TWI250020B - Neurotoxin implant - Google Patents

Neurotoxin implant Download PDF

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Publication number
TWI250020B
TWI250020B TW090112093A TW90112093A TWI250020B TW I250020 B TWI250020 B TW I250020B TW 090112093 A TW090112093 A TW 090112093A TW 90112093 A TW90112093 A TW 90112093A TW I250020 B TWI250020 B TW I250020B
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Taiwan
Prior art keywords
neurotoxin
botulinum toxin
toxin
release
units
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TW090112093A
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English (en)
Inventor
Stephen Donovan
Daniel G Brady
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Allergan Sales Llc
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A61K9/0024Solid, semi-solid or solidifying implants, which are implanted or injected in body tissue
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/43Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/46Hydrolases (3)
    • A61K38/48Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • A61K38/4886Metalloendopeptidases (3.4.24), e.g. collagenase
    • A61K38/4893Botulinum neurotoxin (3.4.24.69)
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A61P21/02Muscle relaxants, e.g. for tetanus or cramps
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/14Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Neurology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Dermatology (AREA)
  • Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
  • Psychology (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)

Description

1250020
經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 背景 本發明是有關控制釋出之藥物遞送系統。特言之 明疋有關控制釋出之神經毒素遞送系統。 控制釋出系統指可在特定時期中以預 内遞送藥物。一舻而丄 雜山、古t, 义千万、右月丘 夕 I而a,釋出速率由系統設計而決定, 且大多和如pH之環境條件無關。可在數年期間遞送藥物 之控制釋出系統是已知的。相反的’持續釋出系統通常 以24小時以下之時間遞送藥物,且環境因素會影響釋出 速率。因此,藥物自植入的控制釋出系(”植入物”)之釋 出速率是载劑植入物質及藥物本身物化特性之函數關 係 典型而s,植入物係由惰性物質所製成,其少或不 會謗生宿主反應。 控制釋出系統可包括納入載劑中,之具生物活性之藥 物。载劑則可爲聚合物或生物陶瓷材質。控制釋出系統 可注射’嵌入或植入病人身體所選定之處,並駐留長時 間,在此藥物以可提供欲求治療效力之方式及濃度下由 植入物所釋出。 聚合材質可由於擴散,化學反應或溶劑活化作用而釋 出藥物,以及可受磁性,超音波或溫度變化等因素之影 響。擴散可始自貯存槽或基質。化學控制可因聚合物降 解或藥物自聚合物中解離所致。溶劑活化則涉及聚合物 之泡脹或等滲作用。見如Science 249 ; 1527-1533 : 1990 〇 膜或貯存槽式植入物依生物活性劑穿越聚合物膜之擴散 -4 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁)
本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X 297公釐) ——— 1250020 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 A7 B7 五、發明説明(2) 而定。基質植入物含有聚合基質,其中生物活性劑係均勻 地分佈其中。泡漲·控制之釋出系統通常以親水性質且呈玻 璃狀聚合物爲基礎,其在生物流體中或在某些環境刺激存 在下會泡漲。 較好,所使用的植入物質是實質上無毒,無致癌性,且 無免疫原性的。適合的植入物材質包括聚合物,如聚(2 -羥 基乙基異丁烯酸酯)(p_HEMA),聚(N·乙烯基吡咯啶酮(p-NVP)+,聚(乙烯醇)(Pva),聚(N·丙烯酸)(PAA),聚二 甲基矽氧烷類(PDMS ),乙烯-醋酸乙缔酯共聚物(eVAc), 聚乙晞峨咯啶酮/異丁烯酸酯共聚物,聚甲基異丁烯酸酯 (PMMA),聚(乳酸)(PLA),聚(乙醇酸)(PGA),聚酐類, 聚(原酸醋),膠原蛋白及纖維質衍生物及生物陶瓷類,如 經嶙灰石(ΗΡΑ),磷酸三鋁(TCP)及磷酸鋁鈣(ALcap)。 乳酸’乙醇酸及膠原蛋白可用來製作具生物可降解性質之 植入物。 含有使治療性藥物可延長遞送之聚合物之控制釋出系統 是已知的。例如,含有非生物可降解聚合物之皮下貯存槽 式植入物,可用來釋放出避孕類固醇,如黃體製劑,劑量 爲25-30毫克/天高達六個月(及N〇rplant®植入物)。另外, 葡聚酷(分子量約2百萬)也可自植入物聚合物中釋出。 植入物材質可以是生物可降解的或生物可侵蝕的。生物 可侵餘的植入物之優點是其勿需自病人中移出。生物可侵 蝕的植入物可以生物活性物質之膜或基質釋出爲據。自 PLA_PGA中製成之生物可降解的微球已知可供皮下=肌内 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁)
-5- 1250020 A7 B7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 五、發明說明() 投藥。 可降解之植入物在其控制釋出的整個期間内較好保持其 結構完整性,如此若欲求或在正常要求下移去是可移去 的。若納入之藥下降至治療水平以下後,可生物降解之植 入物可完全降解而不保留任何藥物,其可在更長期間以低 水平釋出。由可降解材料製成之皮下植入物及可注射的微 球,如乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物,聚己内酮及膽固醇,以遞送類 固醇,是已知的。 蛋白質植入物 用於大分子,如蛋白質,之控制釋出系統是已知的。因 此,其中納有高分子量蛋白質之生物可相容的聚合團塊, 已被植入並示出在超過100天之長時期下可使蛋白質連續 地釋出。各種不安定的,高分子量酵素/如驗性磷酸酶,分 子量88 kD,及催化酶,分子量250 kD)已被納入生物相容 之聚合植入物内,並有長期且連續釋出之特性。一般而 言,增加澆鑄溶液中聚合物濃度會降低蛋白質自植入物釋 出之最初速率。Nature 263 ; 797-800 : 1976。 另外,白蛋白可自EVAc植入物中釋出,且聚賴胺酸可自 膠原蛋白爲基礎之微球中釋出。Mallapragada S.K. et al., 在 p431,chp27, Von Recum,A.F. Handbook of Biomaterials Evaluation, second edition, Taylor & Francis ( 1999) 0 另 外,也有人研究破傷風類毒素自微球之釋出,同上,在 432。多孔的EVAc共聚物皮下嵌入也已示出可在長達100 天期間釋放胰島素。同上在433。 -6 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) ^ 、 Γ 良 • m in i n -1 n I ·ϋ ϋ ϋ« I 0 ·ϋ ϋ ϋ ϋ ϋ- n n I 、· 1 n ·ϋ n ·ϋ i·— 1_1 I (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1250020 A7 B7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 五、發明說明() 再者,已知將蛋白質如人類生長激素(hGH)(分子量約26 kD)包膠至聚合基質内,其當植入時可令人類生長激素於 活體内釋出達約一週。美國專利案No. 5,667,808。 控制釋出系統(即’’植入物ff)使蛋白質之釋放呈現高的最 初爆發,繼之以最低之釋出。不幸地,由於在控制釋出基 質内高濃度的蛋白質使其分子易於凝集且易形成變性的, 具免疫原性的,蛋白質濃縮物。 脈動式釋出植入物 水凝膠已被用來構築單脈衝及多脈衝之藥物遞送植入 物。單脈衝植入物可等滲地控制或溶化地控制。Doelker E., Cellulose Derivatives, Adv Polym. Sci 107 ; 199-265 : 1993。已知某些物質自植入物之多重脈衝可由反應環境變 化而達成,環境變化變數如溫度(Mater Res Soc Symp Proc, 331 ; 211-216 : 1994 ; J. Contr Rel 15 ; 141-152 : 1991), pH 値(Mater Res Soc Symp Proc,33 1 ; 199-204 : 1994), 離子強度(React Polym,25 ; 127-137 : 1995),磁場(J.
Biomed. Mater Res, 21 ; 1367-1373 : 1987)或超音波。 不幸地,由非可生物降解之聚合物所製成之皮下可植入 式藥物團塊,具有需外科植入及移除之缺點。使用生物可 相容且生物可侵蚀之植入物可克服非生物可降解之植入物 之明顯缺點。生物可降解之植入物可以長時間釋出藥物, 並可同時或接續地將聚合物降解在組織内或組份,由是避 免移除植入物的任何需求。如見,Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 24(12) ; 1129·1138 : 1998 0 -7- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) ----------I----- (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 訂--------線· l25〇〇2〇 五、 發明說明( 5 可降解的聚合物可以是表面 塊或均質妝的取人μ 1又蝕心聚泛物,和呈現團 々聚$物相反。表面可侵ϋ之聚人你π 表面隆鉉,rxt U又蚀'^灰合物僅自其外 宁 Q此藥物之釋出和聚人物 合的此臂人私 f㈣口物知蝕速率成比例。適 7此灰合物可以是聚酐。 訂 素厭氧肉肉毒梭菌可產生強力”肽神經毒 嶽^素,其可在人類及動物令造成神經麻痺性病 ^冉(馬肉毒毒素病。肉毒梭菌之胞子見於土壤中,並 豕用罐頭工廠之不適當滅菌及熔封之食品容器中生長, 此爲許多肉毒毒素病的病因。肉毒毒素病之作用通常在吃 下受肉毒梭菌培養物或胞子感染之食品後18至36小時後出 現。很顯然地,肉毒毒素可未減毒地通過腸遒内襯,並侵 犯周邊運動神經元。肉毒毒素中毒之症狀,可由難以行 走’吞識及説話發展成呼吸肌肉之麻痒及死亡。 線 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 A型肉母毒素已知是人類最致命的天然生物作用劑。約 5 〇微微克商品化之A型肉毒毒素(純化之神經毒素複合物) 疋老鼠之LD5〇(即1單位)。1單位的BOTOX®含有約5 0微微 克(約56原子)的A型$毒毒素複合物。令人感興趣的,在 莫耳濃度基礎上,A型肉毒毒素之致命率均爲破傷風的ls 十億倍,爲氰化鈉的約600百萬倍,爲眼鏡蛇毒素的約3 0 百萬倍’及傷寒的約1 2百萬倍。Singh,Critical Aspects of Bacterial Protein Toxins,p63_84 (ch4) of Natural Toxins II, edited by B. R. Singh et al., Plenum Press, New York (1996) (其中所陳述的A型肉毒毒素0.3毫微克LD 5〇相當於1單 -8 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 x 297公釐) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1250020 A7 B7 五、發明說明(6 ) 位’是約0.05耄微克BOTOX®相當於1單位之事實之校 正)。1單位(u)的肉毒毒素定義爲於腹膜内注入重各18_ 2 0克之雌的Swiss Webster -老鼠時之LD 5。値)。 已鑑定出七種免疫學上不同的肉毒神經毒素,分別爲 A , B,Ci,D,E,F及G血清型之肉毒神經毒素,其各自 由型特異抗體之中和作用可予以區別。不同的肉毒毒素血 清型因動物種類而異,其可影響所謗生之麻痒現象及其嚴 重度和作用期。例如,已決定知A型肉毒毒素和B型比較 下,以在大鼠身上造成之麻痺速率來測度,前者強5〇〇倍 以上。另外,B型肉毒毒素在48〇單位/公斤之劑量下,於 靈長類中是無毒的,此是A型靈長類中LD5〇之約12倍。很 顯然,肉毒毒素以高親和力結合至膽鹼能運動神經元,其 可轉位至神經元並阻斷乙醯膽驗之釋出。 估不論血清型,毒素中毒之分子機制似乎是相似的,且 至少涉及三個步驟或階段。在第一個步驟中,毒素經由重 鏈,Η鏈,及細胞表面受體間特異的交互作用而可與標的 神經j之突觸前膜結合;受體對各型肉毒毒素及破傷風毒 素而言被視爲是不同的。H鏈之羧基末端片段,Η。,對於 將毒素對準在細胞表面上似乎是重要的。 在第二步驟中,毒素可穿越已中毒細胞之漿膜。毒素先 經由受體-調介之細胞攝粒作用而爲細胞所吸入,再形成含 有母素心内囊胞。毒素再自内囊胞中逃出進入細胞之胞質 内。此步驟被視爲由Η鏈之胺基末端片段,Hn,所調介, 其可因反應pH値約5.5以下而啓動毒素之構型變化。已知 -9 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格⑵G x 297公釐) ---------------------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) !25〇〇2〇 A7 _______B7 五、發明説明(7 ) 内囊胞具有質子泵,其可減低内囊胞内之pH値。構型之移 動會曝露出毒素之疏水性殘基’此令毒素本身包埋在内囊 胞膜内。毒素(或最少是輕鏈)再轉位經由内囊胞膜至胞質 内。 肉毒毒素活性機制的最後步驟似乎涉及連接重鏈(Η鏈) 及輕鏈(L鏈)之雙硫鍵之還原。肉毒及破傷風毒素之完整 的毒性是包含在完全毒素之L鏈上,· L鏈是一種鋅(Ζη++)肽 鏈内切酶,其所選擇性解離之蛋白質是具有漿膜之胞質表 面之含神經遞質小囊在確認及停泊上,以及囊與漿膜融合 上所必要之蛋白質。破傷風神經毒素,及Β,d,F及G型 肉毒毒素可造成突觸短素(Synapt〇brevin)(也稱爲與囊有關 之膜蛋白質(VAMP))之降解,其爲一種突觸體膜蛋白質。 出現在突觸囊胞質表面的大多數VAMP,可因這些解離事 件任一者之結果而被移去。A及E血清型可解離SNAP-2 5。 山血清型最早被認爲可解離桑塔素(syntaxin),但發現其 可解離桑%素及SNAP- 25。各毒素可特異地解離不同的鍵 (除了破傷風及B型係解離相同的鍵)。 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 肉毒毒素在臨床定位上已被用於治療特徵在於過度活躍 之骨骼肌之神經肌肉失調症上。A型肉毒毒素已爲FDA在 1989許可應用於治療臉痙攣,斜視及半面痙攣。非a型肉 毒毒素血清型和A型比較下,前者顯然有較低之強度及/或 較短的活性期。A型肉毒毒素周邊肌内之臨床作用,通常 可在注射1週内看得到。由於A型肉毒毒素單一劑肌内注射 而獲致之症狀舒緩典型作用期平均約3個月。 -10- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公羡) 1250020 A7 B7 五、發明説明(8 ) 雖然所有的肉毒毒素血清型很明顯的可抑制神經肌肉接 合點處神經遞質乙醯膽鹼之釋出,其係經由影響不同的神 經分泌性蛋白質及/或在不同部位解離這些蛋白質而如此進 行。例如,A及E型肉毒毒素可解離25 kD突觸體相關的蛋 白質(SNAP - 2 5 ),但其係對準此蛋白質内不同的胺基酸序 列。B,D,F及G型肉毒毒素作用在與囊一相關的蛋白質 (VAMP,也稱爲突觸短素),且各血清型解離不同位置之 蛋白質。最後,Ci型肉毒毒素已示出可解離桑塔素及 SNAP - 25。這些在作用機制上之差異可影響各種肉毒毒素 血清型之相對強度及/或作用期。很明顯的,肉毒毒素之受 質可見於各種不同的細胞型式中。見如Biochem,J. 1 ; 339 (pt 1) : 159-65 : 1999,及 Mov Disord,10(3) : 376 : 1995 (胰臟小島B細胞含有至少SNAP - 2 5及突觸短素)。 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 肉毒毒素蛋白質分子之分子量,對七種已知之肉毒毒素 血清型而言是約150 kD。令人感興趣的,肉毒毒素係以複 合物型式由梭菌所釋出,其中包括150 kD肉毒毒素蛋白質 分子,加上相關之非毒素蛋白質。因此,A型肉毒毒素複 合物可以900 kD,500 kD及300 kD型式由梭菌產生。B及 Ci型肉毒毒素很明顯的僅以700 kD或500 kD複合物型式產 生。D型肉毒毒素則以300 kD及500 kD複合物型式產生。 最後,E及F型肉毒毒素則僅以約300 kD複合物型式產生。 複合物(即分子量大於約150 kD)咸信含有非毒素血球凝集 素蛋白質,及非毒素及無毒性的非血球凝集素蛋白質。此 二非毒素蛋白質(其加上肉毒毒素分子包括相關的神經毒素 -11 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210 X297公釐) 1250020 A7 B7 五、發明説明(9 ) 複合物)其可對肉毒毒素分子之變性提供穩定性,且當毒素 被攝入時可保護免於消化性酸素之作用。另外,也可能較 大的(大於約150 kD分子量)肉毒毒素複合物將使得肉毒毒 素由肌内注射位置處之擴散速率減緩。 試管内研究已示出,肉毒毒素可抑制由钾陽離子所謗導 的乙醯膽驗及正腎上腺素自腦幹組織及初級細胞培養物中 之釋出。另外有報告指出,肉毒毒素可抑制脊柱神經之初 級培養物中甘胺酸及穀胺醯胺唤起的釋出,且在腦突觸體 製劑中肉毒毒素可抑制神經遞質乙醯膽鹼,多巴胺,正腎 上腺素各自之釋出(Habermann E.,et al_, Tetanus Toxin and Botulinum A 及 C Neurotoxins Inhibit Noradrenaline Release From Cultured Mouse Brain, J. Neurochem 51(2) ; 552-527 : 1998)CGRP,P物質及穀胺醯胺亦然(Sanchez-Prieto, J·,et al·, Botulinum Toxin A Blocks Glutamate Exocytosis From Guinea Pig Cerebral Cortical Synaptosomes, Eur J. Biochem. 165 ; 675-681 : 1987。因此,當使用適度濃度,大多數神 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁)
經遞質之刺激·謗生之釋出可爲肉毒毒素所阻斷。見Pearce, L. B., Pharmacologic Characterization of Botulinum Toxin For Basic Science and Medicine,Toxicon 35(9) ; 1373-1412 ,在 1393 (1997) ; Bigalke H·,et al·,Botulinum A
Neurotoxin Inhibits Non-Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission in Mouse Spinal Cord Neurons in Culture, Brain Research 360 ; 3 18-324 : 1985 ; Habermann E., Inhibition by Tetanus and Botulinum A Toxin of the Release of [3 H ] Noradrenaline -12- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公釐) 1250020 A7 B7 五、發明説明(Λ and [3 H] GABA From Rat Brain Homogenate, Experientia 44 ; 224-226 : 1988,Bigalke H·,et al·,Tetanus Toxin and
Botulinum A Toxin Inhibit Release and Uptake of Various Transmitters, as Studied with Particulate Preparations From Rat Brain and Spinal Cord, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 316 ; 244-251 : 1981,及;Jankovic J. et al·,
Therapy With Botulinum Toxin,Marcel Dekker,Inc·,(1994), p5 0 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) A型肉毒毒素之獲得,可在醱酵槽中確立及培養肉毒梭 菌培養物,再依已知步驟回收及純化已醱酵之混合物。所 有的肉毒毒素血清型最初均以無活性之單鏈蛋白質型式合 成,其必需爲蛋白酶所解離或弄缺口才成爲具神經活性。 可製備A及G血清型之菌株具有内源的蛋白酶,因此A及G 型可主要以其具活性之型式自細菌培養中回收。相反的, Ci,D及E血清型由無蛋白水解之菌株合成,因此通常以 非活化型式自培養物中回收。B及F血清型可由蛋白水解及 非蛋白水解菌株所產生,因此可以活性型式或無活性型式 回收。然而,即使是蛋白水解菌株,所產生之B型肉毒毒 素對所產生之毒素也僅可部份解離。有缺口與無缺口分子 之確實比例依培養之長度及溫度而定。因此,B型肉毒毒 素任何製劑之特定比例似乎是無活性的,可能歸因於已知 和A型比較下,b型肉毒毒素之強度顯然較低些。臨床製劑 中無活性肉毒毒素分子之存在,可造成製劑整體的蛋白質 負單,其和增加之抗原性有關,非歸因於其臨床效力。另 -13- ^紙張尺度適用中國國家系準(CNS ) A4規格(210/297公瘦1 1250020 A7 B7 五、發明説明(11 ) 外,已知B型肉毒毒素一旦肌内注射,具有較短的活性 期,在相同劑量下和A型比較,也不如A型強力。
高品質之晶形A型肉毒毒素可產自肉毒梭菌之Hall A菌 株,特性是23 X 107單位/毫克A26〇/A 2 7 8少於0.60,且在凝 膠電泳上有明顯的帶狀型式。已知的Shantz過程可用來獲 得晶形 A 型肉毒毒素,如 Shantz,E. J.,et al,Properties and Use of Botulinum Toxin and Other Microbial Neurotoxins in Medicine,Microbiol Rev· 56 ; 80-99 : 1992。一般而言,A 型肉毒毒素複合物可由培養A型肉毒梭菌於適合的培養 基,再自厭氧醱酵中分離及純化。一旦分出非毒素蛋白 質,也可使用已知製程獲得純的肉毒毒素,如:純化的A 型肉毒毒素,具約150 kD分子量,及1-2 X 108 LD50單位/ 毫克以上之比強度;純化的B型肉毒毒素,具有約156 kD 分子量,1 - 2 X 1 0 8 LD5G單位/毫克以上之比強度;及經純 化的F型肉毒毒素,約155 kD分子量,1-2 X 107 LD50單位 /毫克以上之比強度。 經濟部中央標準局員工消费合作社印裝 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 肉毒毒素及/或肉毒毒素複合物可得自List Biological Laboratories, Inc., Campbell, California ; the Cantre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, U.K., Wako (Osaka,Japan),Metabiologics (Madison,Wisconsin)以 及 Sigma Chemicals of St. Louis,Missouri 0 純的肉毒毒素也是不安定的,其通常不用來製備藥學組 成物。再者,肉毒毒素複合物,如A型也極易感受由於表 面變性,熱及鹼性條件下之變性作用。無活性之毒素可形 -14- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X 297公釐) 1250020 A7 B7 1? 五、發明説明() 成類毒素蛋白質,其可能具免疫原性。生成之抗體使病人 變得難耐毒素之注射。 至於酵素,大體而言肉毒毒素之生物活性(其是細胞内肽 酶)至少部份是和其三度空間構型有關。因此,A型肉毒毒 素可以加熱,各種化學物質之表面拉引及表面乾燥而予以 解毒。另外,已知將以已知之培養,醱酵及純化而得之毒 素複合物稀釋至藥學組成調和物所使用之十分十分低毒素 濃度時,除非存在有適合的穩定劑,會造成毒素快速的解 毒作用。將毒素由毫克的量稀釋至每毫升毫微克之溶液會 出現難處,因爲在此大量稀釋下會快速流失比毒性。另 外,一旦調和成含毒素之藥學組成物,則毒素可使用數月 或數年之久。顯然的,已知毒素在製造及混合過程,以及 在貯存間可經由穩定劑之使用而穩定之,如白蛋白及明 膠。 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 含有商品化肉毒毒素之藥學組成物,以商品名BOTOX® 出售(可購自 Allergan,Inc.,of Irvine,California)。BOTOX® 含有經純化的A型肉毒毒素複合物,白蛋白及氯化鈉包裝 在無菌且眞空-乾燥型式下。A型肉毒毒素由培養在含有N-Z胺及酵母浸膏之培養基之肉毒梭菌Hall菌株培養物所製 成。A型肉毒毒素複合物以一系列酸沉澱法純化自培養溶 液,生成由活性且高分子量毒素蛋白質及相關的血球凝集 素蛋白質組成之晶狀複合物。晶狀複合物再溶解於含有食 鹽水及白蛋白之溶液中,於眞空乾燥前再無菌過濾(0.2微 米)。經眞空-乾燥之產物再貯於-5 Ό以下或冷凍中。 -15- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) Α4規格(210Χ297公釐) 1250020
五、發明說明( 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 BOTOX⑧可以無菌,無保藏劑之食鹽水在肌内注射前重組 〈。BOTOX、小瓶内含有約!⑼單位的由a型肉毒梭菌純 化而^來炙神經毒素複合物,〇5亳克人類血清白蛋白,及 〇’94克氣化鈉,於無菌且無保藏劑之眞空乾燥型式下。 #爲了重組經眞空-乾燥之Β0Τ0χ⑬,可使用無保藏劑之無 菌生理食鹽水(〇 9%注射用氣化鈉),係在適當大小之注射 器中吸取適量之稀釋劑。由於Β〇τ〇χ®可因通入汽泡或類 似的劇烈攪動而變性,通常是將稀釋劑緩緩注入小瓶内。 基於無菌理由,Β0Τ0Χ@較好在自冰箱移出且重組後4小時 内投予。在此4小時内,經重組之Β〇τ〇χ®貯於約2 π至約8 1之冰箱中。經重組,冷藏之Β〇τ〇χ®保育其強度達至少 二週。Neurology 48 ·· 249-53 : 1997 〇 已有報告指出,A型肉毒毒素臨床定位如下: (1) 約75- 125單位的BOTOX®每劑肌内注射(多重肌肉)可 治療頸張力障礙; (2) 5_1〇單位B0T0X@每劑肌内注射可治療眉間紋(眉 溝)(5單位肌内注入突肌,且10單位肌内注入各皺狀上 肌); (3) 約3 0-80單位BOTC〇^可治療便秘,係由括約肌内注 入恥骨肛門肌; (4) 每條肌肉約1-5單位B0T0X@肌内注射以治療瞼麻 痺’係注入上眼險之側險板前輪狀肌及下險之側險板前之 輪狀肌。 (5) 爲治療斜視,眼外肌肉由肌内注入約丨巧單位的 -16- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------訂---------線"1^" (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 125〇〇2〇 A 7 經濟部中央榡準局員工消費合作社印製
^~*——_______ B7 發明説明(14^ 。、X /主射量依欲注射之肌肉大小及欲求之肌肉麻痒 私度而走(即欲求校正之屈光度量)。 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) ()爲/口療中風後上肢麻痒,可肌内注射Β〇τ〇χ@至五處 不同的上肢屈肌: (a) 屈指深肌:7.5單位至30單位 (b) 屈指淺肌:7.5單位至30單位 (c )尺側屈腕肌〇單位至4 〇單位 (d)橈側屈腕肌:15單位至6〇單位 、(e)肱二頭肌:50單位至200單位。五種肌肉在相同治 療期間時汪射’如此由肌内注射在各治療期間,病人可在 上肢屈肌共接受由90單位至360單位之ΒΟΤΟχ®。 (7)爲治療偏頭痛,25單位BOTOX®顱周注入(對稱地注 入眉間,額及顳肌)已示出對偏頭痛之預防性治療有顯著的 奴處’此係與溶媒比較而言,並由偏頭痛頻率之減少,最 大嚴重度’相關之嘔吐及在投予2 5單位注射的3個月期間 急性藥物使用減少等測知。 已知A型肉毒毒素之效力可長達12個月(Eur〇peaji j
Neurology 6 (Supp 4) : S111-S1150 : 1999),且在某些狀況 下可長達 27 個月(The Laryngoscope 109 : 1344-1346 ·· 1999)。然而,B0T0X®肌内注射的一般注射期約3至4個 A型肉毒毒素成功地治療各種臨床狀況,引發起對其他 肉毒毒素血清型之興趣。因此進行二種商品化A型肉毒毒 ~一繼……丨… -17- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公釐) 1250020 五___I_ 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印裝 A7 B7 發明説明(15)
Wako Chemicals,Japan)之研究以決定局部肌肉耗弱效力, 安全性及抗原性潛力之研究。將肉毒毒素製劑注入右腓腸 肌頭部(0.5-200.0單位/公斤),再利用老鼠趾外展計分分析 (DAS)評估肌肉之虛弱。ED50値由劑量反應曲線中計算出 來。另外的老鼠給予肌内注射以決定L D 5 〇劑量。以L D 5 〇 / E D 5 〇値算出治療指數。不同的組別,或接受BOTOX®後肢 注射(5·0· 10.0單位/公斤)或B型肉毒毒素(50.0_400.0單位/ 公斤),並測試肌肉虛弱性及增加之水耗量,後者是口乾之 假想模式。抗原性強度由兔子每月肌内注射而評估(1.5或 6.5毫微克/公斤於Β型肉毒毒素,或0.15毫微克/公斤於 BOTOX®)。所有血清型,其肌肉虛弱之高峰及作用期均和 劑量有關。DAS ED5〇値(單位/公斤)如下:BOTOX® : 6.7, Dysport® : 24.7,B 型肉毒毒素:27.0-244.0,F 型:4.3。 BOTOX®有較B或F型更長之作用期。治療指數値如下: BOTOX® : 10.5,Dysport® : 6.3。B 型肉毒毒素:3.2,注 入B型之耗水量大於BOTOX®,然而在肌肉虛弱效力上B型 效率較低些。4個月注射後,4隻中2隻(以1.5毫微克/公斤 處理組)及4隻中4隻(以6.5毫微克/公斤處理組)兔子會發展 出抗B型肉毒毒素之抗體。在另一研究中,以BOTOX®處理 之兔子中9隻無一隻會生成抗A型之抗體。DAS結果顯示A 型之強度峰相當於F型,且F型又大於B型。關於作用期, A型肉毒毒素大於B型,B型作用期大於F型。如治療指數 値所示,二個商品化之A型肉毒毒素製劑(BOTOX®及 Dysport®)是不同的。後肢注入B型肉毒毒素後觀察到之耗 -18- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公釐) (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1250020 A7 B7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印制衣 五、發明說明() 水行爲增加顯示,此血清型有相當大量在臨床上會進入鼠 之全身循環。結果也顯示,爲了達到比得上A型之效率, 必須增加其他受檢血清型之劑量。增加之劑量包括安全 性。再者,在兔子中,B型之抗原性甚於BOTOX®,可能是 因爲爲了達成B型之有效劑量,而有較高之蛋白質負擔所 S文。Eur J Neurol 1999 Nov ; 6 (Suppl 4) : S3-S10 〇 除了在周邊有藥理作用外,肉毒毒素在中樞神經系也會 呈現失神經作用。Wiegand et al,Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 1976 ; 292,161_165 及 Habermann,
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg?s Arch. Pharmacol. 1974 ; 281,47-56 報告,肉毒毒素也可經逆行運送上昇至脊柱區域。如此, 如在周邊部位肌内注入肉毒毒素,有可能可逆行運送至脊 柱。 美國專利案No. 5,989,545揭示一種經修飾之梭菌神經毒 素或其片段,較好是肉毒毒素,化學共軛或重組地稠合至 特殊標的部份,由投予至脊柱可用來治療疼痛。 乙醯膽鹼 通常在哺乳動物神,系統中,各神經元型式僅釋出單一 型式之小分子神經遞質。神經遞質乙醯膽鹼由腦中許多區 域之神經元所分泌,但通常是運動皮質大的錐體細胞,基 礎神經節中許多不同的神經元,神經支配至骨骼肌之運動 神經元,自主神經系之神經節前神經元(交感及副交感均 有),副交感神經系之神經節後神經元,交感神經系中某些 神經節後神經元等。基本上,僅有至汗腺,豎毛肌及一些 -19- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) — — — — —------樣—— (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) —訂---------線- 1250020 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 A7 B7 17 --' 五、發明說明() 血管之神經節後交感神經纖維是膽鹼能的,因爲交感神經 系大多數的神經節後神經元分泌的神經遞質是正腎上腺 素。在大多數例子中,乙醯膽鹼具興奮作用。然而,已知 乙醯膽鹼在某些周邊副交感神經末端具有抑制作用,如由 迷走神經對心跳速率之抑制。 自主神經系之傳出訊號係經由交感神經系或副交感神經 系轉送至身體。交感神經系之神經節前神經元,由位在脊 柱中間及外侧角之神經節前交感神經元細胞體延伸。神經 卽削文感神經纖維,由細胞體延伸,與位於脊柱側交感神 經神經節或在脊柱前神經節之神經節後神經元胞突接合。 由於交感及副交感神經系之神經節前神經元是膽鹼能的, 在神經節上應用乙醯膽驗可刺激交感及副交感神經節後神 經元。 乙酸膽驗可活化二型受體,蕈毒鹼及菸鹼受體。蕈毒鹼 受體見於由神經節後交感神經系神經元所刺激的所有效應 物細胞中’以及由交感神經系之神經節後膽鹼能神經元所 刺激者。於驗受體見於腎上腺髓質,以及在自主神經節 内’其係在神經節後彳中經元之細胞表面上,在交感及副交 感神經系之神經節前及神經節後神經元之胞突上。菸鹼受 體也見於許多非自主神經末端,如在神經肌肉接合處之骨 骼肌肉纖維膜上。 當小的’澄清的細胞内小囊與突觸前神經元細胞膜稠合 下’乙醯膽驗可自膽驗能神經元中釋出。各種的非-神經元 分泌細胞’如腎上腺髓質(以及PC 12細胞株)及胰臟蘭氏小 -20- 本紙張尺度適用中_家標準(CNS)A4規格(21ϋ x 297公髮) -------------—------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注音?事項再填寫本頁) 1250020 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 A7 B7 18 五、發明說明() 島細胞’可自大的,稠密核心囊中分別釋出兒茶酚胺及副 甲狀腺激素。p c 1 2細胞爲大鼠嗜鉻細胞瘤細胞之純系,被 充份用於研究交感腎上腺發展之組織培養模式。肉毒毒素 可於試管内抑制二種化合物自二種細胞型式中之釋出,經 由穿透(如以電泳脈動)或將毒素直接注入失去神經之細胞 内。也已知肉毒毒素可阻斷神經遞質穀胺醯胺自皮質突觸 體細胞培養之釋出。 骨骼肌中神經肌肉接合之形成是將軸突與肌肉細胞趨 近。訊號經由神經系統傳送,可在末端軸突造成作用電 勢’離子道之活化及使神經遞質自神經元内突觸囊中釋 出,例如在神經肌肉接合之運動終板處。乙醯膽鹼穿越細 胞外S間與在肌肉終板表面之乙醯膽鹼受體蛋白質結合。 一旦發生充份的結合,肌肉細胞之作用電勢可造成特異的 膜離子道變化,造成肌肉細胞之收縮。乙醯膽鹼再自肌肉 細胞中釋出,並由細胞外空間之乙醯膽鹼所代謝。代謝物 再循彡衣回到末端轴突’以再處理成進一步的乙酿膽驗。 因此’需要有一種具生物相容性,無免疫原性,非生物 可降解之植入物,其,將治療上有效之神經毒素長期不斷 地釋出之人體内。 發明要點 本發明符合此需求,且提出一種具生物相容性,無免疫 原性,非生物可降解之植入物,其可令神經毒素可長期, 不斷地釋放至人體内。 吾等發現提出一種神經毒素植入物,其克服與重覆快速 -21 _ 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 125〇〇2〇
發明說明( 或皮下注射神經毒素有關之已知問題,困難及缺失, '肉毒毒素,可治療苦痛如移動失調症,包括肌肉痙攣。 C括在:發明範園内之控制釋出系統包括一種聚合基 、士_及疋里位於聚合基質内之神經毒素,其巾分次量之 ?經毒素可在長時期間自聚合基質·中釋出。 申、工母素可g #實質上連續或單相方式自聚合基質中 出,且神經毒素自聚合基質釋出之長時期可由ι〇天至約 6年之久。 聚合基質可由實質上非生物可降解之物質所製成,且神 經毒素可以是—種多肽。料,神經毒素可以是突觸前神 經毒素’如梭菌神經毒素。再者,神經毒素可以是肉毒毒 素,如選自下列包括Α,Τ5 Ρ ^ ^ <㈡「/j匕從八,;6,(:1,;〇,£;,17及〇型肉毒毒 素。以A型爲較佳。 聚合基質中所包括之聚合物可選自下列包括:異丁晞酸 醋Lb各淀酮’乙缔醇’丙缔酸,聚參氧燒類,醋酸 乙烯酉曰,乳酸,乙醇酸,膠原蛋白,及生物陶瓷聚合物及 其共聚物。 由植入物可单握之仲經毒素劑量在約1單位及約, 〇〇〇 單位肉毒毒素之間,且較好是由約1至約5〇,0〇〇單位的肉毒 毒素。因此神經毒素之劑量,於A型肉毒毒素時可在由約 1 0單位及約2,000單位之間,於B型時則在約1〇〇單位及约 30,000單位之間。 神經毒素可以是肉毒毒素,其自植入物中釋出之量足以 有效造成鄰近植入系四周,或在該處之肌肉或肌肉群之較 -22 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) -------------¾ (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 訂--------線· 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1250020 A7 ----------Β7_____ 五、發明說明(20 ) 弱的肌肉麻痺。 本發明詳細之具體實例可以是一種控制釋出系統,其中 含有聚合基質,及约10單位及約2〇〇〇〇單位間之肉毒毒素 在聚合基質内,其中分次量之肉毒毒素以由約2個月至約5 年之長時間自聚合基質中釋出。· 製備本發明範園内之控制釋出系統之方法有以下步驟·· U)將聚合物溶於溶劑中以形成聚合物溶液;將神經毒 2混合或分散在聚合物溶液中,以形成聚合物_神經毒素混 合物’及;(C)令聚合物_神經毒素混合物沉降。由是製成 控制釋出系統。在混合步驟後也可有蒸發溶劑之步驟。 另外,本發明範圍内連續釋出系統之用法包括注射或植 入控制釋出系,其中包括有聚合基質,由是可治療移動失 调症或由於膽鹼能失神經作用所影響之失調症。 最後,形成金屬陽離子_複合之神經毒素之方法包括··(a) 形成t有神經毒素之溶液;(b)分散多價金屬陽離子組份與 神經毒素溶液,在適合多價金屬陽離子及神經毒素複合之 pH値條件下,由是形成金屬陽離子_複合的神經毒素懸浮 液,其中金屬陽離子蜱份與神經毒素之莫耳濃度比例在約 4 ·· 1至約1〇〇 ·_ ;1間,及((〇乾燥該懸浮液以形成金屬陽離 子-複合的神經毒素。 以本發明範圍内之連續釋出系統,在特定期間可投予之 神經毒素劑量可在約10-3單位/公斤及約35單位/公斤於A 型肉母母素,及高達約2〇〇單位/公斤於b型等。35單位/公 斤或200單位/公斤是上限,因爲此接近某些神經毒素之致 -23- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------^---------^ i^w— (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1250020
經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 死劑量,如分別是A型及B型。較好,在特定期間内由連續 釋出系統所投予之神經毒素劑量是約1〇.2單位/公斤及β Μ位/公斤之間。又㈣’所投予之神經毒素劑量是= 單位/公斤及約15單位/公斤之間。又最好,投予之神 經毒素在約i單位/公斤及約10單位/公斤之間。在許多你 子中,投予約4位至約500單位神經毒素,如A型,可揭 供有效且長期的治療舒缓。較好,可使用由約5單位至 300單位的神經毒素,如a型,且更好是由約1()單位至約 200單位,可局部投予至標的组織,而有有效的結果。在 本發明特佳之具體實例中,由約1單位至約1〇〇單位之肉毒 毒素’如A型,可局部投予至標的組織,並有治療上有效 之結果。 神經毒素可由梭菌製成,如經由肉毒梭菌,丁酸梭菌, 貝拉弟梭菌(C· Beratti)或破傷風梭菌。另外,神經毒素可 以是經修飾的神經毒素,即其胺基酸至少一個可被刪除, 修飾或取代,和天然的或野生型神經毒素比較而言。再 者,神經毒素可以是重組產製之神經毒素或其衍生物或片 段。 — 神經毒素可以是肉毒毒素,如 血清型之一。較好是Α型。 顯然’肉毒毒素可經由安置肉毒毒素植入物而經由皮下 植入方式投予。肉毒毒素投予至肌肉之量在約丨單位及約 10,000單位之間。當投予的是A型時,劑量爲約1單位及乾 100單位之間。 -24- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------1---------^. (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1250020 A7 B7 ^___ 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印制农 22 發明說明() 値得注意,有報告指出以肉毒毒素處理腺體組織,可顯 不注射後所減低之分泌活性可長達2 7個月。Laryngoscope 1999 ; 1〇9 : 1344-1346,Laryngoscope 1998 ; 108 : 381- 384 〇 吾等的發明是有關植入物以控制神經毒素之釋出,以及 此植入物之製法及用法。植入物包括含有神經毒素之聚合 物基質。植入物之設計是在投予後,如肌内,硬膜外或皮 下投予以治療各種疾病狀況,神經毒素可以有效水平長期 投予。 本發明進一步是有關組成物,及其製法及用法,用於控 制具生物活性且穩定之神經毒素。本發明之控制釋出组成 物可包括生物相容的聚合物基質及分散在其内之具生物活 性且穩定的神經毒素。 定義 以下定義應用於此。 生物相谷的”表示使用植入物在植入位置幾乎無發炎反 應。 生物上具活性的化合物”表示化合物在所投予之個體中 可達成有益變化。 ”有效劑量”如應用至生物活性化合物表示大體上足以達 成個體中欲求變化之化合物劑量。例如,當欲求作用是虚 弱的肌肉麻痺時,有效劑量是可造成欲求肌肉至少實質上 麻痺但相鄰肌肉不致有實質麻痒,且麻痺在此肌肉是非欲 求的’但不致造成顯著的全身毒性反應之劑量。 -25- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) !.!1·------ (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 訂--------線· 1250020 Α7 Β7 五、發明説明(23) 有效劑量”應用至非活性組份(如用來形成基質之聚合物 或塗佈組成物)指足以正面影響生物活性作用物以欲求速率 在欲求時間内釋出之非活性組份之劑量。例如,當欲求作 用是利用單一植入物使肌肉麻痺,則”有效劑量,,指有助使 釋出期介於約6 0天及6年間之劑量。此”有效劑量,,可依本 説明書及技藝中一般常識爲基礎而決定之。 ”有效劑量”當應用至植入物表面積之劑量,是足以達成 生物活性化合物流動之植入物表面積劑量,如此可達成欲 求作用,如肌肉麻痺。所必要之面積可由直接偵測以特殊 活性化合物可彳于之釋出而予以決定及調整。植入物或其塗 層之表面積是欲完全包膠生物活性化合物所必要之膜量。 表面積依植入物之幾何學而定。較好,儘可能將表面積減 至取小’以減小植入物尺寸。 π植入物π表示控制釋出之藥物遞送系統。植入物含有生 物活性聚合物或陶瓷物質,其含有或可作爲具生物活性之 分子之障壁。植入物可注射,嵌入或植入人體内。 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) ”局邵投予”表示生物活性化合物之直接投予,如治療性 藥物經由非全身性路徑投予至組織。因此局部投予包括: 皮下,肌内,脊柱内(及鞘内及硬膜外),顱内,及腺體内 投藥。局部投藥排除全身路徑,如口服或靜脈内投藥。 ”神經毒素”表示作用物其可干擾神經衝動穿越神經肌肉 或神經腺體接合處之傳送,阻斷或減少神經遞質之神經元 分泌作用,或可改變神經元鈉道電壓窄門之作用電勢。神 經毒素之實例包括肉毒毒素,破傷風毒素,蛤蚌毒素及河 -26 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) Α4規格(210Χ297公釐) 24 1250020 五、發明説明( 豚毒素。 "治療"表示哺乳動物中疾病的任何處理法,且 避免疾病再發生,或(ii)抑制疾病,即遏止並發展· u) 舒缓疾病,即減少疾病症狀之發生或造成消退。Λ 5 (11〇 製備本發明範園内之植入物,以控制神經毒素釋 法包括,將具生物相容性之聚合物溶解在聚合物溶劑=万 以形成聚合物溶液,分散生物活性且穩定的神經二 於聚合物溶液中,再固化聚合物以形成含有神素= 之分散相之聚合基質。 京心子 利用本發明範園内之植入物之方法,以形成控 :經毒素:方法包括經在病人體内植入植入物,可長時J 在病人中提供生物活性神經毒素治療上有效之水平。、β 説明 本發明以下列發現爲基礎77有生物相容的, 降解的或生物可降解的聚合物之連續釋出型植人物,可Ζ 現神經毒素治療劑量於活體内長期之釋出。 主 ::明範圍内之植入物可以外科方式嵌入,經由 =切開(即以減少肌肉之瘦攣),或植入物可利用中空 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作杜印製 内投予’如美國專利ν〇 4,474,572所 揭-疋』式。針頭之直徑可調整以相當於所使用植入物之 :寸。再者,在本發明範圍内之植入物可採顱内植入方 式,以便神經毒素之治療劑量在標的腦组 =旦植入物已耗盡,則勿需移出本發明之非 解(植入物,因爲植入物是由生物上相容且無免疫原性之 27- 本紙張尺度適财國國家標準(⑽)Α4規格(21Qx297公缝) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 ^25〇〇2q r-—_J:_ 五、發明說明(25) -— 才才質所組成的。 爲了%、疋神經毒素,不論是使神經毒素可與適合的聚合 昆合形成植入物基質之型式(即粉末狀之神經毒素,並已 東乾燥),以及神經毒素存在於或納人所選用聚合物之基 :内’均可使用各種的藥學賦形劑。適合的賦形劑包括: ,粉,纖維素,滑石,葡萄糖,乳糖1糖,明膠,麥 米,麵粉’白要’砂膠,硬脂酸鎂,硬脂酸納,甘油 早硬脂酸酯,氣化鈉及乾之脱脂牛奶。 植入物之厚度可用來控制水之吸收,及因此可控制神哩 毒素自組成物中之釋出速率,而較厚之植人物以較緩 率釋出多肽。 植入物在第一期可快速地釋出次於最大之神經毒素量, 即爆發期。爆發期通常持續不到24小時,且經常延長達植 入後1小時左右。之後由植入物釋出之神經毒素量快速下 降,並以較減少且顯然相當固定(即零級動力學)之釋放水 平穩定地釋出神經毒素。此第二之延長釋出期可延伸約工 年至、,々5或6年之久。第二期之最初部份可稱之爲補足期。 在爆發期及補足期巧,神經毒素釋放之加成劑量較好相 當於神經毒素之最佳量,如此可治療特殊之失調症或侵 害。補足期之暫時程度通常較整時期爲差,在此期終了神 經毒素之最佳投予顯示出顯著較差之效力。例如,於治療 上肢痙攣時,A型肉毒毒素肌内之最佳劑量可爲約9 〇單位 注入肱二頭肌内。典型而言,以快速濃注在丨_7天内如此 謗生之較弱麻痺,可在約3個月後實質地消耗。本發明範 -28- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------^---------線 i^w. (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1250020 A7 ^---------B7___ 五、發明說明(26 ) (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 圍内之皮下神經毒素植入物,可予以構型以在植入後立即 可釋出約6 0單位的肉毒毒素(即在爆發期)。此次於最佳之 神經毒素劑量可提供快速且實質的舒緩。在第2期中,植 入物可每天連續釋出約〇·4單位的神經毒素,如A型,如此 在約7 5天後,9 0單位之最佳劑量可由植入物釋出至標的組 織。 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 可供肉母母素呈現南且特異親和力之突觸前神經元受 體,尚未被鑑知。對於所評估之肉毒毒素長的神經元内半 衰期也無可接受之機制可知。然而,已知一種動態過程, 其可能由未阻斷,再出現,再合成及/或肉毒毒素受體之再 活化,或出現新的神經萌生,或二者,使發生及造成麻痺 作用之逐漸消耗,而此始自肉毒毒素之投予。因此,在上 實例中可花75天使最佳量(共9〇單位)的肉毒毒素爲植入物 所釋出,此是因肉毒毒素作用減弱之動力學本質之故,接 下來毒素之釋出(即超過75天)不會造成非欲.求或過度區域 之麻痺。因此可預期在此實例中,在第76天由植入物所釋 出之毒素將可與因第1天左右植入物所釋出之毒素造成失 神經作用而形成之新孝體及/或形成之神經芽結合。此失神 經過程之滚動本質表示’並非造成過量毒素,其可全身擴 散或造成非欲求之麻痒’在補足期末了後連續釋出之毒 素,單純地在相同欲求之肌肉處再次失神經化之而已。因 此,假設失神經作用是球體型式並使其他因素保持固定, 爆發之釋出所失神經之組織球體直徑約爲欲失神經化組織 團塊最佳尺寸之約2/3。在補足期及接下來釋出之神經毒 •29- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 1250020 A7 B7 五、發明説明(27) 素’可提供最適宜的或欲求的組織失神經化程度,且提供 的神、纟二母素量在標的組織内近來再有神經分配之位置上可 重新失神經化之。 已知險痙攣可由肌内注射約5單位(在2 _ 4個月間隔下重 覆之)的A型肉毒毒素至側瞼板前輪形肌而治療之。顯然, 本發明範園内之單一植入物可用來治療瞼痙攣,歷約1年 期。針對神經毒素植入物釋出治療,在此痛苦以及所選擇 < 一年期下,並使用1 5 %爆發特性聚合物,在植入物内填 加之神經毒素總量可爲2 〇單位。在爆發期間先釋出3單位 的毒素(在植入後24小時内),繼之每天連續釋出約〇 〇467 單位(即每天釋出約2 3微微克的Βοτοχ®)。因此,於4 2天 中,約5單位之總神經毒素經釋出,在此實例中釋出率 (15%爆發,其餘85%歷364天)是0.234%/天。在此實例 中,於第1天病人接受20單位的植入物且1年後病人移出耗 盡的植入物,再嵌入另20單位的植入物。因此,365天投 予25單位,包括在第365天的第二劑植入物之作用。 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 Φ II (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 由於1莫耳A型肉毒毒素複合物含有約9χΐ〇5克,因此1 微微克的A型肉毒毒素複合物是約1 1 X 1 〇 _ 18 μ。因此,總 納入神經毒素每天約0.234%之欲求釋出,相當於每天約 2·53 X 10 18Μ之釋出。在一年的治療期,2〇0/〇爆發,繼以 80%歷364天,可造成約〇·22% /天或0.044單位/天或2.2微 微克/天或約2·42 X 1〇-18Μ/天之控制釋出。自2〇單位之 2 0 %爆發可在植入後前2 4小時提供4單位的神經毒素。一 般而言,植入物之表面積,對各y公分2植入物表面積而 -30- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) Μ規格(210X 297公釐) 1250020 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 A7 B7 五、發明說明(28) 言,相當於X單位釋出毒素/天。 不同的狀況以每劑由約5單位至约100單位之肉毒毒素注 射治療。在以A型25單位爲最佳快速濃注劑量,且歷一年 期之條件下’典型之植入物可填加以1〇〇單位的A型肉毒毒 素複合物。爆發可爲2 〇 %繼以g 〇 〇/。364天,此相當於 0.22% /天或0.22單位/天或丨丨微微克/天或約121 X 1 〇 -1 /天。 對五年治療斯中,即2〇劑25單位快速濃注,第一次注射 是在零時’而第20次注射在第57個月,共500單位之注射 總量。相反的’在吾等之發明中,對可反應2 5單位肉毒毒 素之狀況所採用5年植入物,如a型肉毒毒素,可採用填有 500毒素單位之植入物,其特色爲2 〇單位之爆發(4 %爆 發),繼以約480單位在1736天内釋出,此相當於植入物 0.267單位/天或5·56Χ ΙΟ·4。/。/天或13 35微微克/天之釋出。 基質植入物之製備係將所選定之聚合物溶於適合的溶劑 中。在此澆鑄溶液中,混合以欲求量之冷凍乾燥且成粉末 之神經毒素(即神經毒素總欲求量,如非可重組之 BOTOX® ’在治療期叼釋出)。此方法可用來製成有塗佈之 植入物團塊’其中的修飾在於用於本發明具體實例中之塗 料是生物可侵蚀之聚合物,其係神經毒素不可穿透的。因 此,除非塗料降解,否則神經毒素不會擴散出基質進入周 邊組織。 其中欲混合以肉毒毒素之澆鑄或其他溶液之pH値維持在 pH 4.2-6.8下’因爲在pH 7以上時,已穩定之非毒素蛋白 -31 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------訂---------線 i^w. (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1250020 五 、發明說明(29 貝曰自肉毒毒素中解離,造成毒素逐漸喪失。較好pH値維 持在約5 - 6之間。再者,混合物/溶液之溫度應不超過約3 5 ^ ’因爲當溶液/混合物超過4 0 °C時毒素易解毒。 在本發明範圍内適合的植入物,於活體内控制神經毒素 =釋出,如肉毒毒素,可予以設計製備以使神經毒素以連 績的或脈衝方式釋出。”連續釋出,,表示在最初爆發期之 =,j實質上單相方式釋出。連續釋出可有一個屈折點, 但非高原期。連續釋出勿需每單位時間以類似劑量自植入 中釋出。脈衝式釋出之植入物,可以二相或多相方式釋 、神、%母素。因此,脈衝式釋出之植入物可有相當短之最 、秀導(爆發)期,之後期間少或無神經毒素被釋出。 具生物活性之神經毒素之控制釋出,是使具生物活性之 神經毒素錄直接投予神經毒素水溶液所得之更長時期 7,以治療有效(加上幾乎可乎略之血清水平)水平釋出 較好控制釋出是指約6個月以上,且較好約一年以上時 内神經毒素之釋出。 触:本發明範園内4適合的植入物,於控制神經毒素之他 :::出,如肉毒毒,’可呈現神經毒素之連續釋出或脈 降二:_。另夕卜’植入物可含有非可生物降解的或可生物 非可物質、。顯著地,吾等的發明包括:⑴連續釋出 主n經毒素植人物;(2)連續釋出可生物降解 名母素植人物;(3)脈衝賴出非生物可降解之神經 =入^及⑷脈衝式釋出可生物降解之植人物,且此四 …植入物,各自可調和成各樣的構型,適合皮下注射 訂 間 活 毒 線 本紙張尺度適財關家鮮 32- 30 v 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 1250020 發明説明( 或植入,如團塊’小盤狀,微球,薄膜,柱狀及管 自可有-層以上的塗料㈣存槽或基質結構上。 在本發明範圍内之植入物,也可調和成供注射用之縣 劑。此懸液劑可以藥學技藝中已知之—般技術製造,= :内交醋/多肽混合物於超速離心粉碎機中粉碎,機器中: 有通合的師網,如120號孔篩,再將已磨碎過 浮在注射用溶财m料當地加人傳統的黏= :強劑或助懸劑,油類’或其他已知適合的注射用液態: 經包膠之神經毒素,在3rc體溫及長時間下之變性作 用,可因以下方式穩定而減少:以白蛋白冷束乾燥之 酸性溶液中料乾燥,自低濕度含量溶液中冷純 使用非可重組之B0T0X⑧,此三準則可符合A型肉(毒: 素),以及使用特異的聚合物基質組成物。 主較好,具生物活性之神經毒素於活體内之釋出,在神經 毒素之釋出期間應不致造成顯著的免疫系統反應。 基質穩定的神經毒素 吾等發現,經穩定的神經毒素可包括具生物活性,非可 聚集的神經毒素,其並與至少一型電價+2或以上的多價金 屬陽離子複合。 、 適泛的夕^貝金屬陽離子包括含於生物可相容之金屬陽離 子組份之金屬陽離子。若陽離子組份對受者而言是無毒 的,則金屬陽離子組份是生物可相容的(此指在所使用之劑 量下),且對受者之身體無顯著的有害或不佳作用,如 ----------- (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁} 、^1 -33- 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印裝 1250020 A7 _____ B7 五、發明説明(31 ) 射位置之免疫反應。 較好,金屬陽離子組份與神經毒素之比例,其中金屬陽 離子係用來穩定神經毒素,介於约4 : 1至約1 〇〇 ·· i之間, 較好約4 : 1至約10 : i。 用來穩定神經毒素之較佳的金屬陽離子是Zn+ +。以二價 辞陽離子爲較佳,因爲已知肉毒毒素是二價鋅之肽内酶。 在較佳具體實例中,金屬陽離子組份(含有Zn+ +陽離子)與 神經毒素之莫耳濃度比例是約6 : 1。 穩足神經毒素之金屬陽離子,其適用性可由精藝者進行 各種穩定顯示技術而決定,如:聚丙烯醯胺凝膠電泳,等 電焦距,逆相層析,HPLC,及在含有金屬陽離子之神經毒 素冷凍乾燥粒子上之強度試驗,以決定神經毒素在冷凍乾 燥後之強度,以及其自微粒子中釋出之作用期。在穩定神 經毒素中’神經毒素於活體内水合中可於微粒子内凝集之 傾向,及或由於水合作用或形成控制釋出組成物之過程, 或由於控制釋出組成物之化學特性而喪失生物活性或強 度’可由複合至少一種金屬陽離子與神經毒素,再將神經 母素與聚合物溶液接觸,前者之傾向即可減少。 在吾等的發明中,經穩定的神經毒素是用來對抗控制釋 出期間顯著的活體内凝集作用。顯著的凝集作用定義爲凝 集之量造成聚合物包膠的或聚合物基質納入之神經毒素有 約15%或以上凝集作用。較好,凝集作用維持在約5%以下 之神經毒素。較好,凝集作用維持在存在於聚合物之°神經 毒素約2 %以下。 ^ -34- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公釐) (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁}
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經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 在神經母素控制釋出έ & 、、、成物中之神經毒素也可混合以並 他的賦形劑,如塡充濟丨$ 2 t A、…外的穩定基,如緩衝溶液以在 令/東乾燥中矛忍足神經毒素。 填充劑通常含有惰性铷皙 AA 物貝通合的填充劑是精藝者已知 的0 適用於本發明板制釋出組成物之聚合物或聚合基質,必 :疋生物相#的。右聚合物及其任何降解產物對受者是無 母的’且對個體益顧签古金々、*7»、 μ·、,員著有害或不艮作用,如在注射位置之 免疫反應,則聚合物是可生物相容的。 神經毒素控制釋出组成物之聚合物可由生物彳降解的物 質所製成。生物可降解的,如此中㈣義的,表示組成物 可於活體内降解或侵蚀以形成較小的化學物質。降解可因 酵素,化學及物理過程所致。 適合的生物相容的,生物可降解的聚合物,包括如:聚 €内又酯),聚(乙交酯),聚(内交酯·共乙交酯卜聚(乳 聚(乙醇叙)’聚(乳酸_共_乙醇酸),聚己内酉旨,聚碳 酸酯,聚酯醯胺,聚酐類,聚(胺基酸),聚原酸酯,聚氯 基丙烯酸酯,聚(對位厂二嘮烷酮),聚(單酸烷撑二酯),可 生物降解之聚胺酯類,其掺合物及共聚物。 再者,聚合物之末端官能性可予以修飾。例如,聚酯類 可予以阻斷,未阻斷或是二者聚合物之混合。經阻斷之聚 合物在技藝中有典型的定義,特別是具有經阻斷之羧基末 端基團。一般而言,阻斷基衍自聚合化作用之起啓物,卫 通常是烷基。未阻斷之聚合物通常有游離態之羧基末端。 35- 本纸張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) -------I-------------訂---------· (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1250020 A7 B7 五、發明說明 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 用於本發明之可生物降解之聚合物,其可接受之分子量 可由精藝者考慮以下因素而決定,如··欲求之聚合物降解 速率,物理特性如機械強度,及聚合物在溶劑中之溶解速 率。典型而言,分子量可接受之範園在約2,〇〇〇遒耳呑至約 2,000,〇〇〇道耳呑。在較佳具體實例中,聚合物是生物可降 解的聚合物或共聚物。在較佳的具體實例中,聚合物是聚 (内交酯-共乙交酯)(下文稱爲” PLGA”),二者比例爲約 1 : 1,且分子量爲約5,000道耳呑至約70 000遒耳呑。在甚 至較佳炙具體實例中,用於本發明之pLGA,具有約6,㈧〇 至約31,〇〇〇道耳吞之分子量。 ’ 神經毒素之劑量,其係含於控制釋出微粒子之劑型中, 或在不同控制釋出系統中,含有生物活性之已穩定的神經 毒素粒子是治療或預防上有效之劑量,可由精藝者在考慮 以下因素下決定,如體重,欲治療之狀況,所應用之聚合 物型式,及聚合物中之釋出速率。 在一個具體實例中,神經毒素控制釋出組成物含有由約 10 %(w/w)至約1%(W/W)的生物活性且經穩定之神經毒 素。此神經毒素之用*依神姮毒素欲求之作用,所計劃之 釋出水平,神經毒素被釋出之時間,神經毒素釋出所花之 時間等而變化。神經毒素粒子填加之較佳範圍是約10_4% (w/w)至約〇.i%(w/w)神經毒素粒子。神經毒素填加之較 佳範圍是約神經毒素。具生物 活性且經穩定之神經毒素粒子,其最佳填料是約1〇_2% (w/w) 0 •36- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公蓳) 請 先 閱讀 背 之 注 意 事 項 再 填 寫 本 頁 鮝 訂 線 1250020
經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製 在另-具is實例中’神經毒素控制釋出組成物也本有第 二金屬陽離子組份,其並不含於經狀之神經毒^粒子 中,且係分散在聚合物中。第二金屬陽離子組份較好含有 相同的金屬陽離子,如含於經穩定之神經毒素一般。另 外,第二金屬陽離子組份可含有一種以上不同的金屬陽離 子。 第一至屬陽離子組份作用是調控神經毒素自控制釋出組 伤聚合基負中足釋出,如作爲金屬陽離子之貯存槽,以進 一步加長神經毒素爲金屬離子穩定之時間,並用以加強神 經毒素在組成物中之穩定性。 用於調控釋出之金屬陽離子組份,通常含有至少一型多 價金屬陽離子。適用於調控神經毒素釋出之第二金屬陽離 子、、且伤實例,包括或含有下列如:Mg(〇H)2,如 4MgC〇3Mg(OH)25H2〇),ZnC〇3(如 3Zn(〇H)22ZnC〇3),
CaC03 ’ Zn3(C6H5〇7)2,Mg(〇Ac)2,MgS〇4,Ζη(〇Αα, ZnS04,ZnCl2,MgCl2&Mg3(C6H5〇7)2。第二金屬陽離子組 份對一聚合物之適合比例是介於約1 ^ 9 9至約1 : 2按重 計。最佳比例依所選用之聚合物及第二金屬陽離子組份而 定0 本發明的神經毒素控制釋出組合物可製成各種型式,如 薄膜’團塊,柱狀,小盤狀或微粒。微粒,如此中所定義 的,包括聚合、组份其直徑少於約丨毫米,且其中分散有經 穩足的神經毒素粒子。微粒可具球體,非球體或不規則形 狀。較好此微粒是一種微球。典型而言,微粒應是適於注 -37- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公釐) (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁)
1250020 A7 B7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 五、發明說明(35) 射之尺寸。微粒之較佳尺寸範圍是由約1至約i 8〇微米直 徑。 在本發明形成組成物以控制具生物活性且未凝集之神經 毒素釋出之方法中,在聚合物溶液中分散適量的具生物活 係且經穩定神經毒素之粒子。 適合的聚合物溶液含有約l%(w/w)及約3 0%(w/w)適合 的生物可相容的聚合物,其中生物相容的聚合物溶於適合 的聚合物溶劑中。較好,聚合物溶液含有約2%(w/v)至約 20%(w/v)聚合物。以含有5%至約^。/。(界/界)聚合物爲最 佳。 適合的聚合物溶劑,如此中所定義,是其中聚合物可溶 的溶劑,但其中經穩定之神經毒素粒子實質上是不溶且無 反應性的。適合的聚合物溶劑包括極性有機液體,如二氯 甲烷,氣仿,乙酸乙酯及丙酮。 爲製備具生物活性且穩定的神經毒素,神經毒素混合在 適合的水溶劑中,並加上至少一種適合的金屬陽離子組 份,在適於形成金屬陽離子及神經毒素複合物之pH條件 下。典型而言,複合的神經毒素係呈混濁沉殿物型式,其 可懸浮在溶劑中。然而,複合的神經毒素也可在溶液中。 在甚至較佳之具體實例中,神經毒素係與Ζ η + +複合。 形成神經毒素複合物之適合的pH條件通常包括介於約5.0 及約6.9間之pH値。適合的PH値通常經由缓衝水溶液之使 用而達成,如碳酸氯鈉。 適合的溶劑爲其中神經毒素及金屬陽離子組份各自至少 -38- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 1· I I H ϋ I I ϋ I I I I · I — — — — — — 一I n I ϋ ϋ I- I I I I I n I I hi ϋ I l· — III— — — — —— — — — — (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 125〇〇2〇 五 _ ___ 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 A7 B7 〜 36 發明說明() 略溶者,如在碳酸氫鈉水性緩衝溶液中。於水溶劑例時, 所使用的水較好是去離子水或注射用水(WFI)。 神經毒素也可呈固體或溶解狀態,此指在與金屬陽離子 組份接觸之前。另外,金屬陽離子組份可爲固體或溶解狀 態,此指與神經毒素接觸之前。在較佳的具體實例中,神 經毒素之緩衝水溶液混合以金屬陽離子組份之水溶液。 典型而言,複合的神經毒素可呈混沌的沉澱物型式,其 係懸浮在溶劑中。然而,複合的神經毒素也可在溶液中。 在較佳具體實例中,神經毒素係與Ζ η + +複合。 Ζη + +複合的神經毒素再乾燥,如利用冷凍乾燥,以形成 經穩定的神經毒素微粒。Ζη + +複合之神經毒素,其懸浮或 在溶液中,可被大團地冷凍乾燥,或可分成小份再冷來乾 燥。在較佳具體實例中,Ζη + +複合的神經毒素懸二= 碎,如利用超音波噴嘴,再冷束乾燥或穩定之神 子。冷凍乾燥Ζη + +複合之神經毒素混合物之可接受方法包 括技藝中已知的。 較好,經穩定之神經毒素粒子直徑是介於約i至約6微米 之間。神經毒素粒子可分別成片段,另外,神經毒素粒子 可在加至聚合物溶液後成片段,如利用超音波探針或超音 波噴嘴。 曰 在另外的具體實例中,不含於經穩定神經毒素粒子中之 第二金屬陽離子組份,也分散在聚合物溶液内。 應了解,第二金屬陽離子組份及經穩定的神經毒素,可 依序,呈相反次序,間歇地,分別地或經由同時:添加而 -39- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --;--、丨-----------------訂---------線- (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) ϊ25〇〇2〇 A7 分散至聚合物溶液中。另外,聚, 份,及經穩定之神經毒素,α 、口物,第二金屬陽離子麵 分別地或經由同時之添加而’呈相反次序,間歇, 在此方法中,聚合物溶劑再:化:物溶劑中。 經毒素粒子分散相之聚合基質。乂形成含有經穩定的神 自聚合物溶液中形成 法是溶劑蒸發方法,、f^呈、空1]釋出組成物之適合方 $万决,述於美國專 3,523,906,· 3,691,_ ;及4 3 ^Ν〇· _ 3,737,337 ’ 神經毒素控制釋出微粒之方法。,° /谷劑蒸發可充作形成 在溶劑蒸發方法中,含有經穩 =溶液:混合於或擾動在連續相; 二::形成乳劑。連續相通常是水溶劑。乳化 時:::::續相中以穩定乳劑。聚合物溶劑再於數小 ▲上瘵發,由是固化聚合物形成其中含有經穩定之神經 毒素粒子分散相之聚合基質。 自聚合物溶液中形成神經毒素控制釋出微粒之較佳方法 迷於美國專利案5,G19,4GG中。此微球形成法,和其他方法 比較下,如相分離’可另外減少產生控制釋出組成物(有特 殊< 神經毒素含量)所必需之神經毒素含量。 在此方法中,含有經穩定的神經毒素粒子分散相之聚合 物溶液,經處理可產生小滴狀,其中至少有相當部份之小 滴,含有聚合物溶液及經穩定之神經毒素粒子。這些小滴 再利用適於形成微粒之方法冷凍之。處理聚合物溶液分散 相形成小滴之方法實例包括經由超音波噴嘴,壓力嘴嘴, -40- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐 -1 ^--Γ ^--.---------- (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 訂-----
ϋ ϋ n I 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1250020 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印制取 A7 B7 38 五、發明說明()
Rayleigh噴口或其他自溶液生成小滴之已知方法。 適合冷凍小滴以形成微粒之方法包括令小滴進入或接近 液化氣體,如液態氬及液態氮以形成冷凍微滴,其再自液 態氣體中分出來。冷凍之微滴再曝於液態非溶劑中,如乙 醇,或乙醇混合以己烷或戊烷。 於冷凍微滴中之溶劑予以萃取,如固體及/或液體,萃取 至非溶劑中’以形成含有穩定神經毒素之微粒。混合乙醇 與其他非溶劑,如己烷或戊烷,可增加溶劑自某些聚合物 中之萃取,如聚(内交酯·共-乙交酯)聚合物,超過以乙醇 單獨時所達成的。 變化小滴之大小可製成各種尺寸之神經毒素控制釋出微 粒’如利用變化超音波噴嘴之直徑。若欲求極大之微粒, 微粒可經由注射器直接擠壓至冷的液體中。增加聚合物溶 液之黏度,也可增加微粒大小。以此方法產生之微粒大 小,可在大於約1000至約!微米直徑範圍。 又自聚合物溶液中形成神經毒素控制釋出組成物之另一 方法包括膜的澆鑄,如在模型中形成薄膜或某形狀。例 如,在將含有經穩定之神經毒素粒子之分散相之聚合物溶 液置於模型後,再利用技藝中已知方法移去聚合物溶劑, 或減低聚合物溶液之溫度,直到獲得有一致的乾重之薄膜 或形狀爲止。 在生物可相容之聚合物植入物例子中,因聚合物之降解 而釋出神經毒素。降解速率可由變化聚合物特性而控制, 其係可影響聚合物之水合作用速率。這些特性包括如:聚 -41 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) -,¾ ^-Γον » n ϋ n n n ϋ I «ϋ -ϋ n n ϋ ϋ ϋ I n I n ϋ ϋ n n - 1250020 Μ Β7
發明説明(3a) 合物中所含之不同單體之比例,如内交酯及乙交酯;使用 單體之L·異構體而非外消旋混合物;及聚合物之分子量。 這些特性可影響親水性及結晶度,其控制聚合物之水合作 用速率。也可納入親水性賦形劑,如鹽類,碳水化合物及 界面活性劑以增加水合作用,且其可改變聚合物之侵蝕速 〇 經由改變生物可降解聚合物之特性,擴散的貢獻及/或聚 合物降解至神經毒素釋出均可予以控制。例如,增加聚(内 交酯·共-乙交酯)聚合物中乙交酯含量及減少聚合物之分子 量可加強聚合物之水解作用,因此使神經毒素自聚合物侵 蝕中之釋出可增加。此外,聚合物之水解速率在非·中性 pH値下會增加。因此,在聚合物溶液中可加入酸性或鹼性 賦形劑,用以形成微球,以改變聚合物侵蚀速率。 本發明的組成物可利用任何非全身性投藥方式投予至人 類或其他動物’利用如植入方式(如皮下,肌内,顱内,陰 道内及皮内)以提供以已知變性爲據之欲求的神經毒素劑 量,以治療各種醫學狀況。 經由植入物適於投藥的特殊劑量,可由精藝者依上文討 論之因素而容易地決定。劑量也可依欲治療或切除神經之 組織團塊大小,及毒素之商品化製劑而定。另外,在人體 中適合劑量之估計,可由其他組織有效失神經作用所需之 肉毒毒素劑量決定値之外插中而來。因此,欲注射之A型 肉毒毒素劑量,和欲治療之組織團塊及活性水平成比例。 一般而言,約0.01單位/公斤至約35單位/公斤病人體重間 42- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X 297公釐) (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1250020 經濟部中央標準局員工消費合作社印製
之肉毒毒素,如A型,可爲本植入物在每單位時間内釋出 (即歷一段時間,或每2_4個月一次)以有效地達成欲求的 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 肌肉麻痒。低於約0.01單位/公斤之肉毒毒素對肌肉並無顧 著的治療作用,而35單位/公斤以上則趨近神經毒素之中 2 =量,如A型。小心地製備及植入物之安置,可避免顯 著量的肉毒毒素全身出現。較佳的劑量範園是由約〇 單 位/公斤至約25單位/公斤肉毒毒素,如調和物Β〇τ〇χ@。 投予肉毒毒素之確實劑量(單位/公斤)依以下因素而定,如 欲治療組織之程度(團塊)及活性水平,及所選用之投 徑。Α型肉毒毒素是可用於本發明方法中之較佳肉毒毒 素。 較好,用來實行本發明範圍内方法之神經毒素是肉毒毒 素,如血清型A,B,C,D,E,肉毒毒素之一。較 好,所使用的肉毒毒素是八型,因爲其在人體中有高強 度、’易取知,且已知是安全且有效地可用於治療骨骼肌及 平滑肌失調症,此當以肌内注射局部投藥時。 么本發明在其範圍内包括任何神經毒素之用法,其當用來 ❺療和動失凋症或爲膽鹼能失神經作用所影響之痛苦時, =有j期的治療作用。例如,由產毒素菌株,如梭菌如肉 母梭菌’丁酸梭菌及Cberatti任一者製成之神經毒素均可 ^於或使通用於本發明方法中。另外,肉毒毒素A,B, 一 D E,F及G可有益地用於實行本發明,然而以a型爲 較佳,如上文所解釋的。本發明之實行可提供有效的舒 緩,由約1個月至約5或6年。 -43-
本紙張尺度適财ϋ國家標準(CNS ) ( 21〇χ2^^
經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1250020 五、發明說明(41 〜發明範圍内包括以下:(a)神經毒素複合物,以及以細 囷=養,毒素萃取,濃縮,保藏,冷凍乾燥及/或重組方法 獲侍或處理之純神經毒素;(b)經修飾或重組的神經毒素, 及神經毒素其一個以上之胺基酸或胺基酸序列被故意地刪 除,修飾或取代,經由已知的化學./生化胺基酸修飾步驟, 或π由已知宿主細胞/重組載體重組體技術之使用,以及如 此製成之神經毒素之衍生物或片段,且包括黏附有一種以 上標的部份之神經毒素,此針對存在於細胞上之細胞表面 受體而言。 口依據本發明可使用之肉毒毒素,可以冷凍乾燥或眞空乾 燥型式貯於眞空壓力下之容器内。在冷凍乾燥前,肉毒毒 素可混合以藥學上可接受之賦形劑,穩定劑及/或載劑,如 白蛋白。經冷凍乾燥或眞空乾燥之物質可以食鹽水或水重 組。 吾等的發明範園中也包括經植入之控制釋出複合物之用 法,如此可對慢性失調症(如運動失調症)提供治療性舒 緩。因此,神經毒素可包埋,吸收,或攜於適合的聚合物 基貝中’再植入或包莩在下以提供欲求標的組織,神經毒 素有數年以上延緩及受控之釋出。可植入的聚合物,其令 多肤藥物有控制性釋出是已知的,且可用來製成適於嵌入 或皮下黏附之肉毒毒素植入物。如見:pain 1999 ; 82(1): 49-55 ; Biomaterials 1994 ; 15(5) : 383-9 ; Brain Res 1990 ; 515 (1·2) : 309-11,及美國專利案6,〇22,554 ; 6,011,〇ll ; 6,007,843 ; 5,667,808 及 5,980,945。 -44- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) —--------------^---------^ i^w— (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) A7 1250020 B7________ 42 五、發明說明() 決定適合的投藥路徑及劑量之方法,通常依各病例而由 主治醫師決定。此決定是精藝者例常工作(如見Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (1998),由 Anthony Fauci et al 出版,1 41 h 版,McGraw Hill 發行)。 實例 以下實例示出本發明包涵之特殊具體實例及方法,且不 欲限制本發明範圍。 實例1 形成Ζ η + +穩定之神經毒素 100單位的神經毒素,如未重組的Botox®,溶於碳酸氫鈉 缓衝溶液中(pH 6.0)以形成神經毒素溶液。Zn + +溶液製備 自去離子水及醋酸鋅二水合物,再於緩和混合下加至神經 毒素溶液中以形成Zn + +神經毒素複合物。Zn + +神經毒素複 合物之pH値再加1%醋酸調至pH 6.5及6.9之間。可沉澱出 沉澱懸液,其中含有不溶的Zn + +穩定的神經.毒素。由是製 成神經毒素(如A型肉毒毒素)複合物,可穩定地拮抗接下 來納入聚合植入物基質時顯著的凝集作用。 秦 實例2 #經毒素控制釋出圍媿 適於納入聚合物或可聚合的溶液中之神經毒素爲A型肉 毒毒素(如Botox®),其以冷凍乾燥型式買得到。另外,可 混合各種聚合物及其共聚物,並貯於乾處,對最終植入物 <作用並無影響。例如,丙烯酸酯共聚物使用11¥熟化的啓 動者。神經毒素可與Zn + +複合,如實例1所示。經zn + +穩 -45- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(21〇 χ 297公釐) --------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁} 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 A7
1250020 43 五、發明說明() 走的神經毒素複合物再混合以未熟化之丙缔酸酯共聚物, UV啓動者及酸(PH在5.5及6.8之間)。混合物置於玻璃或澄 清的塑質團塊模型内,此可令UV光穿透。模型再置20。〇 之溫控水浴中。團塊以UV光熟化約5〇秒,包裝再滅菌。 U V熟化之時間及強度爲如此,使神經毒素被瓦解或變性之 量幾可忽略。 依欲求之應用定義出團塊大小及包埋在其内神經毒素之 濃度及含量。當團塊被植入時,團塊可在體内水解,使神 經毒素自植入物内部之最初爆發略爲延緩。在團塊外側以 神經毒素欲求之最初爆發濃度一部份塗覆可消除此延緩情 形。在此實例中,團塊之效力約持續4至約6個月。 實例3 神經毒素控制釋出調和物 爲了增加團塊有效遞送神經毒素之時間,可使用多重物 質層。因此,較内層可由聚乙烯吡咯啶酮/甲基異丁烯酸酯 共聚物製成。此物質可支持高濃度的神經毒素複合物。適 量的神經毒素複合以Zn + +,如實例1所示,此複合物再混 合以未熟化之共聚物,低溫啓動劑及酸(pH在5.5及6.8之 間)。混合物置玻璃或塑質團塊模型中。模型置入約3 5 t 之溫控水浴中,介於約6小時及約8小時之間。此形成延長 且受控釋出所需之神經毒素貯存槽。 爲了延長神經毒素之釋出,再於最初團塊四週熟化第二 層物質。此物質針對高分子密度及生物相容性而選擇。聚 甲基異丁烯酸酯(PMMA)是具有此特性之物質實例。(上述) -46- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(21〇 χ 297公釐) --------^---------^ (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印制衣 1250020
五、發明說明( 44 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印制衣 團塊置於模型中(嵌人模型),其中並有未熟化之PMMA/低 溫啓動劑。第二層的未熟化PMMA可能是必要的以確保團 塊有均勻的塗層。較好,pMMA厚度爲〇 5毫米。在成形 後,團塊外側塗覆以神經毒素欲求的最初爆發濃度。 PMMA層有足夠的厚度使神經毒素在貯存槽中有延遲作用 (夕達3個月)。*神經毒素到達植入物表面,可得神經毒素 第二次大的爆發。此二次爆發後是約3個月緩缓減低之神 經毒素釋出率。在此實例中,團塊效力可高達約7至約9個 實例4 毒素控制釋出植入物 經由利用多層-高密度聚合物/低密度聚合物w/神經毒素_ •神經毒素之暫時控制釋出程度可增加,但植入物之大小也 可增加。當植入物之大小增加,神經毒素在體内分散之面 積愈大,此降低植入物之效力。爲了避免此點,植入物包 覆以不可通透物質,如鈦。保持一個小開口使神經毒素可 經由包覆之團塊集中地釋出。此效率使植入物有顯著不同 的釋出特性。基本上,如此也令聚合物之較厚部份可通 過,有效地增加神經毒素釋出之作用期。 此内層物質可由如聚乙烯吡咯啶酮/甲基異丁缔酸酯共聚 物之材質製成。·此物質可支持高濃度的神經毒素複合物。 神經毒素與Ζ η複合。複合物再混合以未熟化之共聚物, 低溫啓動劑及酸(pH 5.5及6.8之間)。混合物置玻璃或塑質 團塊模型中。模型再置35°C溫控水浴中,介於約6及約8小 -47- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) n n ϋ ·ϋ ϋ ϋ ϋ n ϋ ^1 ^1 0 ϋ -ϋ ϋ n —.1 ί n I n I I n ί> ϋ n I _ (請先閱讀背面之注咅心事項再填寫本頁) 1250020 五 _ 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 A7 B7 45 發明說明() 時之間。此形成延長控制釋出所必要之神經毒素貯存槽。 爲了延長神經毒素之釋出,再於最初團塊上熟化第二層 材料。團塊(上文)置入模型内(嵌入模型),並加有未熟化 之PMMA /低溫啓動劑。未熟化之PMMA之第二層是必要 的,以確保團塊有均勻之塗覆。理想上PMMA厚度是0.5毫 米。爲形成多層,相同的嵌入模鑄技術也如上述般應用。 當欲應用最後一層高密度聚合物時,以鈥團塊爲模型。 團塊置鈦團塊之内侧,其中並加有未熟化之PMMA。團塊 之蓋封好’團塊再置3 5 C強制通風烘箱中約6至約8小時。 團塊之蓋有一個2 2號針頭開口,令神經毒素可釋出。在此 實例中,團塊效力可爲約1 〇個月至約2 4個月。 實例5 皇層管柱之神經毒素植入物 爲了可長期持續釋出,另一方式是將高密度聚合物/低密 度聚合物w/神經毒素層,置入上述之鈦團塊之内。熟化在 3 5 C左右之強制通風烘箱中進行,各層約6小時至約8小時 之間。團塊之直徑是神經毒素施加量之關鑑決定因素。層 數可用來決定植入物特續有效之時間有多長。PMMA層各 層的厚度約〇·5亳米,且低密度聚合物w/神經毒素約〇 3毫 米。對加入的各層,可得到效力約3個月之增加。增加植 入物之長度至約6·4毫米加上鈦杳尺寸橫剖面約1毫米,共 約7.4#t:米可製成有2年壽命之植入物。 依據此中揭示之本發明的組成物及方法,具有許多優 點,包括下列: -48- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 丨;--.1,--<--------------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1250020 A7
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五、發明說明( 47 接續地經由植入物投予,以提供輔 神經毒素前快速的失神經化㈣,“^強的或在 展現其治療作用。 A母母素,以可開始 吾:的發明在範圍内也包括神經毒素,如肉毒毒素,在 J成藥物上之用途,如控制釋出之植入物,可治療移動失 口周症,及/或因歧能失神經作賴影響之失調症,經由神 經毒素植入物之局部投予。 因此’以下申請專利範圍之精神及範疇應不致限制上示 較佳具體實例之説明。 T . • .^1 _ϋ Βϋ n 1__1 n Ml 1 ,0 mmm mmm mmm wmm mmm _ (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 -50- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐)

Claims (1)

  1. 、申請專利範園 L種用於治療行動失調症或由膽 失調症之可注射或可植入之控耧此失神經作用所影響 (a) _種聚合基質;及 出系統,其中包括·· (b) —定量的神經毒素位在聚合 量之神經毒素可以長時期自 ^之内,其中分次 經毒素是肉毒毒素。 ^ 中釋出,其中該神 2·根據申請專利範圍第!項之控 。 素以實質上連續或單相方式自户八出系、為’其中的神經毒 3·根據申請專利範圍第土質中釋出。 自聚合基質之釋出長期間,系統’其中神經毒素 4·根據申請專利範圍第!項之控制釋二天延長至約6年。 質係由實質上非可生物降解之物=,其中的聚合基 5·根據申請專利範圍第!項之控 玄且、的。 素包括多肽。 睪出系統,其中的神經毒 6.根據申請專利範圍第丨項之控制 夸ϋA A 釋出系統,其中的神經毒 素疋選自包括A,B,Cl,D,p T HI工母 經毒素。 ,F及G型肉毒毒素之神 7·根據申請專利範圍第丨項之# 素是A型肉毒毒素。 4釋出系統’其中的神經毒 8· 請專利範圍第1項之控制釋出系統,其 所包括之聚合基質係選自下列 σν» .. 』匕括·異丁締fel酯,乙晞 比咯哫酮,乙烯醇,丙烯醇, ^ p ^ 氷甲基異丁烯酸酯,聚矽 ㈣類’醋酸乙晞酉旨,乳酸,乙醇酸,膠原蛋白,及生 A8 B8 C8 D8
    1250020 六、申請專利範圍 物陶瓷聚合物及其共.聚物。 9·報據申請專利範圍第丨項之控制釋出系統,其中神妒毒素 之量在約1單位及約50,000單位肉毒毒素之間。 、,二母’、 10·根據申請專利範圍第i項之控制釋出系統,其中神經毒素 之量在約10單位及約2,000單位A型肉毒毒素之間。 、 11·根據申請專利範圍第i項之控制釋出系統,其中胃神經毒素 之量在約100單位及約30,000單位B型肉毒毒素之間二。母” 12·根據申請專利範圍第1項之控制釋出系統,其中的神經毒 素疋肉毒毒素,其可在植入系統處或四周釋出可造成肌 肉或肌肉群虛弱的肌肉麻痒之有效劑量。 13· —種用於治療行動失調症或由膽鹼能失神經作用所影響失調 症之可注射或可植入之控制釋出系統,其中包括 (a) —種聚合基質;及 (b) 在聚合基質内有介於約1〇單位及約2〇,〇〇〇單位的肉 毒毒素,其中分次量的肉毒毒素可自聚合基質中長時間 釋出,歷約2個月至約5年。 14· 一種製備金屬陽離子-複舍的神經毒素之方法,此方法包 括以下步驟: (a) 形成含有神經毒素之溶液; (b) 混合多價金屬陽離子組份與神經毒素溶液,以複合 多價金屬陽離子與神經毒素,由是形成金屬陽離子-複合 的神經毒素懸浮液,及; (Ο乾燥該懸浮液以形成金屬陽離子_複合的神經毒 素,其中孩神經毒素係肉毒毒素,且該多價金屬陽離子
    8 8 8 8 A B c D 1250020 六、申請專利範圍 係二價鋅陽離子。 3 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐)
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