジルコニア「かすが
い」。1 ... Ultra high temperature resistance furnace, 2 ... Preheating / retaining greenhouse, 3 ... Ultra high temperature heating chamber, 7 ... Zirconia board, 9 ... Zirconia heating element, 1
2 ... Zirconia board, 13 ... Alumina fiber board, 14 ... Zirconia pin, 15 ... Zirconia "glazing".
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (51)Int.Cl.6 識別記号 庁内整理番号 ＦＩ 技術表示箇所 Ｆ２７Ｄ 11/02 Ｆ２７Ｄ 11/02 Ｂ ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (51) Int.Cl. 6 Identification code Internal reference number FI technical display location F27D 11/02 F27D 11/02 B
Claims (3)
体で加熱される予熱・保温室内に酸化雰囲気下で超高温
抵抗発熱体で加熱され、被加熱物が配置される超高温加
熱室を有する超高温抵抗炉において、超高温加熱室の天
井、壁および床に配設した断熱材を、セラミック製の締
結具を用いて連結したことを特徴とする超高温抵抗炉の
ライニング構造。1. An ultra-high temperature heating chamber which is surrounded by a high-temperature heat insulating material and is heated by an ultra-high-temperature resistance heating element under an oxidizing atmosphere in a preheating / retaining greenhouse which is heated by a high-temperature resistance heating element and in which an object to be heated is placed. A lining structure for an ultra-high temperature resistance furnace, characterized in that, in the ultra-high temperature resistance furnace having the above, the heat insulating materials arranged on the ceiling, wall and floor of the ultra-high temperature heating chamber are connected by using fasteners made of ceramics.
および床を通して断熱材の各コーナーを連結するジルコ
ニア製ピンからなることを特徴とする請求項１記載の超
高温抵抗炉のライニング構造。2. The lining of an ultra-high temperature resistance furnace according to claim 1, wherein the fastener comprises a zirconia pin connecting each corner of the heat insulating material through the ceiling, wall and floor of the ultra-high temperature heating chamber. Construction.
および床に配設した断熱材を連結するジルコニア製かす
がいからなることを特徴とする請求項１記載の超高温抵
抗炉のライニング構造。3. The ultra-high temperature resistance furnace according to claim 1, wherein the fastener comprises a zirconia braze that connects heat insulating materials arranged on the ceiling, walls and floor of the ultra-high temperature heating chamber. Lining structure.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1182596U JPH09201U (en) | 1996-11-19 | 1996-11-19 | Lining structure of ultra-high temperature resistance furnace |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1182596U JPH09201U (en) | 1996-11-19 | 1996-11-19 | Lining structure of ultra-high temperature resistance furnace |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH09201U true JPH09201U (en) | 1997-04-08 |
Family
ID=11788554
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1182596U Pending JPH09201U (en) | 1996-11-19 | 1996-11-19 | Lining structure of ultra-high temperature resistance furnace |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH09201U (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006013651A1 (en) * | 2004-08-04 | 2006-02-09 | Ibiden Co., Ltd. | Firing kiln and process for producing porous ceramic member therewith |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5118966A (en) * | 1974-08-08 | 1976-02-14 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | KANNOMAGESOCHI |
| JPS5937412B2 (en) * | 1980-07-16 | 1984-09-10 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | solar heat collector |
| JPS59190510A (en) * | 1983-04-13 | 1984-10-29 | 三井造船株式会社 | Clamping tool made of ceramic |
| JPH0322714U (en) * | 1989-07-19 | 1991-03-08 | ||
| JPH06147211A (en) * | 1992-11-05 | 1994-05-27 | Toshiba Corp | Ceramic fastening screws |
-
1996
- 1996-11-19 JP JP1182596U patent/JPH09201U/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5118966A (en) * | 1974-08-08 | 1976-02-14 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | KANNOMAGESOCHI |
| JPS5937412B2 (en) * | 1980-07-16 | 1984-09-10 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | solar heat collector |
| JPS59190510A (en) * | 1983-04-13 | 1984-10-29 | 三井造船株式会社 | Clamping tool made of ceramic |
| JPH0322714U (en) * | 1989-07-19 | 1991-03-08 | ||
| JPH06147211A (en) * | 1992-11-05 | 1994-05-27 | Toshiba Corp | Ceramic fastening screws |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006013651A1 (en) * | 2004-08-04 | 2006-02-09 | Ibiden Co., Ltd. | Firing kiln and process for producing porous ceramic member therewith |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JPH09201U (en) | Lining structure of ultra-high temperature resistance furnace | |
| JP2535485Y2 (en) | Lining structure of ultra-high temperature resistance furnace | |
| ES2186767T3 (en) | ELECTRIC OVEN AND PROCEDURE FOR OPERATION. | |
| JP2779124B2 (en) | Zirconia heating structure | |
| JPH0569767B2 (en) | ||
| Sario | USE OF GAS IN THE BRICK INDUSTRY | |
| JP2004125202A (en) | Electric resistance furnace | |
| JP3976460B2 (en) | Castable block glazing method | |
| JPS6391988A (en) | Electric furnace | |
| JPH06345555A (en) | High-temperature heat exchanger and production thereof | |
| JPH02210785A (en) | Ceramics heater furnace | |
| CN102288036A (en) | Microwave furnace and furnace lining thereof | |
| JPS5854637Y2 (en) | Rod for attaching high temperature insulation material | |
| JP2004169060A (en) | Sealing structure for furnace maintenance opening | |
| Hoffmann | LINGL SHUTTLE KILN | |
| MUNZERT | SHUTTLE KILNS FOR THE PORCELAIN INDUSTRY | |
| Dinwoodie | HIGH ALUMINA FIBRE: MANUFACTURE, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION IN HIGH TEMPERATURE FURNACES | |
| JPH0548078Y2 (en) | ||
| Asano et al. | STRESS CHANGE IN REFRACTORIES WITH HEATING AND COOLING ON THE LINEAR LINING | |
| JPH087214Y2 (en) | Radiant tube burner | |
| Dhupia et al. | HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTRICAL KILNS: PRESENT STATUS, PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES | |
| Irretier | LIFT TOP TECHNIQUE FOR SINTERING AND DEBINDING OF ALUMINIUM OXIDE CERAMICS FROM NABERTHERM | |
| Zafra | UTILISATION OF GAS IN THE BRICK INDUSTRY | |
| JPH04225780A (en) | Shaft furnace | |
| JPH02230085A (en) | Electric resistance furnace |