TW201301643A - 使用分散的碳奈米管的改良鋰離子電池、其生產方法及其產品 - Google Patents

使用分散的碳奈米管的改良鋰離子電池、其生產方法及其產品 Download PDF

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TW201301643A
TW201301643A TW101122697A TW101122697A TW201301643A TW 201301643 A TW201301643 A TW 201301643A TW 101122697 A TW101122697 A TW 101122697A TW 101122697 A TW101122697 A TW 101122697A TW 201301643 A TW201301643 A TW 201301643A
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Kurt W Swogger
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Abstract

一種對鋰離子電池有用的組成物及獲得其之方法,其中該組成物包含具有鋰離子活性材料以奈米尺寸結晶或層之形式附著至其表面之分散的氧化的碳奈米管。該組成物可進一步包含石墨烯(graphene)或氧化的石墨烯。

Description

使用分散的碳奈米管的改良鋰離子電池、其生產方法及其產品
本申請案主張2011年6月23日所提出之美國暫時性專利申請案序號61/500,560,發表名稱”使用分散的碳奈米管的鋰離子電池、其生產方法及其產品”的優先權,其全部內容藉此以參考方式併入本文。
本發明廣泛關於改良鋰電池的技術領域。在某些具體實例中,本發明係關於具有鋰離子活性材料的結晶或層附著至其表面之分散的碳奈米管。
鋰電池廣泛使用於可攜帶式電子設備且漸漸使用來提供風及太陽能量的電力備份。已知商業上所使用以鈷、鎳或錳氧化物為主作為陰極材料的鋰離子(Li離子)可再充電式電池其導電性差及電化學穩定性差,而導致差的循環(充電/放電)能力。橄欖石結構(諸如磷酸鋰鐵(LiFePO4)或磷酸鋰鎂(LiMnPO4))可在較高的充電/放電速率下操作,但是其仍然由低導電性及Li離子擴散的動力學所限制。
克服上述缺陷的企圖已包括合成奈米尺寸的鋰鹽結晶(稱為奈米結晶)和鋰鹽與碳奈米管之混合物。雖然碳奈米管的混合物及鋰鹽的奈米結晶在充電/放電速率上顯示出改良,但先前使用的碳奈米管基本上未視為分散(即,各別均勻分散的管)。如習知藉由氣相反應製得之碳奈米管產生 具有顆粒直徑範圍50至200微米的纏結束。同樣地,該鋰奈米結晶並未離子或共價地附著至該分散的碳奈米管表面來提供該活性材料親密的電子轉移及提高的機械強度。在習知的鋰離子電池之充電/放電期間,奈米結晶會膨脹及收縮。超過一定數量的循環時,將導致該活性材料層形成微裂縫,因此較高的內部電阻及電池性能衰退。隨著結晶鍵結至分散的碳奈米管且與其互相連接,將阻滯由於劇烈的機械振動、彎曲或膨脹及收縮所形成的微裂縫。
亦已經以呈奈米尺度之非常薄的碳塗層來塗佈鋰鹽來提高顆粒間的導電性,但是該碳塗層會減慢鋰離子傳輸且亦會隨著時間與電解質不利地反應。碳塗層在結構上視為非晶態且比碳奈米管的結晶碳結構更可與電解質反應。同樣地,已經將碳顆粒加入至鋰鹽結晶來提高顆粒間的導電度,但是這些通常會減低在電池中的乾糊膏之機械強度,而導致隨著時間裂解及降低性能。
本發明藉由讓鋰離子活性材料之奈米尺寸化的結晶或奈米尺寸化的層附著至該分散、功能化及良好分散的碳奈米管之表面,來克服低導電性的困難(特別由於該材料在電池的充電/放電期間之膨脹及收縮)、改良鋰離子傳輸及減輕潛在損害的化學側反應。
同樣地,對鋰電池陽極材料來說,可讓活性陽極材料(諸如碳顆粒、氧化錫或矽)附著至分散的碳奈米管表面來提供許多利益,諸如改善容量、電子及離子導電度及機械強度。
對鋰電池的陰極或陽極材料來說,該分散的碳奈米管網狀物除了提供奈米尺寸化的顆粒或層支撐及空間穩定外,其它利益包括改良熱傳遞媒質(以避免熱引起的逃脫)、該糊在製造期間的結構強度、及每鋰離子活性材料重量有高的表面積(以提供好的能量密度)。該分散的管之均勻的分散將亦貫穿該陰極或陽極層提供更均勻的電壓梯度,因此減低局部高電阻區域(其可在該局部區域中造成性能加速衰減)的機率。
本發明的一個面向為一種對鋰離子電池有用的組成物,其包含具有鋰離子活性材料以奈米尺寸結晶或層之形式附著至其表面之分散的碳奈米管。對陰極來說,該鋰離子活性材料包含鋰金屬鹽,其可進一步包含鐵、錳、鈷、銅、鎳、釩、鈦或其混合物。該組成物可進一步包含具有橄欖石結晶結構的鋰金屬鹽。對陽極來說,該鋰離子活性材料可包含碳、錫、矽、銅、銻、鋁、鍺、鈦或其混合物。該組成物之分散的碳奈米管以具有縱深比率10至500及氧化程度係該碳奈米管的1至15重量百分比為較佳。該組成物可進一步包含石墨烯或氧化的石墨烯。在一個具體實例中,石墨烯對碳奈米管的重量比率係在範圍0.1:99.9至99.9:0.1內。
本發明的更另一個面向為一種用以生產具有鋰離子活性材料以奈米尺寸結晶或層之形式附著至其表面之分散的 碳奈米管之方法,其步驟包括:a)選擇縱深比率10至500及氧化程度1至15重量百分比的碳奈米管;b)混合該碳奈米管與高沸點液體,選擇性與非離子界面活性劑;c)選擇性聲波處理該碳奈米管液體混合物;d)加入正確平衡的試劑,以合成想要的鋰鹽;e)在想要的溫度下反應該混合物以形成該鋰鹽,同時聲波處理該混合物;f)從該液體中分離出該固體鹽;及g)在惰性環境中,於足夠的溫度下,乾燥及退火該固體具有附著的鋰鹽之分散的碳奈米管,以獲得橄欖石結晶結構。
本發明的進一步面向為一種用以生產具有鋰離子活性材料以奈米尺寸結晶或層形式附著至其表面之分散的碳奈米管之方法,其步驟包括:a)選擇縱深比率10至500及氧化程度1至15重量百分比的碳奈米管;b)在具有界面活性劑的液體中混合該碳奈米管與想要的鋰鹽;c)聲波處理該碳奈米管/鋰鹽液體混合物;d)從該液體中分離出該固體鹽;e)在惰性環境中,於足夠的溫度下,乾燥及退火該固體具有附著的鋰鹽之分散的碳奈米管,以獲得橄欖石結晶 結構。
本發明的額外面向為一種對鋰離子電池有用的組成物,其包含具有鋰離子活性材料以奈米尺寸結晶或層形式附著至其表面之分散的碳奈米管,其中該碳奈米管以碳奈米管對鋰鹽之重量比率計係0.1%至10%。
本發明對鋰離子電池有用的更另一個面向為一種包含具有鋰離子活性材料以奈米尺寸結晶或層之形式附著至其表面之氧化的碳奈米管之組成物,其中該碳奈米管以小於一微米尺度均勻地分散而沒有團化。
本發明的進一步面向為一種對鋰離子電池有用的組成物,其包含具有鋰離子活性材料附著至其表面(不論是離子或化學地)之均勻可分散的氧化的碳奈米管。
如於本文中所使用,用語”碳奈米管”指為具有圓柱狀奈米結構之碳的同素異形體。該奈米管可為單、雙或多壁。
如於本文中所使用,用語”分散的碳奈米管”指為能被分離以提供各別的管之碳奈米管。
如於本文中所使用,用語”石墨烯”指為單個原子厚的碳片。
如於本文中所使用,用語”氧化的石墨烯”指為氧化該石墨烯片的產物。該氧化的物種通常在石墨烯片的邊緣處。
如於本文中所使用,用語”氧化的碳奈米管”指為氧化該碳奈米管的產物。通常來說,該氧化的物種係羧酸、酮 或羥基官能基。
如於本文中所使用,用語”重量百分比”或”百分比重量”或”重量%”係藉由將試劑的重量除以混合物的總重量(在該試劑加入後所加上者)來計算。例如,將1克試劑A加入至99克試劑B,因此形成100克的混合物A+B將構成將1重量百分比試劑A加入至該混合物。
在製造分散的碳奈米管(其可為單、雙及多壁組態)之製程期間,該奈米管會被切割成數個斷片且將溶解出殘餘在碳奈米管內部的觸媒顆粒(如從製造商處收到時般)。此管之切割協助剝離。該管之切割可將管的長度降低至如於此定義為分子鋼筋(Molecular Rebar)的碳奈米管斷片。碳奈米管原料其與在碳奈米管中的觸媒顆粒型式及分佈相關之適當選擇允許在所產生的各別管長及整體管長分佈上有更多控制。較佳的選擇為內部觸媒位置均勻地間隔開,及該觸媒係最有效率。該選擇可使用電子顯微鏡及測量剝離的管分佈來評估。分子鋼筋當加入至其它材料時提供優良的機械及傳輸性質(與不含分子鋼筋的材料比較)。
可漂移的離子型式及離子活性材料
可附著至該分散的碳奈米管之離子活性材料於此定義為離子可漂移進或出該離子活性材料因此交換電子的意義。該漂移離子以鋰離子為較佳,且較佳為可獲得的可漂移的離子之50莫耳百分比,更佳為該總可漂移的離子之75莫耳百分比或較高,最佳為95莫耳百分比或較高,及 可高如100莫耳百分比。其它可漂移的離子可包括鎂、鋁、鐵、鋅、錳、鈉、鉀、鉛、汞、銀、黃金、鎳、鎘及其類似離子。
該離子活性材料的實施例有磷酸鋰鐵、磷酸鋰鎂、氧化鋰鈷、二氧化矽、二氧化錳、鎘、二氧化鈦及碳。
該離子活性材料可相同或包含不同活性材料。再者,在這些離子活性材料中的離子物種可相同,或它們可不同。當使用可漂移的離子之混合物時,較佳為鋰離子係該混合物的離子之多數。該可漂移的離子之混合物(當使用時)可為2種不同離子,或可為三或更多種呈不同比例之不同離子。此外,該離子混合物可變化相同離子的價(或氧化)狀態,諸如Fe2+或Fe3+
當混合該等離子活性材料用以附著至碳奈米管時,該混合物可全然係偶然,諸如其產生自該離子活性材料化合物的自然狀態;或該混合物可係故意混合不同離子活性材料,包括呈不同化學或物理狀態的那些。在包含使用鋰離子之可漂移的離子混合物之某些情況中,該鋰離子可係該混合物的少數離子組分,雖然此通常非為較佳組態。當使用多於一種離子時,則Li離子對其它總離子之比率以至少2:1、或3:1或10:1為較佳,及可高如25:1(莫耳比率)。
該附著至分散的碳奈米管之離子活性材料亦可對諸如燃料電池、感應器、電容器、光電伏特計及觸媒之應用有用。
實驗實施例
包括下列實驗實施例用以闡明本揭示的特別面向。應該由一般熟知此技藝之人士察知的是,在下列實施例中所描述的方法僅代表本揭示之闡明性具體實例。一般熟知此技藝之人士應該按照本揭示察知,可在所描述的特定具體實例中製得許多改變仍然獲得類似或相似的結果而沒有離開本揭示之精神及範圍。
實施例1 合適於鋰離子電池陽極材料之具有附著的氧化銅奈米粒子之分散的碳奈米管
將102毫克已氧化至約8重量百分比且縱深比率約60的多壁碳奈米管(CNano,等級C9000)加入至100毫克硫酸銅、640毫克EDTA鈉、15毫克聚乙二醇、568毫克硫酸鈉及60毫升去離子水。聲波處理該混合物10分鐘,然後加熱至40℃。加入3毫升甲醛(37%溶液)及500毫克氫氧化鈉,以將pH帶至12.2。在85℃下攪拌該混合物30分鐘,然後使用5微米PVDF過濾器過濾並以200毫升去離子水清洗。所產生之經塗佈的多壁管顯示出銅色澤顏色。電子顯微圖顯示出氧化銅顆粒直徑約50至150奈米且由良好分散的碳奈米管互相連接。
實施例2 合適於鋰離子電池陰極材料之具有磷酸鋰鐵塗佈在管表面 上之分散的碳奈米管
將0.2克已氧化至約8重量百分比且縱深比率約60之多壁碳奈米管(CNano,等級C9000)加入至23.5克二甘醇,並聲波處理15分鐘。該溶液呈灰色。加入1.16克已溶解在4毫升去離子水中的醋酸鐵並在氮氣中加熱、攪拌及超音波處理該混合物。在140℃下1小時後,加入0.65克醋酸鋰與0.74克磷酸銨在4.2毫升去離子水中的溶液。將溫度昇高至約185℃超過30分鐘,然後保持在185℃下4小時。將該混合物冷卻至110℃及聲波處理5分鐘,接著進一步冷卻至周溫同時攪拌。藉由離心從該混合物中分離出固體,接著以乙醇洗滌。在真空中將所產生的粉末乾燥至固定重量。
測量所產生的乾燥粉末,其具有電阻2,000歐姆-公分(與商業獲得的樣品比較,其經測量如為19,000歐姆-公分)。
實施例3
使用研缽及杵研磨商業獲得的磷酸鋰鐵與已氧化至約8重量百分比且縱深比率約60之多壁碳奈米管(CNano,等級C9000),其中鋰鹽對碳奈米管的重量比率係5:1及1:1。然後,以0.7:1的重量比率(與碳奈米管比較)加入十二烷基硫酸鈉(SDS),及將去離子水加入至所產生的混合物,以便於鋰鹽及界面活性劑存在下提供0.5重量百分比的碳奈米管溶液。聲波處理該混合物1小時,然後使用聚偏二氟乙烯過濾器(0.2微米)過濾出固體,以去離子水清洗及乾 燥。以磷酸鋰鐵塗佈之分散的碳奈米管之顯微圖顯示在第1圖中。該粉末的電阻結果提供在表1中,電阻單位係歐姆-公分。
實施例4 於五重量百分比氧化的碳奈米管存在下製備磷酸鋰鎂
將37.439克醋酸錳II溶解在5.0毫升水中及加入至589毫升已經在反應容器中的二甘醇(DEG)。然後,在攪拌及溫和的氮氣流下,將該混合物加熱至目標溫度140℃,以蒸發掉水。使用超音波,將1.119克具有4%氧化且平均縱深比率60之氧化的碳奈米管(來自CNano,等級C9000,平均直徑13奈米)分散在222.2毫升二甘醇(0.5 w/v%)中,同時攪拌30分鐘。額外將14.4434克的醋酸鋰及16.4497克的磷酸二氫銨溶解在90毫升水中。將該氧化的碳奈米管、醋酸鋰及磷酸二氫銨之分散液加入至該反應媒質,同時攪拌及使用超音波。提高加熱以維持目標溫度攝氏180度3小時,同時維持固定的氮氣流。在反應結束後,關掉加熱 及超音波,同時當該系統冷卻至室溫時攪拌及維持氮氣。
該產物係一高黏度暗灰色流體。離心該塗佈磷酸鋰鎂的碳奈米管並以無水乙醇清洗固體三次。產物的電子顯微圖顯示在第2圖中。在第2圖中,多數管顯示出具有約20-40奈米厚的磷酸鋰鎂塗層。該塗層未如於實施例1中所看見般平滑。
實施例5 有用作為鋰電池的陽極活性材料之組成物,從異丙氧化鈦作為前驅物就地合成TiO2-氧化的碳奈米管組成物
將0.179克已氧化至約4重量%且縱深比率約60的碳奈米管(來自CNano,等級C-9000)加入至27.3毫升NMP及2.7毫升RO水,並聲波處理1小時以獲得完全剝離的溶液。藉由將3.41毫升異丙氧化鈦(Sigma-Aldrich)加入至18毫升異丙醇(Ultra Pure Solution,Inc.)來製備19 v/v%溶液,且在超音波下,伴隨著攪拌將其逐滴加入至該已剝離的碳奈米管分散液。然後,密封該反應容器及溫和地加熱至稍微高於室溫1小時。在整個反應時期維持超音波及中等攪拌速度。藉由Buchner過濾器在真空下過濾所獲得的反應產物,以乙醇清洗以移除NMP,並在真空中乾燥至固定重量。電子顯微圖(第3圖)顯示出大小50-100奈米鍵結至分開的經良好分散的碳奈米管之二氧化鈦結晶。
第1圖示出鋰鹽以奈米層被塗佈在分散的碳奈米管上。
第2圖顯示出本發明之具有5%氧化的碳奈米管之LiMnO4
第3圖顯示出二氧化鈦結晶附著至分散的碳奈米管。

Claims (13)

  1. 一種對鋰離子電池有用的組成物,其包含:分散的碳奈米管,該分散的碳奈米管具有鋰離子活性材料的結晶或層附著至其表面。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物,其中該鋰離子活性材料的結晶或層包含鋰金屬鹽及一選自於由下列所組成之群的元素:鐵、錳、鈷、銅、鎳、釩、鈦及其混合物。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第2項之組成物,其中該鋰金屬鹽具有橄欖石結晶結構。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物,其中該鋰離子活性材料的結晶或層包含錫、矽、銅、銻、鋁、鍺、鈦或其混合物。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物,其中該分散的碳奈米管具有縱深比率10至500及氧化程度係該碳奈米管的1%至15重量%。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物,更包含石墨烯或氧化的石墨烯。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第6項之組成物,其中該石墨烯對 碳奈米管的重量比率係在範圍0.1:99.9至99.9:0.1內。
  8. 一種用以生產具有鋰離子活性材料的結晶或層附著至其表面之分散的碳奈米管的方法,其步驟包括:a)選擇縱深比率10至500及氧化程度1%至15%重量百分比的碳奈米管:b)混合該碳奈米管與高沸點液體:c)加入正確平衡的試劑以合成鋰鹽:d)在一溫度下反應該混合物以形成鋰鹽,同時聲波處理該混合物:e)從該液體中分離出該固體分散的碳奈米管鹽;及f)在惰性環境中,於足夠的溫度下乾燥及退火該固體分散的碳奈米管鹽,以獲得橄欖石結晶結構。
  9. 一種用以生產具有鋰離子活性材料的結晶或層附著至其表面之分散的碳奈米管之方法,其步驟包括:a)選擇縱深比率10至500及氧化程度1%至15重量%的碳奈米管;b)在具有界面活性劑的液體中混合該碳奈米管及鋰鹽;c)聲波處理該液體碳奈米管/鋰鹽混合物;d)從該液體中分離出該固體鹽;及e)在惰性環境中,於足夠的溫度下乾燥及退火該固體具有附著的鋰鹽之分散的碳奈米管,以獲得橄欖石結晶結 構。
  10. 一種對鋰離子電池有用的組成物,其包含具有鋰離子活性材料的結晶或層附著至其表面之分散的碳奈米管,其中該碳奈米管以碳奈米管對鋰鹽的重量比率計係0.1%至10%。
  11. 一種對鋰離子電池有用的組成物,其包含具有鋰離子活性材料的結晶或層附著至其表面之氧化的碳奈米管,其中該碳奈米管以小於1微米的尺度均勻地分散而沒有團化。
  12. 一種對鋰離子電池有用的組成物,其包含均勻可分散的氧化的碳奈米管,其具有鋰離子活性材料的結晶或層附著至其表面。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第12項之組成物,其中該鋰離子活性材料的結晶或層化學附著至該可分散的氧化的碳奈米管的表面。
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