JPS5961119A - Manufacture of semiconductor device - Google Patents
Manufacture of semiconductor deviceInfo
- Publication number
- JPS5961119A JPS5961119A JP57171259A JP17125982A JPS5961119A JP S5961119 A JPS5961119 A JP S5961119A JP 57171259 A JP57171259 A JP 57171259A JP 17125982 A JP17125982 A JP 17125982A JP S5961119 A JPS5961119 A JP S5961119A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- silicon
- polysilicon
- oxide film
- concavity
- substrate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/20—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials
- H10P14/29—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials characterised by the substrates
- H10P14/2926—Crystal orientations
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/20—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials
- H10P14/38—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials characterised by treatments done after the formation of the materials
- H10P14/3802—Crystallisation or recrystallisation of non-monocrystalline semiconductor materials, e.g. regrowth
- H10P14/3808—Crystallisation or recrystallisation of non-monocrystalline semiconductor materials, e.g. regrowth using laser beams
- H10P14/3814—Continuous wave laser beam
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/20—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials
- H10P14/29—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials characterised by the substrates
- H10P14/2901—Materials
- H10P14/2902—Materials being Group IVA materials
- H10P14/2905—Silicon, silicon germanium or germanium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/20—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials
- H10P14/32—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials characterised by intermediate layers between substrates and deposited layers
- H10P14/3202—Materials thereof
- H10P14/3204—Materials thereof being Group IVA semiconducting materials
- H10P14/3211—Silicon, silicon germanium or germanium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/20—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials
- H10P14/32—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials characterised by intermediate layers between substrates and deposited layers
- H10P14/3242—Structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/20—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials
- H10P14/34—Deposited materials, e.g. layers
- H10P14/3402—Deposited materials, e.g. layers characterised by the chemical composition
- H10P14/3404—Deposited materials, e.g. layers characterised by the chemical composition being Group IVA materials
- H10P14/3411—Silicon, silicon germanium or germanium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/20—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials
- H10P14/34—Deposited materials, e.g. layers
- H10P14/3451—Structure
- H10P14/3452—Microstructure
- H10P14/3458—Monocrystalline
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/20—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials
- H10P14/34—Deposited materials, e.g. layers
- H10P14/3466—Crystal orientation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10P—GENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H10P14/00—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars
- H10P14/20—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials
- H10P14/38—Formation of materials, e.g. in the shape of layers or pillars of semiconductor materials characterised by treatments done after the formation of the materials
- H10P14/3802—Crystallisation or recrystallisation of non-monocrystalline semiconductor materials, e.g. regrowth
- H10P14/382—Scanning of a beam
Landscapes
- Recrystallisation Techniques (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
(1)発明の技術分野
本発明は半導体装置の製造方法、詳しくはシリコン・オ
ン・インシュレーター(Silicon−on−Ins
ulaLor、501 )構造の素子形成予定領域を所
望の結晶方位をもたせて単結晶化する方法に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION (1) Technical field of the invention The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, specifically a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, specifically a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device.
This invention relates to a method for single-crystallizing a region in which an element is to be formed in a ulaLor, 501) structure with a desired crystal orientation.
(2)技術の背景
本願の発明者は、Sol構造の素子形成予定領域の多結
晶シリコン(ポリシリコン)旧をt、H45pしくhe
at 5ink、ピー1−シンク)構造に形成し、シー
9−アニールによってポリシリコンを単結晶化する技術
を開発した。(2) Background of the technology The inventor of the present application has developed a method for removing polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) in the area where elements of the Sol structure are planned to be formed.
We have developed a technique for forming polysilicon into a single crystal structure by forming a polycrystalline polysilicon into a single-crystal structure by annealing the polysilicon.
第1図にはかかる構造か断面図で示され、同図において
、1はシリコン基板、2は酸化膜(二酸化シリコン(5
iO2)膜)、2aば酸化膜に形成された凹部、3はポ
リシリコン層を示し、凹部2a内のポリシリコンの単結
晶化は、ンリコン基板1上に酸化膜2を形成し、この酸
化llψ2の素子形成予定領域に凹部2aをエソチンク
で形成し、この四部2aの底部に酸化膜2よりも薄い酸
化膜を残すヒートシンク構造を作る工程、全面にポリシ
リコンを成長してポリシリコン層3を形成する工程、四
1152aの上方gB分を完全に覆ってポリシリコン層
をレーザビームで照射し凹ff1s2a内のポリシリコ
ンを溶融する工程を含むことを特徴とする方法によつ゛
(実現される。FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of such a structure, in which 1 is a silicon substrate, 2 is an oxide film (silicon dioxide (5
iO2) film), 2a is a recess formed in the oxide film, 3 is a polysilicon layer, and the single crystallization of the polysilicon in the recess 2a forms an oxide film 2 on the silicon substrate 1, and this oxide llψ2 A process of forming a heat sink structure by forming a recess 2a in the area where the element is to be formed by etching, and leaving an oxide film thinner than the oxide film 2 at the bottom of the four parts 2a, and forming a polysilicon layer 3 by growing polysilicon on the entire surface. This is realized by a method characterized by including a step of completely covering the upper gB of the fourth 1152a and irradiating the polysilicon layer with a laser beam to melt the polysilicon in the recess ff1s2a.
(3)従来技術と問題点
四部2aのポリシリコンは、四部2aの底のほぼ中心!
)])分から始まる冷却によって単結晶化されるが、こ
のC「結晶化において核(5eed)となる単結晶か存
在しないために、門!41i2aのi11結晶シリコン
の結晶力位を制r、IIIすることができない。通常の
場合、ア11結晶化した四部2a内に形成した素子は特
定の結晶力位をもたなくても十分な特性を示−3が、な
んらかの理由で、例えば界面準位を特に改良したいため
(+00)の結晶力位が望まれるというような場合には
、」−記した技術ではその要望を1)15足させること
かできない。(3) Prior art and problems The polysilicon of the fourth part 2a is almost at the center of the bottom of the fourth part 2a!
)]) It is made into a single crystal by cooling starting from C, but since there is no single crystal that will serve as a nucleus (5eed) in crystallization, the crystal force of the i11 crystal silicon of gate!41i2a is suppressed. Normally, the element formed in the crystallized four parts 2a exhibits sufficient characteristics even without a specific crystalline force, but for some reason, for example, the interface state In a case where a crystal strength of (+00) is desired in order to particularly improve the crystal strength, the technique described in "-" can only satisfy the request by 1) 15.
(4)発明の目的
本発明は上記従来の問題点に鑑の、s01構造の素子形
成予定領域のポリシリコンを小結晶化するときに、所望
の結晶方位をもった単結晶シリコンを形成する方法を提
供することを目的とする。(4) Purpose of the Invention In view of the above-mentioned conventional problems, the present invention provides a method for forming single crystal silicon having a desired crystal orientation when crystallizing polysilicon in a region where an element of an s01 structure is planned to be formed. The purpose is to provide
(5)発明の構成
そしてこの目的は本発明によれは、半導体栽板上に酸化
膜を形成し、この酸化膜の素子形成予定領域に凹部をそ
の底部には前記酸化膜よりも薄い酸化膜を残して形成す
る工程、前記四部の外縁の外 方部分において基板を露
出する工程、全面に多結晶シリコンを成長する工程、お
よび基板の露出した前記外方部分に始まり四部のに方部
分を完全に覆う如くにエネルギー・ビームを照射する工
程により、シリコン・オン・インツユレータ−構造の素
子形成予定領域を基板と同一の結晶方位をもたせて小結
晶化することを特徴とする半導体装置の製造方法を提供
するごとによって達成される。(5) Structure and object of the invention According to the present invention, an oxide film is formed on a semiconductor board, and a recess is formed in a region of the oxide film where an element is to be formed, and an oxide film thinner than the oxide film is formed at the bottom of the recess. a step of exposing the substrate at the outer part of the outer edge of the four parts, a step of growing polycrystalline silicon on the entire surface, and a step of completely forming the outer part of the four parts starting from the exposed outer part of the substrate. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, characterized in that a region where an element is to be formed in a silicon-on-incubator structure is crystallized into small crystals so as to have the same crystal orientation as that of a substrate, by irradiating an energy beam so as to cover the substrate. Achieved by each offer.
(7)発明の効果 以下本発明の実施例を図面によって詳述する。(7) Effect of invention Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings.
第2図(alを参照すると、本発明の方法を実施するに
際しては、結晶方位(100)のシリコン基板11上に
酸化膜(二酸化シリコン(5iO2)膜)を形成し、こ
の酸化膜を通常の技術でエノヂンクして、凹Ml(12
aをもった丘形部12を形成する。四部12aの底@1
6には1000−2000人の厚さの5i02を残し、
Jih &ll 120) Ig サ6000〜800
0人の外縁部12bの外ではシリコン基板が1.0μm
程度のひろがりで1“K出しCいる。Referring to FIG. 2 (al), when carrying out the method of the present invention, an oxide film (silicon dioxide (5iO2) film) is formed on the silicon substrate 11 with crystal orientation (100), and this oxide film is Enojinku with technology, concave Ml (12
A hill-shaped portion 12 having a shape a is formed. Bottom of fourth part 12a @1
6 leaves 5i02 with a thickness of 1000-2000 people,
Jih &ll 120) Ig Sa 6000-800
The silicon substrate is 1.0 μm outside the outer edge 12b of 0 people.
There are 1" K out C with a certain degree of spread.
次いで全面にポリシリコンを40 fl O人程度の厚
さに例えば化学気相成長法(CVD法)で成にし、ポリ
シリコン層13を形成する。ポリシリコン層13は、酸
化膜の外縁部12bの外力′M1;づ目4ごはシリコノ
ン基板IIと的接接触している。Next, a polysilicon layer 13 is formed by depositing polysilicon on the entire surface to a thickness of about 40 ml by, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The polysilicon layer 13 is in direct contact with the silicone substrate II due to the external force 'M1' of the outer edge portion 12b of the oxide film.
次いで、連わ1c波(CM)アルゴン(Ar)レーザを
、12−14Wのパワー、5〜10cm/ secの退
会速度で、外力部う目4から始まり、図に矢印で示す方
向に門!’fl!12aを完全に覆う如くに走今する。Then, a continuous 1C wave (CM) argon (Ar) laser is applied with a power of 12-14 W and an exit speed of 5-10 cm/sec, starting from the external force section eye 4 and moving in the direction shown by the arrow in the figure. 'fl! Run so as to completely cover 12a.
第2図(alにはレーデビー”%lLlが[を形+’a
+12の外縁部12bを僅かに超えた位置で示されるが
、レーザビーム■5か丘形邪の他方の外縁512bを通
過するときには、外力Cf1)分I4の」二と四部12
a内のポリシリコンにすべて溶融している。Figure 2 (al has the form ``%lLl +'a'')
Although it is shown at a position slightly beyond the outer edge 12b of +12, when the laser beam ■5 passes through the other outer edge 512b of the hill shape, the external force Cf1) I4's 2 and 4 parts 12
All of the polysilicon in a is melted.
外力部分14の上の溶融ポリシリコンから冷却によりl
i結晶化が始まるが、その部分でポリシリコンは結晶力
位(100)のシリコン基板■1のシリコンと接触して
いるから、基板シリコンが核となり、結晶方位(100
)の単結晶シリコンが横方向に成長して行く (横方向
エピタキシャル成長(lateral epitaxi
al growth) ) o一般にかかる成長により
数十ミクロン以上も単結晶をのばすことは難しいが、1
0〜20μm程度であればさほと難しくないことが本願
発明者の実験により確認された。l from the molten polysilicon on the external force section 14 by cooling.
i Crystallization begins, but at that point the polysilicon is in contact with the silicon of silicon substrate ■1 with crystal orientation (100), so the substrate silicon becomes a nucleus and the crystal orientation (100)
) single-crystal silicon grows laterally (lateral epitaxial growth)
al growth)) o Although it is generally difficult to grow a single crystal more than several tens of microns through such growth,
It has been confirmed through experiments by the inventor of the present invention that it is not difficult to form a material with a thickness of about 0 to 20 μm.
第2図fbj &よ第2図(a)の構造の平面図で、図
にa、b、cで示す距離はそれぞれ10”2017 m
、 20〜30μm、50〜70μmに設定し、1字
型部分内に結晶力位(100)の単結晶シリコンが得ら
れた。Figure 2 fbj &yo is a plan view of the structure in Figure 2 (a), where the distances indicated by a, b, and c in the figure are 10"2017 m, respectively.
, 20 to 30 μm, and 50 to 70 μm, and single crystal silicon with crystal strength (100) was obtained within the single-shaped portion.
本発明の他の実施例においては、第3図ta)の断面図
に示される選択酸化法(LOCO3法)で形成された酸
化11R+を利用する。なお同図において、21ば結晶
方位(100)のシリコン基板、22はフィールド酸化
膜、22aは回合1;、23ボリシリコン層、24はフ
ィールド酸化膜22の外方のシリコン基板のシリコンが
露出した外方部分、25はレーザビームを示し、同図f
blは同図(a)の構造の平面図であり、同図(blに
dで示ず距離は10〜20μmに設定した。かかる構造
におi′Jるレーザビームの照射、ポリシリコンの溶融
;、外力部分24からの小結晶化等はずべ°C第2図の
実施例につい“C説明したとごろと間挿である。Another embodiment of the present invention utilizes an oxide 11R+ formed by a selective oxidation method (LOCO3 method) as shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 3(ta). In the figure, 21 is a silicon substrate with crystal orientation (100), 22 is a field oxide film, 22a is a polysilicon layer, 23 is a polysilicon layer, and 24 is the exposed silicon of the silicon substrate outside the field oxide film 22. In the outer part, 25 indicates a laser beam, and the figure f
bl is a plan view of the structure of the same figure (a), and the distance is set to 10 to 20 μm (d is not shown in bl). Such a structure is irradiated with a laser beam, and the polysilicon is melted. The small crystallization from the external force portion 24 is an interpolation of what was explained in the embodiment of FIG. 2.
なお、以上においては結晶力位(100)の場合につい
て説明したが、横方向エビクキソヤル成長による単結晶
シリコンの結晶力位はシリコン基板の結晶方位に一致す
るから、結晶方位(111)の小結晶シリコンを得たい
場合には、結晶方位(111)のシリコン基板を選べば
よい。Note that although the case of crystal strength (100) has been explained above, since the crystal strength of single crystal silicon due to lateral lateral growth matches the crystal orientation of the silicon substrate, small crystal silicon with crystal orientation (111) If desired, a silicon substrate with crystal orientation (111) may be selected.
なお以」二の説明において、ポリソリコンの溶融にはレ
ーデビームを用いたが、本発明の通用範囲はその他のエ
ネルキー・ビームを用いる場合にも及ぶ。In the following explanation, a Lede beam is used to melt the polysilicon, but the scope of the present invention also extends to the case where other energetic beams are used.
(7)発明の効果
以上酊−細に説明したように、本発明の方法によれは、
Sol構造の素子形成予定領域に所望の結晶力位をもっ
た単結晶シリコンが(47られるので、4側と下側面が
酸化膜で囲まれた領域に所望の半導体素子を形成するこ
と、更にばかがる半導体素子を多層化することが可能に
なる。(7) Effects of the invention As explained in detail above, the method of the present invention has the following effects:
Since single crystal silicon with a desired crystalline strength is formed in the region where the element of Sol structure is planned to be formed, it is even more difficult to form the desired semiconductor element in the region surrounded by the oxide film on the 4th side and the lower surface. This makes it possible to create multiple layers of semiconductor elements.
第1図はSol構造のし−1−シンク機能をもった素子
形成予定領域の断面図、第2図Fa+と(blおよび第
3図(alと(blは、それぞれ本発明実施例の断面図
と平面図である。
11.21−一結晶力位(100)のシリコン基板、1
2−酸化膜の丘形部、12 a −1!I Mt(,2
2−フィールド酸化膜、13.23−ポリシリコン層、
14.24〜基板のシリコン力<sW出した外方部分、
15.25−レーザビーム
Cつ 1
U)
八 D
O誓
83−
(Y’) −
〇 DFIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a region in which an element with a 1-sink function is planned to be formed in a Sol structure, FIG. 11.21-Silicon substrate with one crystal strength (100), 1
2- Hill-shaped part of oxide film, 12 a -1! I Mt(,2
2-field oxide film, 13.23-polysilicon layer,
14.24 ~ The outer part where the silicon force of the substrate < sW is exerted,
15.25-Laser beam C 1 U) 8 DO 83- (Y') - 〇 D
Claims (1)
素子形成予定領域に凹jiiをその底部ににj前記酸化
11俯よりも薄い酸化膜を残して形成する上程、前記四
部の外縁の外力(!1;分において基板を4出するエイ
′+!、全面に多結晶シリコンを成長する工程、および
基板の露出し)こfli?記外力部匁に始まり凹部の」
三方部分を完全に覆う如くにエネルギー・ビームを!!
@ 4J する工程により、シリごノン・オン・インシ
ュレーク−構造の素子形成予定領域を基板と同一の結晶
力41.をもたせて単結晶化することを特徴とする半導
体装置の製造方法。An oxide film is formed on the "semiconductor substrate", and a recess is formed in the region where the element is to be formed in the first part of the film, leaving an oxide film thinner than the oxide film at the bottom of the first part. External force on the outer edge (! 1; the process of growing polycrystalline silicon on the entire surface, and exposing the substrate). It begins with the outer force part of the momme and the concave part.
An energy beam that completely covers the three sides! !
@ 4J process, the region where an element with a non-silicon-on-insulator structure is to be formed is subjected to the same crystal force as the substrate. 1. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, characterized in that the semiconductor device is made into a single crystal by imparting the same properties.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP57171259A JPS5961119A (en) | 1982-09-30 | 1982-09-30 | Manufacture of semiconductor device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP57171259A JPS5961119A (en) | 1982-09-30 | 1982-09-30 | Manufacture of semiconductor device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS5961119A true JPS5961119A (en) | 1984-04-07 |
Family
ID=15920001
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP57171259A Pending JPS5961119A (en) | 1982-09-30 | 1982-09-30 | Manufacture of semiconductor device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5961119A (en) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5766627A (en) * | 1980-10-13 | 1982-04-22 | Toshiba Corp | Manufacture of semiconductor device |
| JPS5840852A (en) * | 1981-09-03 | 1983-03-09 | Toshiba Corp | Complementary metal oxide semiconductor device and its manufacture |
-
1982
- 1982-09-30 JP JP57171259A patent/JPS5961119A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5766627A (en) * | 1980-10-13 | 1982-04-22 | Toshiba Corp | Manufacture of semiconductor device |
| JPS5840852A (en) * | 1981-09-03 | 1983-03-09 | Toshiba Corp | Complementary metal oxide semiconductor device and its manufacture |
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