PL243310B1 - The method of determining the risk of cancer in women who are not carriers of mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes depending on the ratio of arsenic and selenium concentrations in the blood - Google Patents

The method of determining the risk of cancer in women who are not carriers of mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes depending on the ratio of arsenic and selenium concentrations in the blood Download PDF

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PL243310B1
PL243310B1 PL425602A PL42560218A PL243310B1 PL 243310 B1 PL243310 B1 PL 243310B1 PL 425602 A PL425602 A PL 425602A PL 42560218 A PL42560218 A PL 42560218A PL 243310 B1 PL243310 B1 PL 243310B1
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Jan LUBIŃSKI
Jan Lubiński
Anna Jakubowska
Wojciech MARCINIAK
Wojciech Marciniak
Magdalena MUSZYŃSKA
Magdalena Muszyńska
Róża Derkacz
Katarzyna Kaczmarek
Tomasz Huzarski
Jacek Gronwald
Cezary Cybulski
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Read Gene Spolka Akcyjna
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Abstract

Przedmiotem zgłoszenia jest sposób określenia ryzyka raka u kobiety nie będącej, nosicielką mutacji założycielskich w genie BRCA1/2 typowych dla populacji polskiej, który charakteryzuje się tym, że obejmuje ilościową ocenę stężenia pierwiastka wybranego spośród arsenu kadmu, cynku, selenu lub stosunku stężenia selenu do arsenu w próbce biologicznej pochodzącej od badanej pacjentki, przy czym określone stężenie wskazuje na znacząco obniżone ryzyko: rozwoju raka w przypadku występowania niskiej wartości stężenia arsenu we krwi, zwłaszcza poniżej 0,59 µg/l, rozwoju raka piersi w przypadku występowania wysokiej wartości stężenia kadmu we krwi, szczególnie powyżej 0,59 µg/l, rozwoju raka w przypadku występowania wysokiej wartości stężenia cynku we krwi, u kobiet poniżej 60 r.ż., zwłaszcza powyżej 6800,00 µg/l, rozwoju raka w przypadku występowania stężeń cynku we krwi, u kobiet powyżej 60 r.ż., zwłaszcza w zakresie od 5600,00 do 6000,00 µg/l, rozwoju raka pozasutkowego w przypadku optymalnych stężeń selenu we krwi, zwłaszcza w przedziale od 98 µg/l do 108 µg/l, rozwoju raka, zwłaszcza pozasutkowego, w przypadku występowania stężenia selenu we krwi, zwłaszcza leżącego w przedziale od 98 µg/l do 108 µg/l przy jednoczesnym występowaniu niskiego stężenia arsenu, szczególnie poniżej 1,10 µg/l, rozwoju raka w przypadku występowania niskich wartości stosunku stężeń selenu do arsenu, zwłaszcza poniżej 160, przy czym badana pacjentka należy do populacji polskiej i nie jest nosicielką żadnej spośród następujących mutacji w genie BRCA1/2: 5382insC, C61G, 4153delA.The subject of the application is a method for determining the risk of cancer in a woman who is not a carrier of founder mutations in the BRCA1/2 gene typical of the Polish population, which is characterized by the fact that it includes a quantitative assessment of the concentration of an element selected from cadmium arsenic, zinc, selenium or the selenium to arsenic concentration ratio in a biological sample from a test patient, with a specific concentration indicating a significantly reduced risk of: developing cancer when blood arsenic is low, especially below 0.59 µg/l, developing breast cancer when blood cadmium is high blood, especially above 0.59 µg/l, development of cancer in the presence of high zinc concentrations in the blood, in women under 60, especially above 6800.00 µg/l, development of cancer in the presence of zinc concentrations in the blood in women over 60 years of age, especially in the range from 5600.00 to 6000.00 µg/l, development of extramammary carcinoma in the case of optimal selenium concentrations in the blood, especially in the range from 98 µg/l to 108 µg/l, development of cancer, especially extramammary, in the presence of selenium concentration in the blood, especially in the range from 98 µg/l to 108 µg/l with low concentration of arsenic, especially below 1.10 µg/l, development of cancer in the presence of low selenium to arsenic ratio, especially below 160, and the examined patient belongs to the Polish population and is not a carrier of any of the following mutations in the BRCA1/2 gene: 5382insC, C61G, 4153delA.

Description

Wynalazek dotyczy sposobu określania ryzyka raków u kobiet. Opisywany wynalazek opiera się na ustaleniu, że istnieje korelacja między stosunkiem stężeń selenu do arsenu we krwi pełnej a ryzykiem raków u kobiet nie będących nosicielkami żadnej z mutacji założycielskich w genie BRCA1/2 typowych dla populacji polskiej. Prezentowany sposób powinien znaleźć zastosowanie w szeroko rozumianej diagnostyce i profilaktyce nowotworów, zwłaszcza u kobiet.The invention relates to a method for determining the risk of cancers in women. The described invention is based on the finding that there is a correlation between the ratio of selenium to arsenic concentrations in whole blood and the risk of cancer in women who are not carriers of any of the founder mutations in the BRCA1/2 gene typical of the Polish population. The presented method should find application in the broadly understood diagnosis and prevention of cancer, especially in women.

Bez wątpienia arsen i jego związki są jednymi z najbardziej rozpoznawalnych trucizn. Według klasyfikacji międzynarodowej agencji do badań nad rakiem (IARC, ang. International Agency for Cancer Research) arsen i jego związki zostały określone jako bezwzględne ludzkie karcynogeny - grupa 1 (strona internetowa: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/latest_classif.php; data wejścia 201708-26). Różnorodność objawów klinicznych wywołanych inhalacją związkami arsenu lub jego spożyciem jest bardzo duża. W zależności od stężenia, czasu ekspozycji i drogi zaabsorbowania skutki oddziaływania arsenu z tkankami są od stosunkowo niegroźnych na przykład hipopigmentacji, po zagrażające życiu nowotwory (WHO). W świetle istniejących danych literaturowych można stwierdzić, że wysokie stężenia arsenu mogą być przyczyną takich raków jak rak płuca (Mostafa MG, 2008), nerki (Hopenhayn-Rich C, 1996), skóry (Karagas MR, 2001), pęcherza (Mostafa MG, 2008), czy trzustki (Liu Mares W, 2013). Istnieją też prace wskazujące odwrotną korelację - np. Lamm i wsp. stwierdzili nieistotne zmniejszenie ryzyka zachorowania na raka pęcherza moczowego wraz z rosnącym narażeniem na arsen w wodzie pitnej, w zakresie 3,0-6,0 μg/l (Lamm SH, 2004).Undoubtedly, arsenic and its compounds are among the most recognizable poisons. According to the International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC) classification, arsenic and its compounds are classified as absolute human carcinogens - group 1 (website: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ latest_classif.php; entry date 201708-26). The variety of clinical symptoms caused by inhalation of arsenic compounds or its consumption is very large. Depending on the concentration, exposure time and absorption route, the effects of arsenic on tissues range from relatively harmless, for example, hypopigmentation, to life-threatening cancers (WHO). In the light of the existing literature data, it can be concluded that high concentrations of arsenic can cause such cancers as lung cancer (Mostafa MG, 2008), kidney cancer (Hopenhayn-Rich C, 1996), skin cancer (Karagas MR, 2001), bladder cancer (Mostafa MG, 2008), or the pancreas (Liu Mares W, 2013). There are also studies showing an inverse correlation - e.g. Lamm et al. found a non-significant reduction in the risk of bladder cancer with increasing exposure to arsenic in drinking water, in the range of 3.0-6.0 μg/l (Lamm SH, 2004) .

W organizmie selen działa poprzez białka, do których jest wbudowany w postaci selenocysteiny. Jako składnik selenobiałek selen odgrywa rolę enzymatyczną, jak i strukturalną. Do jednych z ważniejszych funkcji selenobiałek należy udział w produkcji hormonów tarczycy, pobudzanie układu immunologicznego, oraz ochrona przed stresem oksydacyjnym (Combs GF, 2001). Zarówno niedobór jak i nadmiar tego pierwiastka może mieć niekorzystny wpływ na organizm. Jednakże, wydaje się, że znacznie poważniejsze konsekwencje są związane z niedoborem selenu. Prowadzą one do m.in. zaburzeń pracy serca, zwyrodnienia serca i wątroby, zwiększenia ryzyka choroby nadciśnieniowej, ograniczenia sprawności układu odpornościowego, zaburzenia funkcji tarczycy, zaburzenia mineralizacji kości i prawidłowego wykształcenia zębów oraz zwiększenia ryzyka chorób nowotworowych (Reddy VN, 2001). Wyniki badań eksperymentalnych przeprowadzonych na modelach zwierzęcych (Kim JH, 2011; Yang H, 2011) jak i prób klinicznych u ludzi wskazują na związek pomiędzy stężeniem tego pierwiastka w organizmie, a zachorowaniem na nowotwory (Schrauzer GN, 1977; Pourmand G, 2008; Vand den Brandt PA, 1993; Knekt P, 1998; Mark SD, 2000; Borawska MH, 2009; Jabłońska E, 2008; Duffield-Lillico AJ, 2002; Duffield-Lillico AJ, 2003; Reid ME, 2002; Reid ME, 2006; Lippman SM, 2009; Klein EA, 2011). Większość badań wykazała odwrotną zależność między stężeniem selenu a zachorowaniem na nowotworowy bądź ryzykiem wystąpienia choroby. Jednak u kobiet stwierdzano nieoczekiwanie, że wysokie stężenie selenu zwiększało ryzyko raków (Duffield-Lillico AJ, 2002). W piśmiennictwie można znaleźć prace dotyczące antagonistycznego działania selenu i arsenu. Stwierdzono między innymi, że u osób z wysokimi stężeniami selenu we krwi istnieje obniżone ryzyko wystąpienia przednowotworowych zmian skórnych charakterystycznych dla zatrucia arsenem (Chen Y, 2007).In the body, selenium works through proteins into which it is incorporated in the form of selenocysteine. As a component of selenoprotein, selenium plays an enzymatic and structural role. One of the most important functions of selenoproteins is participation in the production of thyroid hormones, stimulation of the immune system, and protection against oxidative stress (Combs GF, 2001). Both deficiency and excess of this element can have an adverse effect on the body. However, it seems that much more serious consequences are associated with selenium deficiency. They lead to e.g. heart disorders, degeneration of the heart and liver, increased risk of hypertension, reduced efficiency of the immune system, thyroid function disorders, impaired bone mineralization and proper formation of teeth, and increased risk of cancer (Reddy VN, 2001). The results of experimental studies conducted on animal models (Kim JH, 2011; Yang H, 2011) as well as clinical trials in humans indicate a relationship between the concentration of this element in the body and cancer (Schrauzer GN, 1977; Pourmand G, 2008; Vand den Brandt PA, 1993; Knekt P, 1998; Mark SD, 2000; Borawska MH, 2009; Jabłońska E, 2008; Duffield-Lillico AJ, 2002; Duffield-Lillico AJ, 2003; Reid ME, 2002; Reid ME, 2006; Lippman SM, 2009; Klein EA, 2011). Most studies have shown an inverse relationship between selenium levels and cancer incidence or risk. However, in women, unexpectedly, high levels of selenium have been found to increase the risk of cancer (Duffield-Lillico AJ, 2002). In the literature, you can find works on the antagonistic effect of selenium and arsenic. Among other things, it was found that people with high concentrations of selenium in the blood have a reduced risk of developing precancerous skin lesions characteristic of arsenic poisoning (Chen Y, 2007).

Przedmiotem wynalazku jest sposób określenia ryzyka raka u kobiety nie będącej nosicielką mutacji założycielskich w genie BRCA1/2 typowych dla populacji polskiej, charakteryzujący się tym, że obejmuje ilościową ocenę stosunku stężenia selenu do arsenu w próbce krwi pochodzącej od badanej pacjentki, przy czym określone stężenie wskazuje na znacząco obniżone ryzyko rozwoju raka w przypadku występowania wartości stosunku stężeń selenu do arsenu powyżej 160, przy czym badana pacjentka należy do populacji polskiej i nie jest nosicielką żadnej spośród następujących mutacji w geni e BRCA1: 5382insC, C61G, 4153delA. Korzystnie stężenie arsenu oraz selenu w próbce krwi oznacza się przez bezpośredni pomiar tych pierwiastków we krwi pełnej.The subject of the invention is a method for determining the risk of cancer in a woman who is not a carrier of founder mutations in the BRCA1/2 gene typical of the Polish population, characterized in that it includes a quantitative assessment of the selenium to arsenic concentration ratio in a blood sample from the examined patient, where the determined concentration indicates at a significantly reduced risk of developing cancer in the case of a selenium to arsenic ratio above 160, where the examined patient belongs to the Polish population and is not a carrier of any of the following mutations in the BRCA1 gene: 5382insC, C61G, 4153delA. Preferably, the concentration of arsenic and selenium in the blood sample is determined by direct measurement of these elements in whole blood.

Materiał biologiczny do oceny stosunku selenu do arsenu u osoby badanej może być również pobierany z jakiejkolwiek tkanki lub wydzieliny, korzystnie z krwi, moczu, włosów lub paznokci, a poziom stosunku selenu do arsenu u osoby badanej jest oznaczany przez bezpośredni pomiar arsenu, selenu lub stosunku selenu do arsenu lub pośrednio przez ocenę metabolitu arse nu oraz selenu lub jakiejkolwiek innego metabolitu lub produktu genowego takiego jak białko lub RNA, którego stężenie jest skorelowane ze stężeniem ww. metali.Biological material for assessing the selenium to arsenic ratio of the test subject may also be collected from any tissue or secretion, preferably blood, urine, hair or nails, and the selenium to arsenic ratio level of the test subject is determined by direct measurement of the arsenic, selenium or ratio selenium to arsenic or indirectly by evaluating the arsenic metabolite and selenium or any other metabolite or gene product such as protein or RNA, the concentration of which is correlated with the concentration of the above-mentioned substances. metals.

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Protokół badańResearch protocol

Grupa obserwacyjna została wybrana spośród osób, których materiał znajduje się w biobanku naszego ośrodka. Pacjenci, którzy zgłosili się w latach 2010-2016 do Onkologicznej Poradni Genetycznej przy Szpitalu Klinicznym Pomorskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Szczecinie, byli zapraszani do oddania próbki krwi w celu biobankowania i podpisywali zgodę na przechowywanie i wykorzystywanie materiału w celach naukowych. Próbki krwi były pobierane w godzinach 8-14, a pacjenci byli poinformowani o konieczności bycia na czczo przez co najmniej przez 4 godziny przed pobraniem. Dla większości pacjentów próbka była pobrana tylko raz, ale w niektórych przypadkach również więcej razy przy okazji kolejnych wizyt. Próbkę krwi przechowywano w -80°C do momentu oznaczenia stężenia arsenu, kadmu, cynku oraz selenu.The observation group was selected from people whose material is in the biobank of our center. Patients who reported to the Genetic Oncology Clinic at the Clinical Hospital of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin in 2010-2016 were invited to donate a blood sample for biobanking and signed consent to the storage and use of the material for scientific purposes. Blood samples were collected between 8am and 2pm and patients were instructed to fast for at least 4 hours prior to collection. For most patients, the sample was collected only once, but in some cases more than once on subsequent visits. The blood sample was stored at -80°C until the concentration of arsenic, cadmium, zinc and selenium was determined.

W biobanku zgromadzono próbki od 33062 osób, które nigdy wcześniej przed pobraniem próbki nie chorowały na nowotwór złośliwy. Na potrzeby badania grupę 1698 osób bez mutacji w genie BRCA charakterystycznych dla populacji polskiej tj. 5382insC, C61G, 4153delA poddano ponad 3-letniej obserwacji. Do grupy nie włączono osób z nowotworem złośliwym rozpoznanym przed pobraniem próbki krwi. Następnie w trzech głównych ośrodkach onkologicznych w Szczecinie, sprawdzano która z osób wyjściowo zdrowych w momencie włączenia do biobanku, zachorowała. Spośród 1698 osób, w ciągu ponad 3 lat obserwacji, na nowotwór złośliwy zachorowało 110 kobiet. Pozostała część grupy stanowiła grupę kontrolną badania.The biobank collected samples from 33,062 people who had never been diagnosed with cancer before the sample was collected. For the purpose of the study, a group of 1698 people without mutations in the BRCA gene characteristic of the Polish population, i.e. 5382insC, C61G, 4153delA, underwent over 3 years of observation. The group did not include people with a malignant tumor diagnosed before the blood sample was collected. Then, in three main oncology centers in Szczecin, it was checked which of the initially healthy people at the time of inclusion in the biobank became ill. Out of 1698 people, 110 women fell ill with malignant neoplasm during over 3 years of observation. The rest of the group served as the control group for the study.

Charakterystykę kohorty prospektywnej przedstawiono w tabeli poniżej (Tabela 1).The characteristics of the prospective cohort are presented in the table below (Table 1).

Tabela 1Table 1

Charakterystyka grupyGroup characteristics

Cecha Characteristic Chore sick Zdrowe Healthy Liczba osób number of people 110 osób 110 people 1588 osób 1588 people Średni wiek w momencie zabezpieczenia materiału Average age at the time the material was secured 55,60 lat 55.60 years 55,10 lat 55.10 years Średni okres śledzenia stanu zdrowia (follow-up) Average health follow-up period 39,50 miesięcy 39.50 months Lokalizacja narządowa raka Organ localization of cancer Liczba osób number of people Procentowy udział w całej grupie chorych Percentage share in the whole group of patients Pierś Breast 68 68 61,81 61.81 Jajniki Ovaries 6 6 5,45 5.45 Jelito grube Large intestine 5 5 4,55 4.55 Szpiczak Myeloma 5 5 4,55 4.55 Macica Uterus 5 5 4,55 4.55 Pęcherz moczowy Bladder 4 4 3,64 3.64 Białaczka/Chłoniak Leukemia/lymphoma 4 4 3,64 3.64

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Tarczyca Thyroid 4 4 3,64 3.64 Szyjka macicy Cervix 2 2 1,81 1.81 Nerka Kidney 2 2 1,81 1.81 Skóra (czerniak) skin (melanoma) 2 2 1,81 1.81 Endometrium endometrium 1 1 0,91 0.91 Płuco Lung 1 1 0,91 0.91 Centralny układ nerwowy Central nervous system 1 1 0,91 0.91

MateriałMaterial

Od każdej osoby włączonej do badania pobrano próbkę krwi do pomiaru stężenia arsenu, kadmu, cynku oraz selenu.A blood sample was taken from each person included in the study to measure the concentration of arsenic, cadmium, zinc and selenium.

Metoda oznaczania zawartości As, Cd, Zn oraz Se we krwi pełnejMethod for the determination of As, Cd, Zn and Se content in whole blood

1.1 Aparat1.1 Camera

Do określenia zawartości wskazanych metali wykorzystana została technika spektrometrii mas ze wzbudzeniem w plazmie indukcyjnie sprzężonej.Mass spectrometry with excitation in inductively coupled plasma was used to determine the content of the indicated metals.

Do wykonania pomiaru wykorzystano spektrometr mas ELAN DRC-e (PerkinElmer) oraz NexlON 350D (PerkinElmer). Wykorzystanie ICP-MS pozwala uzyskać limity detekcji <0,1 pg/l. Podczas prowadzenia oznaczeń populacji nieeksponowanej zawodowo na metale i ich związki, czułość aparatury odgrywa kluczową rolę.The mass spectrometer ELAN DRC-e (PerkinElmer) and NexlON 350D (PerkinElmer) were used for the measurement. The use of ICP-MS allows to obtain detection limits <0.1 pg/l. When carrying out determinations of the population not professionally exposed to metals and their compounds, the sensitivity of the apparatus plays a key role.

1.2 Przygotowanie do pomiaru1.2 Preparation for measurement

Zebrane próby krwi, zostały rozmrożone z temperatury -80°C do temperatury pokojowej, w dniu wykonywania analiz. Każda próbka została dokładnie wymieszana przy użyciu wstrząsarki lub worteksu w celu uzyskania możliwie największej homogenności materiału. Proces ten został powtórzony bezpośrednio przed pobraniem objętości krwi do rozcieńczeń z uwagi na zjawisko rozwarstwiania się krwi. Stosując możliwie najprostszą technikę, próbki krwi zostały rozcieńczone w stosunku 1 : 30 (50 pi krwi : 1450 pi buforu). Z uwagi na specyfikę pomiaru do rozcieńczeń zastosowano roztwór wodorotlenku tetrametyloamonowego (TMAh). Alkaliczne pH zapewnia dobrą rozpuszczalność składników krwi, nie powodując tym samym precypitacji żadnej z frakcji. Dodatkowo w celu lepszej dyspersji rozpuszczonych składników krwi zastosowano dodatek niejonowego surfaktantu w postaci Trytonu Χ-100. Wykorzystanie tego związku nie tylko ułatwia rozpuszczanie m.in. białek ale także przyczynia się do szybszego wypłukiwania próbki z układu wprowadzenia spektrometru. Do korekcji efektu matrycy oraz dryfu aparatu użyty został standard wewnętrzny w postaci rodu (105Rh). Do uzyskania stabilności jonów metali rozpuszczonych w roztworze zastosowany został dodatek kwasu wersenowego (EDTA).The collected blood samples were thawed from -80°C to room temperature on the day of the analysis. Each sample was thoroughly mixed using a shaker or vortex to obtain the greatest possible homogeneity of the material. This process was repeated immediately before taking the blood volume for dilutions due to the phenomenon of blood stratification. Using the simplest technique possible, the blood samples were diluted 1 : 30 (50 pi blood : 1450 pi buffer). Due to the specificity of the measurement, a solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAh) was used for dilutions. Alkaline pH ensures good solubility of blood components, thus not causing precipitation of any of the fractions. In addition, for better dispersion of dissolved blood components, the addition of a non-ionic surfactant in the form of Triton Χ-100 was used. The use of this compound not only facilitates the dissolution of e.g. proteins, but also contributes to faster washing out of the sample from the spectrometer insertion system. An internal standard in the form of rhodium ( 105 Rh) was used to correct the matrix effect and camera drift. Edetic acid (EDTA) was added to stabilize the metal ions dissolved in the solution.

Dodatkowo, z racji zawartości związków zawierających węgiel, zastosowano dodatek butanolu do wszystkich roztworów w celu niwelacji efektu związanego ze znaczną ilością węgla w badanej próbie.In addition, due to the content of carbon-containing compounds, butanol was added to all solutions in order to eliminate the effect associated with a significant amount of carbon in the test sample.

1.3 Warunki pomiaru1.3 Measurement conditions

Wszystkie oznaczenia przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem kwadrupolowej celi reakcyjnej spektrometru, tzw. trybie DRC (ang. DynamiC Reaction Celi) aparatu Elan DRC-e oraz NexlON 350D (PerkinElmer) z tlenem jako gazem reakcyjnym. Tlen jest gazem z wyboru dla prowadzenia oznaczeń As i Cd. W przypadku oznaczeń As, wykorzystanie tlenu pozwala uzyskać na drodze reakcji chemicznej stabilnego produktu w postaci jonu 75As16O+. Jon ten posiada masę 91, która wolna jest od interferencji spektralnych. Rozwiązanie to zapewnia maksimum specyfiki pomiaru As. Podobne rozwiązanie dotyczy oznaczeń kadmu. W tym przypadku jednak dokonano transferu atomu tlenu na interferent a nie jak w przypadku As na pożądany jon. Najpoważniejszą interferencję w oznaczeniach 114Cd stanowi tlenek molibdenu 98Mo16O. Zastosowanie tlenu pozwala na uzyskanie ditlenku molibdenu 98Mo16O2, niwelując tym samym problem nakładania się tych dwóch mas. Obecnie jest to najbardziej czuła technika oznaczeń dla materiału biologicznego.All determinations were carried out using a quadrupole reaction cell of the spectrometer, the so-called DRC (DynamiC Reaction Cell) mode of the Elan DRC-e apparatus and NexlON 350D (PerkinElmer) with oxygen as the reaction gas. Oxygen is the gas of choice for As and Cd determinations. In the case of As determinations, the use of oxygen allows to obtain a stable product in the form of the 75 As 16 O + ion by chemical reaction. This ion has a mass of 91, which is free from spectral interference. This solution ensures maximum specificity of As measurement. A similar solution applies to cadmium determinations. In this case, however, the oxygen atom was transferred to the interferent and not, as in the case of As, to the desired ion. The most serious interference in the determination of 114 Cd is molybdenum oxide 98 Mo 16 O. The use of oxygen allows to obtain molybdenum dioxide 98 Mo 16 O2, thus eliminating the problem of overlapping of these two masses. Currently, it is the most sensitive assay technique for biological material.

W przypadku Zn tlen pozostaje inertny.In the case of Zn, oxygen remains inert.

PL 243310 Β1PL 243310 B1

1.4 Walidacja pomiarów1.4 Validation of measurements

Do walidacji pomiarów zastosowano następujące materiały referencyjne ClinCheck (Recipe, Niemcy), NIST 955c (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Stany Zjednoczone) oraz BCR 634 (European Commission, Community Bureau of Reference). Są to standardy odniesienia powszechnie stosowane w spektrometrii, pozwalające na potwierdzenie precyzji, czułości i specyfiki pomiaru.The following reference materials were used to validate measurements: ClinCheck (Recipe, Germany), NIST 955c (National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA), and BCR 634 (European Commission, Community Bureau of Reference). These are reference standards commonly used in spectrometry, allowing to confirm the precision, sensitivity and specificity of the measurement.

StatystykaStatistics

Różnice w częstościach pomiędzy analizowanymi grupami oceniano przy pomocy Testu Zgodności Fishera.Differences in frequencies between the analyzed groups were assessed using the Fisher Concordance Test.

WynikiResults

Analiza otrzymanych wyników wykazała istotną zależność między ryzykiem raków u kobiet a stosunkiem stężeń selenu do arsenu oraz we krwi.The analysis of the obtained results showed a significant relationship between the risk of cancer in women and the ratio of selenium to arsenic concentrations and in the blood.

Wartości stężeń badanych mikro- i makroelementów skorelowane z istotnie obniżonym ryzykiem rozwoju rakówConcentration values of the tested micro- and macroelements correlated with a significantly reduced risk of cancer development

Stosunek stężeń selen do arsenuSelenium to arsenic ratio

Kobiety z wysokimi wartościami stosunku stężeń selenu do arsenu (Se/As), szczególnie powyżej 160, wykazują blisko 10-krotnie niższe ryzyko wystąpienia raka w porównaniu do kobiet ze stosunkiem stężeń Se/As poniżej 160 (OR=9,50; p<0,0001; 95%CI:3,50-26,00) (Tabela 2).Women with high selenium to arsenic (Se/As) ratios, especially those above 160, have a nearly 10-fold lower risk of cancer compared to women with Se/As ratios below 160 (OR=9.50; p<0 .0001;95%CI:3.50-26.00) (Table 2).

Tabela 2Table 2

Częstość występowania raków w zależności od stosunku stężenia selenu do stężenia arsenu we krwi wśród kobietIncidence of cancers depending on the ratio of selenium concentration to arsenic concentration in the blood among women

Grupa Zakres stężeń pg/l Chore Zdrowe j .>160 \ 420 „-ν',Group Concentration range pg/l Diseased Healthy >160 \ 420 „-ν',

II <160 106 1168II <160 106 1168

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Claims (2)

1. Sposób określenia ryzyka raka u kobiety nie będącej nosicielką mutacji założycielskich w genie BRCA1 typowych dla populacji polskiej, znamienny tym, że obejmuje ilościową ocenę stosunku stężenia selenu do arsenu w próbce krwi pochodzącej od badanej pacjentki, przy czym określone stężenie wskazuje na znacząco obniżone ryzyko rozwoju raka w przypadku występowania wartości stosunku stężeń selenu do arsenu powyżej 160, przy czym badana pacjentka należy do populacji polskiej i nie jest nosicielką żadnej spośród następujących mutacji w genie BRCA1: 5382insC, C61G, 4153delA.1. A method of determining the risk of cancer in a woman who is not a carrier of founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene typical of the Polish population, characterized in that it includes a quantitative assessment of the ratio of selenium to arsenic concentration in a blood sample from the examined patient, where the determined concentration indicates a significantly reduced risk development of cancer in the case of a selenium to arsenic ratio above 160, provided that the examined patient belongs to the Polish population and is not a carrier of any of the following mutations in the BRCA1 gene: 5382insC, C61G, 4153delA. 2. Sposób według zastrz. 1 albo 2, znamienny tym, że stężenie arsenu oraz selenu w próbce krwi oznacza się przez bezpośredni pomiar tych pierwiastków we krwi pełnej.2. The method of claim The method of claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the concentration of arsenic and selenium in the blood sample is determined by direct measurement of these elements in whole blood.
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