TWI494293B - 用於治療認知障礙之α-胺基醯胺衍生物 - Google Patents
用於治療認知障礙之α-胺基醯胺衍生物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI494293B TWI494293B TW096121477A TW96121477A TWI494293B TW I494293 B TWI494293 B TW I494293B TW 096121477 A TW096121477 A TW 096121477A TW 96121477 A TW96121477 A TW 96121477A TW I494293 B TWI494293 B TW I494293B
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- cognitive
- disease
- benzylamino
- impairment
- treatment
- Prior art date
Links
- 208000010877 cognitive disease Diseases 0.000 title claims description 58
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 title description 41
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000003136 dopamine receptor stimulating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000003920 cognitive function Effects 0.000 claims description 29
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 27
- -1 (S)-(+)-2-[4-(3 - fluorobenzyloxy)-benzylamino]-propionamide compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 208000028698 Cognitive impairment Diseases 0.000 claims description 18
- 208000027061 mild cognitive impairment Diseases 0.000 claims description 17
- WTDRDQBEARUVNC-LURJTMIESA-N L-DOPA Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 WTDRDQBEARUVNC-LURJTMIESA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- WTDRDQBEARUVNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N L-Dopa Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 WTDRDQBEARUVNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229960004502 levodopa Drugs 0.000 claims description 9
- 206010027175 memory impairment Diseases 0.000 claims description 8
- 201000000980 schizophrenia Diseases 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000544 cholinesterase inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000006999 cognitive decline Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000812 cholinergic antagonist Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000019553 vascular disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 206010003805 Autism Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000020706 Autistic disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000020925 Bipolar disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000021384 Obsessive-Compulsive disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000028017 Psychotic disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000000323 Tourette Syndrome Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000016620 Tourette disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- OIPILFWXSMYKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylcholine Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C OIPILFWXSMYKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960004373 acetylcholine Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 206010013932 dyslexia Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 201000003723 learning disability Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940122041 Cholinesterase inhibitor Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 201000010374 Down Syndrome Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940121948 Muscarinic receptor antagonist Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010044688 Trisomy 21 Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- BHJIBOFHEFDSAU-LBPRGKRZSA-N ralfinamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CN[C@@H](C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1F BHJIBOFHEFDSAU-LBPRGKRZSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011458 pharmacological treatment Methods 0.000 claims 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 55
- 208000018737 Parkinson disease Diseases 0.000 description 52
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 51
- VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dopamine Chemical compound NCCC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 37
- NEMGRZFTLSKBAP-LBPRGKRZSA-N safinamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CN[C@@H](C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC(F)=C1 NEMGRZFTLSKBAP-LBPRGKRZSA-N 0.000 description 37
- 229950002652 safinamide Drugs 0.000 description 36
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 27
- 230000001149 cognitive effect Effects 0.000 description 22
- 208000024827 Alzheimer disease Diseases 0.000 description 19
- 229940052760 dopamine agonists Drugs 0.000 description 19
- 230000019771 cognition Effects 0.000 description 18
- 229960003638 dopamine Drugs 0.000 description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 16
- 230000007278 cognition impairment Effects 0.000 description 15
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 14
- 102000010909 Monoamine Oxidase Human genes 0.000 description 13
- 108010062431 Monoamine oxidase Proteins 0.000 description 13
- 206010012289 Dementia Diseases 0.000 description 11
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 11
- 230000015654 memory Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000000324 neuroprotective effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 206010044565 Tremor Diseases 0.000 description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 8
- 208000006011 Stroke Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229930195712 glutamate Natural products 0.000 description 8
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 7
- XSVMFMHYUFZWBK-NSHDSACASA-N Rivastigmine Chemical compound CCN(C)C(=O)OC1=CC=CC([C@H](C)N(C)C)=C1 XSVMFMHYUFZWBK-NSHDSACASA-N 0.000 description 7
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 7
- BUGYDGFZZOZRHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N memantine Chemical compound C1C(C2)CC3(C)CC1(C)CC2(N)C3 BUGYDGFZZOZRHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 7
- 241000725303 Human immunodeficiency virus Species 0.000 description 6
- 231100000876 cognitive deterioration Toxicity 0.000 description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229960004640 memantine Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 201000006417 multiple sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 6
- 239000000902 placebo Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229940068196 placebo Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 201000002212 progressive supranuclear palsy Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229960004181 riluzole Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 208000026139 Memory disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 5
- 230000001078 anti-cholinergic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002648 combination therapy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004090 neuroprotective agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229960004136 rivastigmine Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 102000018899 Glutamate Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108010027915 Glutamate Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FTALBRSUTCGOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Riluzole Chemical group C1=C(OC(F)(F)F)C=C2SC(N)=NC2=C1 FTALBRSUTCGOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000003169 central nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000003931 cognitive performance Effects 0.000 description 4
- OWEZJUPKTBEISC-UHFFFAOYSA-N decane-1,1-diamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(N)N OWEZJUPKTBEISC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- ASUTZQLVASHGKV-JDFRZJQESA-N galanthamine Chemical compound O1C(=C23)C(OC)=CC=C2CN(C)CC[C@]23[C@@H]1C[C@@H](O)C=C2 ASUTZQLVASHGKV-JDFRZJQESA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 4
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 4
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 230000001537 neural effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011457 non-pharmacological treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- RUOKEQAAGRXIBM-GFCCVEGCSA-N rasagiline Chemical compound C1=CC=C2[C@H](NCC#C)CCC2=C1 RUOKEQAAGRXIBM-GFCCVEGCSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229960000245 rasagiline Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003936 working memory Effects 0.000 description 4
- YKOCHIUQOBQIAC-YDALLXLXSA-N (2s)-2-[[4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methylamino]propanamide;methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O.C1=CC(CN[C@@H](C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC(F)=C1 YKOCHIUQOBQIAC-YDALLXLXSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 201000011240 Frontotemporal dementia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 229940086575 Glutamate release inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 208000023105 Huntington disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 3
- 102000004868 N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090001041 N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 208000000609 Pick Disease of the Brain Diseases 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical group C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 3
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001961 anticonvulsive agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003935 attention Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229960001231 choline Drugs 0.000 description 3
- OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N choline Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CCO OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010253 intravenous injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003340 mental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003703 n methyl dextro aspartic acid receptor blocking agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002858 neurotransmitter agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000002442 prefrontal cortex Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000829 suppository Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 3
- 210000004885 white matter Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- WYDUSKDSKCASEF-LJQANCHMSA-N (1s)-1-cyclohexyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-ylpropan-1-ol Chemical compound C([C@](O)(C1CCCCC1)C=1C=CC=CC=1)CN1CCCC1 WYDUSKDSKCASEF-LJQANCHMSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (±)-α-Tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JEARPZLCKWXTFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methylamino]-2-methylpropanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(C)(C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC(F)=C1 JEARPZLCKWXTFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000000044 Amnesia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000006096 Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000036864 Attention deficit/hyperactivity disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000014644 Brain disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 208000020406 Creutzfeldt Jacob disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000003407 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000010859 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229940098778 Dopamine receptor agonist Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 208000012661 Dyskinesia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Histamine Chemical compound NCCC1=CN=CN1 NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 2
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HOKKHZGPKSLGJE-GSVOUGTGSA-N N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid Chemical compound CN[C@@H](C(O)=O)CC(O)=O HOKKHZGPKSLGJE-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010028813 Nausea Diseases 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000030886 Traumatic Brain injury Diseases 0.000 description 2
- HWHLPVGTWGOCJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trihexyphenidyl Chemical group C1CCCCC1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)(O)CCN1CCCCC1 HWHLPVGTWGOCJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000556 agonist Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- VREFGVBLTWBCJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N alprazolam Chemical compound C12=CC(Cl)=CC=C2N2C(C)=NN=C2CN=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 VREFGVBLTWBCJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940065524 anticholinergics inhalants for obstructive airway diseases Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229960004046 apomorphine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- VMWNQDUVQKEIOC-CYBMUJFWSA-N apomorphine Chemical compound C([C@H]1N(C)CC2)C3=CC=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C1C2=CC=C3 VMWNQDUVQKEIOC-CYBMUJFWSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 208000015802 attention deficit-hyperactivity disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000003542 behavioural effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BNQDCRGUHNALGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N benserazide Chemical compound OCC(N)C(=O)NNCC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1O BNQDCRGUHNALGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960000911 benserazide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- GIJXKZJWITVLHI-PMOLBWCYSA-N benzatropine Chemical compound O([C@H]1C[C@H]2CC[C@@H](C1)N2C)C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 GIJXKZJWITVLHI-PMOLBWCYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960001081 benzatropine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960004205 carbidopa Drugs 0.000 description 2
- TZFNLOMSOLWIDK-JTQLQIEISA-N carbidopa (anhydrous) Chemical compound NN[C@@](C(O)=O)(C)CC1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 TZFNLOMSOLWIDK-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000001684 chronic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013270 controlled release Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002964 excitative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229960003980 galantamine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- ASUTZQLVASHGKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N galanthamine hydrochloride Natural products O1C(=C23)C(OC)=CC=C2CN(C)CCC23C1CC(O)C=C2 ASUTZQLVASHGKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003825 glutamate receptor antagonist Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010255 intramuscular injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000028867 ischemia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000007937 lozenge Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006984 memory degeneration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000023060 memory loss Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007659 motor function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008693 nausea Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000015122 neurodegenerative disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000016273 neuron death Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003557 neuropsychological effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002547 new drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 2
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960004851 pergolide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- YEHCICAEULNIGD-MZMPZRCHSA-N pergolide Chemical compound C1=CC([C@H]2C[C@@H](CSC)CN([C@@H]2C2)CCC)=C3C2=CNC3=C1 YEHCICAEULNIGD-MZMPZRCHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229960003089 pramipexole Drugs 0.000 description 2
- FASDKYOPVNHBLU-ZETCQYMHSA-N pramipexole Chemical compound C1[C@@H](NCCC)CCC2=C1SC(N)=N2 FASDKYOPVNHBLU-ZETCQYMHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960005253 procyclidine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 208000020016 psychiatric disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 2
- QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N serotonin Chemical compound C1=C(O)C=C2C(CCN)=CNC2=C1 QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007596 spatial working memory Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940032147 starch Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008223 sterile water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003956 synaptic plasticity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009529 traumatic brain injury Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229960001032 trihexyphenidyl Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-QMMMGPOBSA-N (-)-norepinephrine Chemical compound NC[C@H](O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QBYIENPQHBMVBV-HFEGYEGKSA-N (2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid Chemical compound O[C@@H](C(O)=O)c1ccccc1.O[C@@H](C(O)=O)c1ccccc1 QBYIENPQHBMVBV-HFEGYEGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHJIBOFHEFDSAU-GFCCVEGCSA-N (2r)-2-[[4-[(2-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CN[C@H](C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1F BHJIBOFHEFDSAU-GFCCVEGCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004191 (C1-C6) alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005913 (C3-C6) cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M .beta-Phenylacrylic acid Natural products [O-]C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AHMWTDOZNQOCAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-[[4-[(2-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methylamino]acetamide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(F)C=1C(C(=O)N)NCC(C=C1)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1F AHMWTDOZNQOCAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUAPKJRANCSCBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-[[4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methylamino]acetamide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(F)C=1C(C(=O)N)NCC(C=C1)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC(F)=C1 SUAPKJRANCSCBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FVPIWKJMLINOHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(4-benzylsulfanylphenyl)methylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1SCC1=CC=CC=C1 FVPIWKJMLINOHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEHDKRBHKAGVKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)methylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1 IEHDKRBHKAGVKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FAMQOOVSHKPIHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(4-thiophen-2-yloxyphenyl)methylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OC1=CC=CS1 FAMQOOVSHKPIHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJTNBQBGJSSVLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[4-[(2-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]ethylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CCNC(C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1F BJTNBQBGJSSVLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMPOJUVVLQGTSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[4-[(3-chlorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]ethylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CCNC(C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1 BMPOJUVVLQGTSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYXSAUPRQQIYGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]ethylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CCNC(C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC(F)=C1 OYXSAUPRQQIYGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DWHVPAYXTBJTSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-(4-phenylbutoxy)phenyl]methylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1 DWHVPAYXTBJTSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DHDZQYRJVNDVKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-[(2-chlorophenyl)methylsulfanyl]phenyl]methylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1SCC1=CC=CC=C1Cl DHDZQYRJVNDVKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JYXHMCQBDXKJFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-[(2-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methyl-methylamino]-2-phenylacetamide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C(N)=O)N(C)CC(C=C1)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1F JYXHMCQBDXKJFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HYRAJPATCBQKCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-[(2-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methylamino]-3-hydroxypropanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(CO)C(=O)N)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1F HYRAJPATCBQKCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGXNRJBCPJAUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-[(2-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methylamino]-n-methylpropanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(C)C(=O)NC)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1F WGXNRJBCPJAUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGAZPYAMTAVKDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-[(3-chlorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methylamino]-2-phenylacetamide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C(=O)N)NCC(C=C1)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1 UGAZPYAMTAVKDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCSMEIBTXUDXFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methylamino]-2-phenylacetamide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C(=O)N)NCC(C=C1)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC(F)=C1 HCSMEIBTXUDXFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UTIKAYGNKRMHTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methylamino]-3-hydroxypropanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(CO)C(=O)N)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC(F)=C1 UTIKAYGNKRMHTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FZSPWFMNPPFIJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methylsulfanyl]phenyl]methylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1SCC1=CC=CC(F)=C1 FZSPWFMNPPFIJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBABTXVDELKRJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OCCC1=CC=CC(F)=C1 MBABTXVDELKRJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FMVVWKBPYPEPAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[4-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)ethyl]phenyl]methylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1CCC1=CC=CC(F)=C1 FMVVWKBPYPEPAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DABZEFFZGNRXOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[methyl-[(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)methyl]amino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CN(C)C(C)C(N)=O)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1 DABZEFFZGNRXOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AROJRYZKACVPEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenyl-2-[(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)methylamino]acetamide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C(=O)N)NCC(C=C1)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1 AROJRYZKACVPEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HPOIPOPJGBKXIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,6-dimethoxy-10-methyl-galantham-1-ene Natural products O1C(C(=CC=2)OC)=C3C=2CN(C)CCC23C1CC(OC)C=C2 HPOIPOPJGBKXIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-azaniumyl-2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound NCC(O)C(O)=O BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JMIJOQDPXHRPOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)methylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(CO)C(=O)N)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1 JMIJOQDPXHRPOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPNQCSNKEHUNCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxy-n-methyl-2-[(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)methylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C1=CC(CNC(CO)C(=O)NC)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1 PPNQCSNKEHUNCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DKIDEFUBRARXTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-mercaptopropanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCS DKIDEFUBRARXTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DHSSDEDRBUKTQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-prop-2-enyl-4,5,7,8-tetrahydrothiazolo[4,5-d]azepin-2-amine Chemical compound C1CN(CC=C)CCC2=C1N=C(N)S2 DHSSDEDRBUKTQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[3-(1-cyclopropylpyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]-3-methyl-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one Chemical class C1(CC1)N1N=CC(=C1)C1=NNC2=C1N=C(N=C2)N1C2C(N(CC1CC2)C)=O HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000003678 AMPA Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000078 AMPA Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000000774 AMPA receptor agonist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000215068 Acacia senegal Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940100578 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- IYGYMKDQCDOMRE-QRWMCTBCSA-N Bicculine Chemical compound O([C@H]1C2C3=CC=4OCOC=4C=C3CCN2C)C(=O)C2=C1C=CC1=C2OCO1 IYGYMKDQCDOMRE-QRWMCTBCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010006100 Bradykinesia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000006474 Brain Ischemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- OAPMUZRDBAYARZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N COC1=C(COC2=CC=C(CNC(CN)C)C=C2)C=CC=C1 Chemical compound COC1=C(COC2=CC=C(CNC(CN)C)C=C2)C=CC=C1 OAPMUZRDBAYARZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WDXXEYPFKFESEJ-ZDUSSCGKSA-N C[C@@H](CN)NCC1=CC=C(C=C1)OCC2=CC(=CC=C2)F Chemical compound C[C@@H](CN)NCC1=CC=C(C=C1)OCC2=CC(=CC=C2)F WDXXEYPFKFESEJ-ZDUSSCGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KORNTPPJEAJQIU-KJXAQDMKSA-N Cabaser Chemical compound C1=CC([C@H]2C[C@H](CN(CC=C)[C@@H]2C2)C(=O)N(CCCN(C)C)C(=O)NCC)=C3C2=CNC3=C1 KORNTPPJEAJQIU-KJXAQDMKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010008120 Cerebral ischaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091006146 Channels Proteins 0.000 description 1
- LPCKPBWOSNVCEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlidanthine Natural products O1C(C(=CC=2)O)=C3C=2CN(C)CCC23C1CC(OC)C=C2 LPCKPBWOSNVCEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-SREVYHEPSA-N Cinnamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-SREVYHEPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010010071 Coma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001573498 Compacta Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010010305 Confusional state Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010010904 Convulsion Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002261 Corn starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000858 Cyclodextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010061818 Disease progression Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000015554 Dopamine receptor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108050004812 Dopamine receptor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Elaidinsaeure-aethylester Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WOAGZHBFYYZGRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N FC1=C(COC2=CC=C(CNC(CN)C)C=C2)C=CC=C1 Chemical compound FC1=C(COC2=CC=C(CNC(CN)C)C=C2)C=CC=C1 WOAGZHBFYYZGRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WDXXEYPFKFESEJ-CYBMUJFWSA-N FC=1C=C(COC2=CC=C(CN[C@@H](CN)C)C=C2)C=CC1 Chemical compound FC=1C=C(COC2=CC=C(CN[C@@H](CN)C)C=C2)C=CC1 WDXXEYPFKFESEJ-CYBMUJFWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010017577 Gait disturbance Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000194101 Ginkgo biloba Species 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940122459 Glutamate antagonist Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000006083 Hypokinesia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010021143 Hypoxia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010061216 Infarction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 240000007472 Leucaena leucocephala Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010643 Leucaena leucocephala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NNJVILVZKWQKPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lidocaine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1C NNJVILVZKWQKPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 208000027382 Mental deterioration Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010027374 Mental impairment Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010061296 Motor dysfunction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010052904 Musculoskeletal stiffness Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940099433 NMDA receptor antagonist Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000012902 Nervous system disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000025966 Neurological disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005662 Paraffin oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- IWYDHOAUDWTVEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N R-2-phenyl-2-hydroxyacetic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)C1=CC=CC=C1 IWYDHOAUDWTVEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BKRGVLQUQGGVSM-KBXCAEBGSA-N Revanil Chemical compound C1=CC(C=2[C@H](N(C)C[C@H](C=2)NC(=O)N(CC)CC)C2)=C3C2=CNC3=C1 BKRGVLQUQGGVSM-KBXCAEBGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010047513 Vision blurred Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229930003427 Vitamin E Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 206010047700 Vomiting Diseases 0.000 description 1
- PBHFNBQPZCRWQP-QUCCMNQESA-N [(3ar,8bs)-3,4,8b-trimethyl-2,3a-dihydro-1h-pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-7-yl] n-phenylcarbamate Chemical compound CN([C@@H]1[C@@](C2=C3)(C)CCN1C)C2=CC=C3OC(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1 PBHFNBQPZCRWQP-QUCCMNQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUQRFOCJBJMREX-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4-[(2-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methanamine Chemical compound C1=CC(CN)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1F SUQRFOCJBJMREX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DLQRSGVKMVGZLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methanamine Chemical compound C1=CC(CN)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC(F)=C1 DLQRSGVKMVGZLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010419 agar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000036626 alertness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DKNWSYNQZKUICI-UHFFFAOYSA-N amantadine Chemical compound C1C(C2)CC3CC2CC1(N)C3 DKNWSYNQZKUICI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003805 amantadine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001773 anti-convulsant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001430 anti-depressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003556 anti-epileptic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000561 anti-psychotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000935 antidepressant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005513 antidepressants Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960003965 antiepileptics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940125688 antiparkinson agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003693 atypical antipsychotic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940127236 atypical antipsychotics Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000004227 basal ganglia Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AACMFFIUYXGCOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N bicuculline Natural products CN1CCc2cc3OCOc3cc2C1C4OCc5c6OCOc6ccc45 AACMFFIUYXGCOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005978 brain dysfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000029028 brain injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960002802 bromocriptine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OZVBMTJYIDMWIL-AYFBDAFISA-N bromocriptine Chemical compound C1=CC(C=2[C@H](N(C)C[C@@H](C=2)C(=O)N[C@]2(C(=O)N3[C@H](C(N4CCC[C@H]4[C@]3(O)O2)=O)CC(C)C)C(C)C)C2)=C3C2=C(Br)NC3=C1 OZVBMTJYIDMWIL-AYFBDAFISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004596 cabergoline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003543 catechol methyltransferase inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010008118 cerebral infarction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000026106 cerebrovascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013985 cinnamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930016911 cinnamic acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940110456 cocoa butter Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019868 cocoa butter Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002475 cognitive enhancer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037411 cognitive enhancing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007370 cognitive improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006998 cognitive state Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036461 convulsion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008120 corn starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009537 cortical lesion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003618 cortical neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008420 cortical pathology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000183599 cuija Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 1
- 229940097362 cyclodextrins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- IYGYMKDQCDOMRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N d-Bicucullin Natural products CN1CCC2=CC=3OCOC=3C=C2C1C1OC(=O)C2=C1C=CC1=C2OCO1 IYGYMKDQCDOMRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000034994 death Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002542 deteriorative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PBUNVLRHZGSROC-VTIMJTGVSA-N dihydro-alpha-ergocryptine Chemical compound C1=CC([C@H]2C[C@H](CN(C)[C@@H]2C2)C(=O)N[C@]3(C(=O)N4[C@H](C(N5CCC[C@H]5[C@]4(O)O3)=O)CC(C)C)C(C)C)=C3C2=CNC3=C1 PBUNVLRHZGSROC-VTIMJTGVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002032 dihydroergocryptine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005750 disease progression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000002173 dizziness Diseases 0.000 description 1
- MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl hydrogen sulfate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(O)(=O)=O MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043264 dodecyl sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000005064 dopaminergic neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000008298 dragée Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000890 drug combination Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010013781 dry mouth Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002996 emotional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003337 entacapone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- JRURYQJSLYLRLN-BJMVGYQFSA-N entacapone Chemical compound CCN(CC)C(=O)C(\C#N)=C\C1=CC(O)=C(O)C([N+]([O-])=O)=C1 JRURYQJSLYLRLN-BJMVGYQFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002329 esterase inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940011871 estrogen Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000262 estrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N ethyl oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940093471 ethyl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005713 exacerbation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000007941 film coated tablet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BGLNUNCBNALFOZ-WMLDXEAASA-N galanthamine Natural products COc1ccc2CCCC[C@@]34C=CCC[C@@H]3Oc1c24 BGLNUNCBNALFOZ-WMLDXEAASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003692 gamma aminobutyric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-aminobutyric acid Chemical compound NCCCC(O)=O BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-tocopherol Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1CCC2C(C)C(O)C(C)C(C)C2O1 WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940049906 glutamate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229960001340 histamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003326 hypnotic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007954 hypoxia Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007574 infarction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007927 intramuscular injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008449 language Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000225 lethality Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229960004194 lidocaine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006193 liquid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003587 lisuride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000006210 lotion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- IYVSXSLYJLAZAT-NOLJZWGESA-N lycoramine Natural products CN1CC[C@@]23CC[C@H](O)C[C@@H]2Oc4cccc(C1)c34 IYVSXSLYJLAZAT-NOLJZWGESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001630 malic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011090 malic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002510 mandelic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010534 mechanism of action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008897 memory decline Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006386 memory function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl p-hydroxycinnamate Natural products OC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDOPTJXRTPNYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl-cyclopentane Natural products CC1CCCC1 GDOPTJXRTPNYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008450 motivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004400 mucous membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- PFZGGJTWPMATOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methyl-3-phenyl-2-[(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)methylamino]propanamide Chemical compound C=1C=C(OCC=2C=CC=CC=2)C=CC=1CNC(C(=O)NC)CC1=CC=CC=C1 PFZGGJTWPMATOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940097496 nasal spray Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007922 nasal spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001206 natural gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 210000001577 neostriatum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000005036 nerve Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000002610 neuroimaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000926 neurological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002569 neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003961 neuronal insult Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000001119 neuropathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007823 neuropathy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940021182 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002748 norepinephrine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N norepinephrine Natural products NCC(O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002674 ointment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006186 oral dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007911 parenteral administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007310 pathophysiology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008447 perception Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000033808 peripheral neuropathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003386 piperidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940068965 polysorbates Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001242 postsynaptic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001144 postural effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036544 posture Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002360 prefrontal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000651 prodrug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940002612 prodrug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007101 progressive neurodegeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001959 radiotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012950 reanalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940044601 receptor agonist Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000018 receptor agonist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004043 responsiveness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960003179 rotigotine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KFQYTPMOWPVWEJ-INIZCTEOSA-N rotigotine Chemical compound CCCN([C@@H]1CC2=CC=CC(O)=C2CC1)CCC1=CC=CS1 KFQYTPMOWPVWEJ-INIZCTEOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000698 schizophrenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940076279 serotonin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940001089 sinemet Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940079832 sodium starch glycolate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008109 sodium starch glycolate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003109 sodium starch glycolate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940103422 stalevo Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003523 substantia nigra Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000007940 sugar coated tablet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009495 sugar coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RKZSNTNMEFVBDT-MRVPVSSYSA-N sumanirole Chemical compound C([C@H](C1)NC)C2=CC=CC3=C2N1C(=O)N3 RKZSNTNMEFVBDT-MRVPVSSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950011111 sumanirole Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013268 sustained release Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012730 sustained-release form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000225 synapse Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000011580 syndromic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960001685 tacrine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YLJREFDVOIBQDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tacrine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(N)=C(CCCC3)C3=NC2=C1 YLJREFDVOIBQDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950008418 talipexole Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005919 time-dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960004603 tolcapone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- MIQPIUSUKVNLNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tolcapone Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C([N+]([O-])=O)=C1 MIQPIUSUKVNLNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008733 trauma Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001755 vocal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008673 vomiting Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
- A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
- A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/075—Ethers or acetals
- A61K31/085—Ethers or acetals having an ether linkage to aromatic ring nuclear carbon
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/13—Amines
- A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
- A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
- A61K31/341—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide not condensed with another ring, e.g. ranitidine, furosemide, bufetolol, muscarine
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
- A61K31/402—1-aryl substituted, e.g. piretanide
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
- A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/22—Anxiolytics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/24—Antidepressants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
- A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
- A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Psychiatry (AREA)
- Psychology (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
- Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
- Communicable Diseases (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- AIDS & HIV (AREA)
- Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Oncology (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Sulfur Atoms (AREA)
Description
本發明係經由投予α-胺基醯胺,特別為沙芬醯胺(safinamide),對於認知障礙,亦即學習上及記憶缺陷藥物之治療領域。可使用本發明化合物治療之認知障礙實例係與下列障礙有關,諸如自閉症、閱讀障礙、注意力缺陷過動症、精神分裂、強迫症、精神病、躁鬱症、憂鬱症、妥瑞氏症候群、兒童、青少年及成人之輕度認知缺損(MCI)與學習障礙、老化相關聯之記憶力缺損、老化相關聯之認知降低、阿茲海默症、巴金森症、唐氏症候群、創傷性腦部受傷、杭丁頓氏病、進行性上核麻痺症(PSP)、人類免疫缺乏病毒(HIV)、中風、血管病、皮克氏病或庫賈氏病(Creutzfeldt-Jacob diseases)、多發性硬化(MS)、其它白質病症及藥物誘發之認知惡化。
認知腦障礙之臨床特徵為記憶力、認知、推理、執行功能、規劃、判斷與情緒安定的進行性喪失,逐漸導致深度精神惡化。
寬廣範圍之病症係可導致認知障礙。
神經精神認知缺陷於患有神經精神障礙者常見。其中,精神分裂為精神病之慢性重度且造成失能的形式。科學家估計高度75%精神分裂病人有認知受損。傳統精神分裂之治療當以高劑量使用時無法有效治療精神分裂的認知缺陷。雖然曾經報告較為晚近發展出之精神分裂之治療,稱作為非典型抗精神病藥,對認知缺陷有某些效果,但該等效果可能無法持久,或無法導致日常生活功能的改善。目前並無任何藥物核准用於治療精神分裂之認知缺陷。
更常見跨數種病理情況,隨著醫療上對癡呆篩檢的增加識別出更多病人尚未符合癡呆的診斷標準,但仍然有顯著記憶或認知缺損,定義為輕度認知缺損(MCI)。
輕度認知缺損(MCI)為一種病症,其特徵為無癡呆但輕度新近記憶力喪失,或其它認知功能顯著受損至超出對該年齡層或教育程度所預期的程度。MCI的診斷標準有:記憶方面疾病;日常生活活動異常;一般認知功能異常;對該年齡而言的記憶力異常;未精神錯亂。
落入MCI、老化相關聯之記憶缺損、老化相關之記憶下降或類似診斷類別的病人數目參差不齊。例如根據Barker et al.Br J Psychiatry,1995 Nov;167(5):642-8之估計,單美國即有超過一千六百萬人患有老化相關之記憶力缺損。
美國食品藥物管理局之顧問團於2001年3月13日規定MCI「與阿茲海默症(AD)之癡呆不同的病症」為新藥治療的有價值標靶,而與該特定藥物是否也可減慢癡呆的進展無關。但目前已經用於治療本藥的藥物只有輕微的暫時效果。
曾經提倡多種藥物(包括非類固醇抗炎藥)、激素類(特別為雌激素)、維生素類(例如維生素E)及草藥製劑(特別為銀杏(Gingko biloba))用於治療記憶力喪失。乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑係標準可用於阿茲海默症,也曾經用於治療MCI。雖然若干此等藥劑仍然有展望,但由審慎執行經過明確控制的臨床試驗仍然不存在有強勁效果。由於全部此等理由故,於MCI中尚未滿足醫療需求仍然極高。
以認知缺陷為特徵的腦部病症也可能引發進行性神經元退化,或繼發於創傷、梗塞、缺氧、感染或水腦之細胞死亡,係以記憶力受損為特徵,但也可能有其它認知缺陷,該等缺陷可導致癡呆的診斷。與認知缺陷及癡呆相關聯之疾病包括阿茲海默症、巴金森症、杭丁頓氏病、人類免疫缺乏病毒(HIV)、血管病、皮克氏病或庫賈氏病、多發性硬化(MS)、進行性上核麻痺(PSP)、及其它白質病症。此等疾病中,阿茲海默症佔美國最主要死因的第四位。2005年,全美阿茲海默症患者佔超過4百萬人,於隨後之20年間預期患者數目不斷增加。已經研究多種藥物有關其用於改良阿茲海默症之認知方面及行為方面的效果。FDA已經核准五種阿茲海默症的治療藥,但此等藥物最多只能提供輕度緩解,而無法進軍AD的起因。五種核准用於治療AD的藥物有tacrine、donezepil、rivastigmine、galantamine、及memantine。不幸地,此等藥物只能對認知缺陷獲得有限的與時間相依性的效果。
巴金森症(PD)是一種慢性進行性神經病變,臨床特徵為運動障礙,包括僵硬、運動遲緩、步態干擾、姿勢不穩、及震顫,震顫通常係於靜止時發生,但有些病人有姿勢震顫及動作震顫成分。PD在神經學上的特徵是黑質緻密部的多巴胺神經元的退化,結果導致該等多巴胺神經元所投射之紋狀體中之多巴胺的大為耗盡。認知缺損也是此種疾病的一項特徵,甚至係出現於非精神錯亂的早期PD病人,但非與該疾病的運動症狀有嚴格交互關聯。
顯然,已知巴金森症有與注意力、警覺性、知覺、動機、智慧及最後認知及記憶力相關缺陷。於大部分百分比病人(粗略為50%),特別於早期巴金森症病人,此等缺陷並非全面性,也不嚴重而須歸類為癡呆。此外,於高度百分比之此等病人中,缺陷不會進行至癡呆。於某些個體,認知降低可能於輕度巴金森症相關皮質病理的存在下發展,相反地,廣泛皮質病變不一定會導致認知降低(Braak,H et al,Neurology,64:1404-1410,2005)。
目前最廣泛使用的巴金森症藥物為左多巴(levodopa),儘管長期使用該藥物後嚴重運動併發症顯著,但左多巴仍然被視為最佳標準。自1990年代以來,多巴胺促效劑(DA)逐漸普及,多巴胺促效劑可作為延遲左多巴使用的早期治療,以及當單獨多巴胺促效劑的效果不足以控制病人的運動缺陷時,可作為左多巴的輔助治療。
不幸地,針對用於治癒巴金森症之該藥理介入治療,該藥物經由回復多巴胺狀態,誘發運動缺損,不僅實質上無法治癒認知缺陷,且經常對認知產生負面效果。
參考文獻中未曾報告使用左多巴對認知方面或甚至認知缺陷上有任何效果證據。此等負面發現係由全面性參考文獻說明。以下為非排它表單:Huber SJ et al.Neurology,1987 Aug;37(8):1371-5;Huber SJ et al.Neurology,1989 Mar;39(3):438-40;Poewe W et al.,.Ann Neurol.1991 Jun;29(6):670-3;Kulisevsky J et al.,Brain,1996 Dec;119(Pt 6):2121-32;Feigin A et al.,Brain 2003 Jun 10;60(11):1744).
同時多巴胺促效劑(DA)乃一種寬廣處方的PD治療藥物類別,對巴金森症病人的認知功效也經常為負面效果。
Pergolide是一種混合D1/D2多巴胺促效劑對認知功能的效果係於早期輕度巴金森症接受評估(Brusa L et al.,J Neural Transm.2005 Feb;112(2):231-7)。認知評估係於停藥洗出期之後進行,而於8週(研究結束)後重複,並未顯示認知試驗分數的改善。
於另一群同年齡組的輕度PD病人中,一種混合D2/D3多巴胺促效劑pramipexole,比較左多巴,可輕微但顯著惡化言語流暢程度、損害短期語言記憶及注意力執行功能,但不超過正常值(Brusa L et al.,J Neural Transm.2003,110:373-380)。
另一種多巴胺藥物阿朴嗎啡(apomorphine)對反應時間有不良影響,但於視覺空間工作記憶(WM)不影響表現準確度(Costa A et al.,Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord.2003;15(2):55-66)。
此等資料提示多巴胺劑,特別為左多巴及多巴胺促效劑雖然已經證實對巴金森症病人改善運動功能有效,但對認知的功效仍有爭議,甚至於某些特定研究工作中造成認知的惡化。
另一方面,有大量參考文獻報告膽鹼藥物特別於阿茲海默症可改善認知的假說。更為晚近Emre M.等人(New England Journal of Medicine,2004,351:2509-2518)報告於患有巴金森症相關癡呆(PDD)病人之雙盲式隨機分配安慰劑對照試驗中,膽鹼酯酶抑制劑(rivastigmine)之第一大型多中心比較。使用rivastigmine之病人於兩項主要結果測量值亦即阿茲海默症評估分數認知次分數及臨床通用改變印象的結果較佳,以及對於全部二次結果測量值,包括神經精神清單、日常生活活動、執行功能及MMSE的反應較佳。但其差異為中等,於rivastigmine組(17%)比較安慰劑組(8%)有較多病人由於不良作用而從實驗中剔除,最常見係因噁心副作用。即使客觀評估巴金森症,於兩組間並無差異,但於rivastigmine組(1.7%)比較安慰劑組更常見報告主觀手臂震顫惡化,由藥物作用於膽鹼系統預期具有此種副作用。此等資料提示前文說明之藥理介入治療可產生某些效果,但經常必須犧牲嚴重病發的副作用諸如震顫的惡化來獲得若干成效。實際上,巴金森症的震顫經常可使用抗膽鹼藥物改善。抗膽鹼藥係包括trihexyphenidyl、benztropine、及procyclidine。但抗膽鹼治療的副作用,諸如口乾、視力模糊、排尿困難、昏亂及對認知造成的負面影響可能限制此等藥劑的使用。
整體而言此等資料顯示認知改善仍然並無有效藥物高度尚未滿足的醫療需求領域。使用若干藥物例如膽鹼酯酶抑制劑觀察得中等且不一致的效果,造成需要有更多更有效更安全的治療。特別於巴金森症,膽鹼酯酶抑制劑造成震顫的惡化,醫療介入可用於恢復與疾病相關的運動改善諸如左多巴或DA,經常造成認知功能的惡化,對於可改善認知而不會造成疾病之運動障礙的新藥需求極高。
根據本發明,發現式(I)α-胺基醯胺化合物及其藥學上可接受之鹽,特別是沙芬醯胺(safinamide),可有效用於治療於前述多種疾病所觀察到的認知障礙,可經口投予,而不會由於與諸如phenserine、rivastigmine、donezepil、及galanthamine等化合物相關聯的抗膽鹼活性所造成的毒性副作用。
式(I)α-胺基醯胺化合物特別為safinamide,並非膽鹼酯酶抑制劑。因此於投予式(I)α-胺基醯胺化合物,特別為safinamide後不會預期觀察到於巴金森症病人使用rivastigmine所觀察到的相同毒性作用,諸如噁心、嘔吐、眩暈、心搏過慢、震顫增加(Emre M.et al.NEJM,351,2509-2518,2004)。
Safinamide於病理性麩胺酸溢流的情況下為選擇性MAO-B抑制劑(對MAO-A不具有活性)及麩胺酸釋放抑制劑。Safinamide並非麩胺酸受體拮抗劑,原因在於Safinamide對任何麩胺酸受體不具有親和力。其作用機轉說明於若干公開文獻,其中以下列舉非排它性表單。
Biochemical and Electrophysiological Studies on the Mechanism of Action of PNU-151774E.a Novel Antiepileptic Compound;salvati P.;Maj R.;Caccia C.;Cervini M.A.;Lamberti E.;Pevarello P.;Skeen G.A.;White H.S.;Wolf H.H.;Faravelli L.;Mazzanti M.;Mancinelli E.;Varasi M.;Fariello R.G.J.Pharmac.Exp.Ther.;288:1151-1159,Mar 1999
Safinamide(NW-1015)於動物研究模型及健康志願者之MAO-B抑制性質特徵。C.caccia,R.Musanti,M.Calabresi,E.Lamberti,P.Tocchetti,L.Dal Bo,R.G.Fariello,L.Benatti,and P.Salvati.Abs 862.16-31st Annual Meeting Society for Neuroscicnce 2001 San Diego,California,Nov.10-15
Safinamide及其甲基化類似物於大鼠皮質神經元之神經保護效果。Curatolo L.,Faravelli L.,Caccia C.,and Salvati P.Poster G-36-Congrcsso Nazionale SINS-Torino,8-11 Settembre 2001
Safinamide(NW-1015)為MAO-B與麩胺酸釋放抑制劑之新穎組合,於巴金森症之動物研究模型中具有神經保護效果。R.Maj,C.Caccia,E.Lamberti,M.Calabresi,R.G.Fariello,L.Benatti and P.Salvati.Poster n.B91-XXX Congresso Nazionale SIF Genova,30 Maggio-2 Giugno 2001。
也曾經提示除了於神經退化病症且特別於巴金森症及缺血之症狀療效之外,safinamide可能具有長期神經保護效果。此種效果已經於動物研究模型中獲得驗證(F.Vaghi et al;27 th annual meeting Neuroscience New Orleans 1997 October 25-30 abs n 212.9)。但曾經顯示(Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,1998,285:397-403)safinamide「本身」於正常大鼠於大鼠的被動逃避試驗中無法改善認知,該試驗為據稱可與人類改善認知的抑制藥具有活性之試驗。
巴金森症病人之臨床資料顯示經過3個月治療後,safinamide可顯著改善UPDRS分數。當safinamide與多巴胺促效劑併用時,此種改善特別顯著(Stocchi,F et al.Neurology,2004 Aug 24;63(4):746-8)。
發明人今出乎意外地發現,於患有早期巴金森症之非精神錯亂病人進行為期六個月的雙盲式臨床試驗中,比較單獨使用多巴胺促效劑之該組(對照組),safinamide結合多巴胺促效劑(DA)不僅可顯著改善與疾病的運動症狀相關聯之UPDRS分數,同時於處理開始後的3個月和6個月檢查時,也可改善於對照組觀察得的認知惡化及/或比較處理前改善認知。詳言之,出乎意外地發現safinamide添加至穩定劑量之多巴胺促效劑可:a)比較基準線(惡化狀況係符合於前文摘述之參考文獻所述),可對抗單獨使用多巴胺促效劑觀察得的認知惡化;b)比較處理開始前觀察得之基準線效能,於一連串試驗中可改善病人的表現。
此乃新穎發現,原因在於先前揭示已經將式1化合物與退化疾病,特別為巴金森症及缺血相關聯,於該等疾病中該等化合物及safinamide特別由於其MAO-B抑制活性及抗驚厥活性具有神經保護劑角色將扮演某種角色而造成疾病改善效果。式(1)化合物顯示可抑制由於bicuculline及巰基丙酸所引發的抽搐和致命,且可抑制MAO活性(WO 90/14334)。該揭示時提示MAO-B抑制劑具有神經保護效果(Strolin Benedetti M and Doster P,Biochem.Pharmacol.1988,38,555-561)。
未曾說明safinamide對本資料觀察得之認知效果的作用機轉。但該作用機轉極為可能為神經保護效果,諸如於動物研究模型中對safinamide所述,神經保護效果只於12週時間亦即相當短時間可測得,神經元細胞的死亡為不可逆。神經保護劑期望可減慢疾病的進行,於長期試驗(諸如兩年期試驗)中驗證藉藥物處理可顯著減輕對照組病人所觀察得的疾病惡化。
因此比較先前揭示,此種效果於如此短時間內變顯著係完全出乎意外。
於巴金森症(PD)病人觀察得寬廣範圍之相對輕微的認知缺陷。於諸如記憶力、視覺空間處理、注意力、概念形成以及執行功能的不同的認知領域觀察到有認知缺陷。
若干認知缺陷與前額葉皮質之下列局部病灶所報告的缺陷類似,連同多巴胺於將基底神經節與前額葉皮質鏈結的複雜電路調控上所扮演的角色,結果獲得多巴胺刺激程度變化可修改認知效能表現的假說。
但於患有巴金森症病人,左多巴及多巴胺促效劑二者皆曾經報告可改善、損害、或不影響前額葉認知效能,以及改善、損害或不影響如前文報告之記憶功能。
此等資料提示左多巴及多巴胺促效劑已經證實於巴金森症病人具有改善運動功能的效果,對認知具有之爭議性效果,甚至於某些特定工作上造成認知的惡化。此種差異的原因在於過度多巴胺受體刺激可能對認知功能有害(Murphy Bl et al,PNAS,1996,vol 93 and Ruzicka E et al.,J Neurol.Neurosurg.Psychiatry,57,998-1001,1994)。曾經提示多巴胺活性對獲得最佳認知功能的臨界範圍,超出此範圍則導致認知失調。
出乎意外地,safinamide結合多巴胺促效劑可改善認知,而多巴胺促效劑本身依據前述參考文獻,於本試驗中造成若干認知功能的惡化。實際上如此當然會造成多巴胺的利用率升高,發明人相當確定會出現此種情況,原因在於於同一個試驗中,safinamide改善運動分數(UPDRS)優於多巴胺促效劑的效果,而UPDRS係與多巴胺強度嚴格相關聯。實際上,發明人發現經過DA促效劑治療之病人觀察得的惡化,可能係由於前額葉皮質的多巴胺刺激程度過高,超過建議可改善認知的最理想多巴胺刺激程度。雖言如此,當將此DA促效劑添加至療法中,safinamide可逆轉認知的損害。此點對於MAO-B抑制劑為全然出乎意外者。
此外,rasagiline為一種用於PD治療上MAO-B抑制劑,據報告rasagiline不會改善認知,單純係不會惡化認知:「rasagiline每日1次每次1毫克劑量可改善巴金森症之症狀,包括運動的起伏波動,而於早期PD病人及中等至惡化的PD病人不會顯著增加認知副作用及行為副作用的發生率」,如於Agilet(rasagiline)進行TEMPO及PRESTO關鍵性研究的再分析所引述,於澳大利亞薩爾斯堡,巴金森症精神功能異常會議,2004年中提出。
此等MAO-B抑制劑對認知功能的效果曾經提示主要係與其神經保護效果有關,也有假說,該效果可能係由於神經傳遞物質且特別為多巴胺於相關腦區的利用率增加。也顯示多巴胺的短缺實際上涉及巴金森症病人的記憶力受損的病理生理學(J Neural Transm.(1994)41:259-266;Trends in Pharmacological Sciences,(2005)26:27-35)。
此外,safinamide的麩胺酸釋放抑制效果也可說明對PD病人的認知功能之正向發現。
麩胺酸為哺乳動物中樞神經系統(CNS)的主要興奮性神經傳遞物質,且可媒介跨越大部分興奮性神經突觸之神經傳遞。麩胺酸可刺激多個突觸後受體,包括NMDA受體及AMPA受體。
如大量參考文獻證據證實,麩胺酸受體活性的減低特別NMDA受體活性的減低明顯破壞學習與記憶。實際上,曾經研究NMDA受體促效劑及AMPA受體促效劑(非拮抗劑)提升認知的可能(Weiser T,2004,in Cognitive enhancing drugs,Buccafusco JJ editor,pp89-96-Birkhauser,Austria)。
因此好奇NMDA受體拮抗劑,memantine是一種已經核准達到臨床階段的麩胺酸藥物。本實例及其特殊性特別係由Youdim MB and Buccafusco JJ,Trends in Pharmacological sciences(2005)26:27-35)所敘述。Memantine目前於美國核准用於治療中度至重度阿茲海默症(AD)。一項假說為此種效果可能與藥物的神經保護作用相關聯。另一項假說為NMDA型麩胺酸受體於阿茲海默症以張力方式而非相位方式被過度活化。此種連續溫和的活化,可能導致突觸可塑性(學習)的神經元損傷及受損。於此等情況下,於正常靜止情況下可阻斷NMDA-閘控通道的Mg 2+離子無法再發揮其效果。一項假說為memantine是一種具有「改良鎂」特徵之麩胺酸拮抗劑,原因在於memantine模擬Mg 2+,memantine經由取代Mg 2+的生理角色來緩和認知缺陷且恢復突觸的可塑性(Danysz W and Parsons CG.;Int J Geriatr Psychiatry(2003)18(Suppl 1):S23-32;Danysz W, Parsons CG
,Mobius HJ
,Stoffler A
,Quack G.
;Neurotox Res.
(2000)2(2-3):85-97)。
若此項假說為真,其係有關NMDA拮抗劑作為與Mg2+結合位置相關聯之特定作用機轉之認知提升劑活性相關聯。通常並不適用於全部NMDA拮抗劑,如前文報告NMDA拮抗劑通常對認知造成負面影響;也不適用於諸如safinamide之化合物,其抑制麩胺酸之釋放,無法透過麩胺酸受體發揮作用。
所述作為麩胺酸釋放抑制劑之一種藥物為riluzole。於臨床前期試驗中,本riluzole化合物顯示例如於大鼠實驗性腦部受傷改善認知,但其效果並非藉神經保護機轉來媒介。實際上,該riluzole化合物於腦缺血及巴金森症的研究模型中也顯示作為神經保護劑(Benazzouz A et al.,Eur.J.of Pharmacol.1995,284,299-307;J Neurotrauma,1996,13,767-80)。
Riluzole於1996年於美國核准用於ALS,目前正在PD和AD的臨床試驗中,但此等試驗原理係基於riluzole的神經保護劑效果。
由於此等理由故,如於本發明驗證,safinamide之作用機轉與其用於多巴胺受體促效劑(多巴胺受體促效劑的本身造成認知功能受損)相關聯所觀察到的正面認知效果並無明顯切割關係。此點特別為真,考慮由於此處所述之試驗時間短,故無法主張神經保護效果,神經保護機轉較可能係與由MAO-B抑制劑或NMDA拮抗劑memantine或riluzole所引發之對認知的正面效果相關聯。也無法主張於相關中樞神經系統區,因MAO-B抑制作用而具有可提升多巴胺濃度的效果,原因在於safinamide並非以單一治療投予,反而safinamide係於多巴胺促效劑組合投予,而DA的「本身」可能由於過度多巴胺刺激作用而對認知造成損傷。
最後,重要地值得一提,記憶力係由數個分開程序呈現,不同型的記憶力可能與不同的腦區相關聯。因此理由故,有多種神經傳遞物質涉及認知,包括乙醯膽鹼、正腎上腺素、多巴胺血清素、GABA、麩胺酸、組織胺、胜肽類、及其受體。此等媒介物質共同發揮作用,但由於基於另一個系統調節其中一個系統,故偶爾對多於一個標靶的組合活性可能無法預測。有不同治療標靶組合藥劑的實際應用於參考文獻中並不普遍。
更特別就發明人所知,於參考文獻中並無任何實例說明具有MAO-B抑制活性之化合物與麩胺酸鹽釋放抑制效果結合之實例,也無任何此種藥物對認知有正面效果的實例。
由於缺乏先前驗證,故此種機轉的結合確實對認知有正面效果,本發現全然出乎意外。
除了對疾病的運動方面及認知方面的有利效果之外,Safinamide與DA組合的安全性輪廓資料極為有利。如此表示本發明之進一步治療優勢,考慮膽鹼酯酶抑制劑證實用於PD病人改善認知缺陷有中等效果,造成運動表現上的若干方面惡化,引發多種非期望的副作用。本發明之一具體例為safinamide或更常見為式(I)化合物可用於預防或改善由多巴胺促效劑對PD病人之認知效能所引起的負面影響。
考慮與DA結合使用時觀察到的顯著功效,考慮於PD的全部處理造成多巴胺狀態的增加,本發明之一具體例為safinamide,且更常見為式(I)化合物可用於治療與使用左多巴以及其它用於治療PD的藥物結合用來處理認知受損。
更常見,本發明提供經由利用通式(I)之α-胺基醯胺化合物,提供優於既有處理之用於處理認知障礙之快速且高度有效之方法。
發現式(I)α-胺基醯胺化合物且特別為safinamide可於哺乳動物(例如人類、非人靈長類或大鼠)改善認知功能及處理認知受損。改善認知功能包括「提升」認知功能(影響個體受損的認知功能,讓認知功能較為接近與年齡匹配的正常未受損個體的認知功能,包括影響比較正常個體之認知功能降低狀態),以及「保有」認知功能(影響正常認知功能或受損的認知功能,故認知功能不會降低也不會降至低於於個體初次呈現認知受損或診斷受損時所觀察得的程度以下,例如不會降至於無治療存在下期望的認知功能下降的程度)。於本發明之一具體例中,哺乳動物具有改善的正常認知功能。於一具體例中,該哺乳動物呈現與老化相關的認知受損。於一具體例中,該哺乳動物為患有與疾病或病症相關聯之認知受損的個體。於一具體例中,該哺乳動物為具有與下列病症相關聯之認知功能受損之人類,諸如自閉症、閱讀障礙、注意力缺陷過動症、精神分裂、強迫症、精神病、躁鬱症、憂鬱症、妥瑞氏症候群、兒童、青少年及成人之輕度認知缺損(MCI)與學習障礙、老化相關聯之記憶力缺損、老化相關聯之認知降低、阿茲海默症、巴金森症、唐氏症候群、創傷性腦部受傷、杭丁頓氏病、進行性上核麻痺症(PSP)、人類免疫缺乏病毒(HIV)、中風、血管病、皮克氏病或庫賈氏病(Creutzfeldt-Jacob diseases)、多發性硬化(MS)、其它白質病症及藥物誘發之認知惡化。於一具體例中,認知功能的受損係由於或歸因於阿茲海默症所引起。於另一具體例中,認知功能的受損係由於或歸因於輕度認知受損(MCI)所引起。
本發明係有關式(I)化合物之用途
其中:.A為(CH2
)n
-X基團,其中n為0至5之整數,X為CH2
、O、S或NH;.s為1或2;.R為呋喃基環、噻吩基環、吡啶基環或苯基環,視需要經以各自分別選自於鹵素、羥基、氰基、C1
-C6
烷基、C1
-C6
烷氧基、或三氟甲基之一個或兩個取代基取代;.R1
為氫、C1
-C6
烷基或C3
-C7
環烷基;.R2
及R3
各自分別係選自氫;視需要可經以羥基或苯基取代之C1
-C4
烷基、視需要可經以選自於C1
-C6
烷基、鹵素、羥基、C1
-C6
烷氧基或三氟甲基中之一個或兩個取代基取代之苯基,或R2
及R3
與其鍵聯之碳原子共同形成C3
-C6
環烷基環;.R4
及R5
各自分別為氫、C1
-C6
烷基、C3
-C7
環烷基,或R4
及R5
與其鍵聯之氮原子共同形成一個5-7原子飽和雜環系環;或其異構物、混合物及藥學上可接受之鹽用於製備改善認知功能及治療認知缺損之藥物之用途。
烷基及烷氧基可為分支鏈基團或可為直鏈基團。
本發明化合物之醫藥上可接受之鹽例如包括與無機酸例如硝酸、鹽酸、氫溴酸、硫酸及磷酸等所形成之酸加成鹽;或與有機酸諸如乙酸、丙酸、乙醇酸、乳酸、草酸、丙二酸、蘋果酸、酒石酸、檸檬酸、丁二酸、苯甲酸、桂皮酸、扁桃酸、甲磺酸、對甲苯磺酸、及水楊酸等所形成之酸加成鹽。
若干式(I)化合物有非對稱性碳原子,因此可呈外消旋混合物或個別光學異構物(對映異構物)存在。如此,式(I)α-胺基醯胺之「醫藥上可接受之鹽」一詞也表示於其範圍內包括全部可能異構物及其混合物,以及任何醫藥上可接受之代謝產物、生物前驅物及/或前藥,亦即一種化合物具有與式(I)之α-胺基醯胺中之一者不同的結構式,但當投予哺乳動物特別投予人類時可直接或間接於活體內轉成具有式(I)之化合物。
較佳式(I)化合物為下述化合物,其中A為選自於CH2
、(CH2
)2
、CH2
-S及(CH2
)n
-O中之一個基團,其中n為1至5之整數;.s為1或2;.R為苯基環,視需要經以各自分別選自於鹵素、三氟甲基、甲氧基中之一個或兩個取代基取代,或噻吩基環;.R1
為氫或C1
-C4
烷基;.R2
及R3
各自分別為氫或視需要可經以羥基或苯基取代之C1
-C4
烷基,或視需要可經以1或2個鹵原子取代之苯基,或R2
及R3
與其鍵聯之原子共同形成一個C1
-C6
環烷基環;.R4
及R5
為氫或C1
-C4
烷基或與其鍵聯之氮原子共同形成一個吡咯啶環或哌啶環,及其醫藥上可接受之鹽。
特定式(I)化合物之實例包括:2-(4-苄氧基苄基胺基)-丙醯胺;2-[4-(2-甲氧基苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;(S)-(+)-2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;(R)-(-)-2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-2-甲基-丙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-N-甲基-丙醯胺;N-{2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]}-丙醯基-吡咯啶;2-[4-(3-甲氧基苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氰基苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;(S)-(+)-2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;(R)-(-)-2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-2-甲基-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-N-甲基-丙醯胺;N-{2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]}-丙醯基-吡咯啶;2-[4-(4-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-2-甲基-丙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氯苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;(S)-(+)-(2-[4-(2-氯苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;(R)-(-)-(2-[4-(2-氯苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氯苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;(S)-(+)-(2-[4-(3-氯苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;(R)-(-)-(2-[4-(3-氯苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-(4-苄氧基苄基胺基)-3-羥基-丙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-3-羥基-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-3-羥基-丙醯胺;2-(4-苄氧基苄基胺基)-3-羥基-N-甲基-丙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-3-羥基-N-甲基-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-3-羥基-N-甲基-丙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氯苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-3-羥基-N-甲基-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氰基苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-3-羥基-N-甲基-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氰基苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-2-甲基-3-羥基-N-甲基-丙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苯乙基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苯乙基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氯苄氧基)-苯乙基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氯苄氧基)-苯乙基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-{4-[2-(3-氟苯基)-乙氧基]苄基胺基}-丙醯胺;2-{4-[2-(3-氟苯基)-乙基]苄基胺基}-丙醯胺;2-[N-(4-苄氧基苄基)-N-甲基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-苄硫基苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氟苄硫基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氯苄硫基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氟苄硫基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氯苄硫基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(3-苯基丙氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(4-苯基丁氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-[4-(5-苯基戊氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺;2-(4-苄氧基苄基胺基)-3-苯基-N-甲基-丙醯胺;2-(4-苄氧基苄基胺基)-3-甲基-N-甲基-丁醯胺;2-(4-苄氧基苄基胺基)-2-苯基-乙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-2-苯基-乙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-2-苯基-乙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基-N-甲基胺基]-2-苯基-乙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基-N-甲基胺基]-2-苯基-乙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氯苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-2-苯基-乙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-2-(2-氟苯基)-乙醯胺;2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-2-(3-氟苯基)-乙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-2-(2-氟苯基)-乙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-2-(3-氟苯基)-乙醯胺;2-[4-(3-氯苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-2-(3-氟苯基)-乙醯胺;2-(4-(2-噻吩基氧基)-苄基胺基)-丙醯胺;或其異構物、混合物及醫藥上可接受之鹽。
可以有效量用作為單一治療或與其它式(I)化合物組合用於治療病人之一種或多種認知障礙之較佳式(I)化合物為:(S)-(+)-2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺或(S)-(+)-2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺。
式(I)化合物由WO90/14334、WO94/22808、WO97/05102、WO 97/05111、WO 99/35123、及WO99/35215已知為可用作對中樞神經系統具有活性之化合物,可用作為抗癲癇劑、抗巴金森症劑、神經保護劑、抗鬱劑、及解痙催眠劑(也參考Pevarello P.et al.(1998),J.Med.Chemistry,41:579-590)。
於一具體例中,接受治療之患者為有需要緩和或抑制認知障礙症狀之哺乳動物,包括人類。
特別,需要前述處理之哺乳動物被投予一劑如前文定義之式(I)之α-胺基醯胺,該劑量係於由約0.3至約100毫克/千克體重/日之範圍。如此處使用之「處理」包括任何藉手續或施用至哺乳類且特別為人類進行之照護,該等處理意圖用於:a)可能好發疾病/病症但尚未診斷出患有疾病/病症之個體預防疾病或病症的發生;b)抑制疾病/病症或病情,亦即停止疾病/病症或病情的發展;c)緩解疾病/病症或病情,亦即造成疾病/病症或病情的退行。
如此哺乳動物包括人類之認知障礙病情可獲得抑制或減輕。
於另一個態樣中,本發明包括作為於治療認知障礙具有活性之一醫藥上可接受之組成物之活性劑投予之式(I)α-胺基醯胺,該組成物可藉習知程序製備,例如將該活性劑與醫藥上可接受之治療上呈惰性之有機及/或無機載劑材料或賦形劑材料混合。
於本發明之一具體例中,哺乳動物具有認知功能,經由投予用來治療PD之藥物該認知功能進一步惡化。於該種情況下,本化合物係組合該等藥劑投予。組合治療(或「共同治療」)包括投予本發明之式(I)α-胺基醯胺化合物及至少一種第二藥劑,例如:-多巴胺促效劑諸如bromocriptine、cabergoline、lisuride、pergolide、ropinirole、apomorphine、sumanirole、rotigotine、talipexole、dihydroergocriptine、及pramipexole,-左多巴、左多巴加carbidopa(SINEMET)、左多巴加控制釋放carbidopa(SINEMET-CR)、左多巴加benserazide(MADOPAR)、左多巴加控制釋放benserazide(MADOPAR-HBS),-COMT抑制劑諸如tolcapone及entacapone,-STALEVO,Amantadine,-作為一特定治療計劃之一部分,該治療計劃意圖經由對抗前述藥劑(單獨或於不同組合中)對認知功能的負面影響,且同時進一步改善PD的運動功能障礙來提供有利功效。
本發明之一具體例為式(I)化合物且特別為safinamide與用於巴金森症來治療震顫之抗膽鹼劑組合使用。實際上,巴金森症的震顫通常可使用抗膽鹼藥來改善。抗膽鹼藥包括trihexyphenidyl、benztropine、及procyclidine。但抗膽鹼治療之副作用有多種,包括對認知功能的負面影響。
本發明化合物也可組合其它藥物諸如膽鹼酯酶抑制劑及/或乙醯膽鹼調節劑使用,可用於但非限於改良諸如阿茲海默症、巴金森症及前述全部病症等病理情況中改善認知功能。
組合投予此等治療劑典型係於特定時間進行(通常依據所選用之組合而定為數分鐘、數小時、數日或數週)。「組合治療」可能意圖涵蓋,但通常並非意圖涵蓋將兩種或多種此等治療劑作為分開的單一治療計劃之一部分投予,相信可能導致本發明所意圖涵蓋的組合。「組合治療」意圖涵蓋以循序方式或同時投予此等治療劑。同時投予例如可經由對個體投予具有固定比例之各治療劑之單顆膠囊,或以各治療劑之多顆單一膠囊形式投予。同時投予或實質上同時投予各治療劑可藉任何適當途徑執行,包括但非限於口服途徑、靜脈途徑、肌肉途徑,以及經由黏膜組織直接吸收。治療劑可藉相同途徑或不同途徑投予。例如所選用之組合物中之第一治療劑可藉靜脈注射投予,而該組合之另一種治療劑可經口投予。
另外,例如全部治療劑可經口投予,或全部治療劑可藉靜脈注射投予。治療劑之投予順序並無狹窄限制。「組合治療」也涵蓋進一步與其它生物活性成分及非藥物治療(例如手術或輻射治療)組合來投予如前文說明之治療劑。此處組合治療進一步包含非藥物治療,非藥物治療可於任何適當時間進行,只要可達成治療劑與非藥物治療之組合的有利功效即可。
本發明之α-胺基醯胺組成物可以多種不同劑型投予,例如經口投藥係呈錠劑、喉片、膠囊劑、糖衣錠或膜衣錠、液體溶液劑、乳液劑或懸浮液劑劑型;經直腸投藥係呈栓劑劑型;經腸道外投藥例如係藉肌肉或靜脈注射或輸注投予;以及經皮投藥係呈貼片、軟膏劑、乳液劑、洗劑、溶液劑、膠漿劑、乳膏劑、噴霧劑、及鼻噴霧劑劑型。
可用於製備此等組成物之適當醫藥上可接受之治療惰性有機及/或無機載劑或賦形劑材料例如包括水、明膠、阿拉伯膠、乳糖、澱粉、纖維素、硬脂酸鎂、滑石、植物油類、環糊精類、聚烷二醇類等。式(I)α-胺基醯胺組成物可經滅菌,且可含有熟諳技藝人士眾所周知的額外成分,諸如保藏劑、安定劑、濕潤劑、或乳化劑例如石蠟油、一油酸甘露酯、滲透壓調整鹽、緩衝劑等。
此外,固體口服劑型連同活性劑,可含有稀釋劑例如乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、纖維素、玉米澱粉、或馬鈴薯澱粉;潤滑劑例如矽土、滑石、硬脂酸、硬脂酸鎂或硬脂酸鈣及/或聚乙二醇類;黏結劑例如澱粉類、阿拉伯膠類、明膠、甲基纖維素、羧基甲基纖維素或聚乙烯基吡咯啶酮;崩散劑例如澱粉、褐藻酸、褐藻酸鹽類、或乙醇酸澱粉鈉;發泡混合物;染料;甜味劑、濕潤劑例如卵磷脂、波麗索貝(polysorbates)、硫酸月桂酯類;以及醫藥調配物中一般使用的無毒且藥理上無活性物質。醫藥製劑可以任一種已知方式製造,例如利用混合、造粒、打錠、包糖衣、或包膜衣之製程製備。
口服調配物包含持續釋放調配物,持續釋放調配物可以習知方式製備,例如施用腸衣至錠劑及粒劑而製備。
口服投藥用之液體分散液可為例如糖漿劑、乳液劑及懸浮液劑。糖漿劑可額外含有例如蔗糖或蔗糖與甘油及/或甘露糖醇及/或山梨糖醇作為載劑。
懸浮液劑及乳液劑例如可含有天然樹膠、瓊脂、褐藻酸鈉、果膠、甲基纖維素、羧基甲基纖維素、或聚乙烯醇作為載劑。肌肉注射用之懸浮液劑或溶液劑連同活性化合物可含有醫藥上可接受之載劑,例如無菌水、橄欖油、油酸乙酯、甘醇類例如丙二醇,以及若有所需適量立杜卡因(lidocaine)鹽酸鹽。靜脈注射或靜脈輸注用之溶液劑例如可含有無菌水作為載劑,或較佳可呈無菌水性溶液劑或等張食鹽水溶液劑劑型。
栓劑連同活性成分可含有醫藥上可接受之載劑,例如可可脂、聚乙二醇、聚氧伸乙基山梨聚糖脂肪酸酯界面活性劑或卵磷脂。
包括式(I)α-胺基醯胺類之組成物通常係呈每單位劑型例如含有20毫克至7000毫克活性成分之劑量單位形式。依據清除率而定,適當治療為每日投予一次或二次或三次。如此,期望劑量可以單劑提供,或以適當時間間隔以平分劑量提供,例如每日投予2至4次或更多次小劑量。
包括式(I)α-胺基醯胺之醫藥組成物每劑量單位例如膠囊、錠劑、粉末注射劑、茶匙、栓劑等,可含有20毫克至7000毫克活性劑。
欲投予至最佳治療有效劑量方便由熟諳技藝人士測定,基本上將隨製劑強度、投藥模式、病理情況的進展或所治療的特定記憶障礙或認知障礙而改變。此外,與接受治療的特定個體相關聯的因素,包括個體年齡、體重、飲食、及投藥時間,將導致須將劑量調整至適當治療有效程度。
如前文定義由本發明之使用及方法所衍生之優點有多項,包括基本上可治療任一型認知障礙症狀且有出乎意外的有利的安全性的資料輪廓。
Cogtest(臨床試驗用電腦化認知試驗組)設計來提供最高品質的電腦化認知試驗供臨床試驗用。於Cogtest組中的全部認知試驗皆由學術界神經精神專家及臨床試驗專家所發展。如此確保於認知神經學之最新發展,包括神經生理證據、功能神經影像證據及藥理來源證據皆被結合入Cogtest之程序存庫中且結合入醫藥臨床試驗中。
基於Cogtest存庫中可用試驗之綜論,以及選擇最有用的該等試驗包括適合巴金森症的Cogtest組,已經準備妥Cogtest PD組。但同樣也適用於其它病理情況來測試認知、反應時間及反應能力的兩大領域。
試驗組耗時20-30分鐘投藥,適用於不同文化和不同國家。試驗組包括下列試驗:試驗1-聽覺數字排序聽覺數字排序工作為工作記憶與執行功能的試驗。參與者被提供長度遞增(由2位數至最大8位數)的一組數字(例如936),要求受試者將該等數字排序,由最低排序至最高。此工作係由原先的庫伯(Cooper)數字排序工作(Cooper JA et al.(1991).Brain.114:2095-2122)調整修改,該工作顯示對藥理介入例如於巴金森症病人對藥理介入敏感(Cooper JA et al.(1992)Brain,115,1701-1725;CoOper JA et al.(1993),Neuropsychologia,31,933-949;Gabrieli JDE et al.,(1996),Neuropsychology,10,322-332;Hoppe C et al.,(2000).The Clinical Neuropsychologist,14,38-55)
。
試驗2-空間工作記憶力(SWM)本工作的整體標的係判定簡短時間呈現視覺標的的空間所在位置,個體可如何準確地回憶起該標的空間位置。該工作涉及於顯示裝置上顯示於不同位置的幾個標的,讓個體觸摸螢幕上回憶起該標的出現的所在位置。經過指示後共出現兩種情況:(1)當標的仍然在螢幕上直接觸摸標的;(2)延遲情況,標的的呈現與反應間有延遲,使用等數試驗(隨機)分配,涉及於標的的呈現與有機會反應間有2秒或12秒的延遲。於呈現與回憶間的延遲期間,出現多個不同位置的轉移而需要個體主動觸摸。轉移情況有助於防止個體的視覺固定位置和手部位置免於留在該標的的位置附近。
試驗3-策略標的檢測(STD)本試驗係類似於紙筆「消去」試驗或WAIS-III之「打叉」次試驗,其係要求個體將嵌入多個注意力轉移物間的標的刺激打叉。本電腦化試驗中,參與者直接觸摸觸控式螢幕上的標的刺激(形狀)。本試驗的額外特徵為個體事前並未被告知哪一個刺激是「標的」。反而個體必須經由選擇多個刺激之一,觀察回授指示該項選擇為對或錯,來學習哪一個刺激是正確標的。本特徵係類似於威斯康辛卡片分類試驗(WCST)所使用的特徵,WCST中,個體只能由考試的回授中學習得正確的「規則」。所測量的變數為:總實驗時間(由「準備」之螢幕結束至末次反應終點,以毫秒表示)、總正確反應數、總保留錯誤(錯誤按下屬於前一組的標的但非本組標的)、策略效率變數(對各組試驗於螢幕上正確按壓位置間所橫過的地域之累進距離),該變數係根據參考文獻(Weintraub,S.,& Mesulam,M.M.(1987).Archives of Neurology 44 621-625)。
試驗4-敲擊速度敲擊速度試驗係評估單純運動速度及手部靈巧度。Cogtest版本係類似Halstead Reitan神經精神試驗組的手指敲擊試驗或手指擺盪試驗,該等試驗已經全面性用於多項神經精神研究,對於抗精神病藥的運動效果以及對多種神經疾患(包括腦血管病和巴金森症)的影響敏感,於該等疾病中顯示對外側腦功能失調敏感度良好。除了計算兩手食指敲擊的總數之外,也記錄各次和每次反應的延遲,產生敲擊次數的變因指數。
摘要變數為:每次試驗平均敲擊速率(右手)(平均敲擊間隔,以毫秒表示)、全部試驗之標準差敲擊速率(右手)(平均敲擊間隔,以毫秒表示)、(總敲擊數)(右手)、每次試驗平均敲擊速率(左手)(平均敲擊間隔,以毫秒表示)、全部試驗之標準差敲擊速率(左手)(平均敲擊間隔,以毫秒表示)、(總敲擊數)(左手),該等變數係根據參考文獻(Reitan,R.M.(1979)Manual for administration of neuropsychological test batteries for adults and children.Tucson.AZ:Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratories.Inc.;Reitan,R.M.,& Wolfson,D.(1985);The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery:Theory and ckinical interpretation.Tucson:Neuropsychology).
含括敲擊速度試驗的理由有二。第一,需要結合可作為共同變因的效能測量值,藉此「運動」效應部分係出自於「認知」效應。第二,含括敲擊速度可滿足於CPMP EWP指南的建議,其中建議須含括「計時效能工作」作為二次結果測量值。藥物對敲擊速度的影響可提供藥物有效的有用證據。本試驗工作也可作為實驗室中之運動徐緩的研究模型。
試驗5-單純反應時間(SRT)反應時間試驗為用來評估心理運動速度的傳統試驗。刺激完全為視覺刺激(不像設定位移試驗中也可聽到聲調刺激),刺激係在出現十字線(十字線的水平與垂直交叉中點位在螢幕上)有隨機延遲之後出現視覺刺激,該十字線係用來讓參與試驗者的目光集中,隨後才開始刺激。本試驗有兩個不同期,亦即練習期和主要試驗期。練習期讓參與者可熟諳試驗,而於前進至主要試驗前達到穩定的基準線。呈現24個刺激,參與試驗者必須達到至少20個正確的標準才能繼續前進。本期整個期間皆提供回授。參與試驗者三次嘗試通過本期,否則試驗會前進至終端螢幕然後跳出試驗。若達成練習標準,則提供主試驗。以相同方式給予兩組50次試驗,讓參與試驗者於整個試驗期間中途有休息時間。藉按下空隔按鍵作反應。摘述變因為:試驗期進行多少次;早期反應次數;無反應的試驗次數;完成的試驗次數;完成的正確試驗次數;回答正確的總數;正確反應時間平均值;不正確反應時間平均值;正確反應時間的標準差。
試驗6-選擇反應時間(CRT)反應時間試驗係用來評估心理運動速度的傳統試驗,本試驗係特別測量選擇反應時間。於本試驗中,指示參與者按下鍵盤上左手邊或右手邊與螢幕上紅圈或綠圈(刺激)出現該邊相對應的按鍵。刺激的出現完全為視覺(不似設定位移試驗,其中也可聽到音調刺激),且係於十字線(水平與垂直取中於螢幕上)呈現後的一段任意延遲時間出現視覺刺激,十字線係用來將刺激開始之前集中參與者的目光注意力。本試驗有兩個不同期,亦即練習期和主要試驗期。練習期讓參與者熟諳試驗,於主試驗前達到穩定基準線。於螢幕左側或右側隨意呈現20個刺激,參與者必須達到20個中有至少16個的標準才能夠繼續進行試驗。整個期間皆提供回授。參與者可3次嘗試跨越本期,否則試驗將前進至最終畫面,然後跳出試驗。若達成練習標準,則隨後提供主試驗。以相同方式提供100次試驗,換言之於750毫秒至1500毫秒間的不等隨機暫停之後刺激出現於十字線的左側或右側。於本試驗期間並無切斷標準,也未提供回授。參與者必須將右手食指放在紅鍵上,來替代英文鍵盤上的「/」按鍵。左食指係放在綠色按鍵上,將替代英文鍵盤上的「z」鍵。藉按下與該圓圈出現的畫面上該側相對應的按鍵作回應。檢驗者係按下滑鼠的左鍵來移動試驗。
<臨床方案>進行有安慰劑對照平行組、隨機分配的多國雙盲式第III期研究來比較2口服劑量safinamide與安慰劑。安慰劑組係由接受穩定劑量多巴胺促效劑處理病人所組成。根據於不同國家的臨床程序,多巴胺促效劑可為臨床實務上所使用的該種多巴胺促效劑。共召募269位病人(每一支約90病人)且處理6個月。主要功效變因為UPDRS III。全部隨機分配的病人皆係於篩選時、基準線、第12週及第24週(或早期中止)使用Cogtest來測試認知受損。
<結果>基準線資料顯示比較Cogtest健康志願者樣本,跨整個樣本的認知功能受損顯著。執行功能以及非言語工作記憶力最為受損。
單獨使用DA處理的對照組顯示隨著時間而惡化,與此種處理所預期的惡化相吻合。使用低劑量和高劑量safinamide處理的兩組於3個月和6個月的評估時間對若干認知變因顯示比較基準線顯著改良。對執行功能(推理和解題)此種效果最顯著。
至於safinamide的功效之明顯實例,「策略標的檢測」試驗資料顯示二處理組(低劑量和高劑量safinamide)自基準線至3個月和6個月兩者皆觀察得顯著改良之分數(Z-分數)。
Claims (6)
- 一種選自(S)-(+)-2-[4-(2-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺及(S)-(+)-2-[4-(3-氟苄氧基)-苄基胺基]-丙醯胺之化合物用於製備改善認知功能及治療與認知缺損有關疾病之藥物的用途,該疾病係選自於自閉症、閱讀障礙、注意力缺陷過動症、精神分裂、強迫症、精神病、躁鬱症、妥瑞氏症候群、兒童、青少年及成人之輕度認知缺損(MCI)與學習障礙、老化相關聯之記憶力缺損、老化相關聯之認知降低、唐氏症候群及血管病中之一種。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中,該藥物係以約每日0.3至約100毫克/千克體重之劑量範圍投予。
- 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之用途,其中,該認知缺損係與申請專利範圍第1項中疾病之藥理治療有關。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之用途,其中,該藥理治療包括投予多巴胺(dopamine)促效劑或左多巴(levodopa)。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之用途,其中,該藥理治療包括投予抗膽鹼劑。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項之用途,其中,該藥理治療包括投予膽鹼酯酶抑制劑及/或乙醯膽鹼調節劑。
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP06012352A EP1870097A1 (en) | 2006-06-15 | 2006-06-15 | Alpha-aminoamide derivatives useful in the treatment of cognitive disorders |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| TW200808696A TW200808696A (en) | 2008-02-16 |
| TWI494293B true TWI494293B (zh) | 2015-08-01 |
Family
ID=37103353
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| TW096121477A TWI494293B (zh) | 2006-06-15 | 2007-06-14 | 用於治療認知障礙之α-胺基醯胺衍生物 |
Country Status (25)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8741957B2 (zh) |
| EP (4) | EP1870097A1 (zh) |
| JP (2) | JP2009539908A (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR20090018817A (zh) |
| CN (2) | CN101466366A (zh) |
| AR (1) | AR061505A1 (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU2007260239B2 (zh) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0712994A2 (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2655243C (zh) |
| CY (1) | CY1116699T1 (zh) |
| DK (1) | DK2029130T3 (zh) |
| EA (1) | EA018006B1 (zh) |
| ES (1) | ES2549113T3 (zh) |
| HR (1) | HRP20151026T1 (zh) |
| HU (1) | HUE026484T2 (zh) |
| IL (1) | IL195906A (zh) |
| ME (1) | ME02343B (zh) |
| MX (1) | MX2008016017A (zh) |
| NZ (1) | NZ573565A (zh) |
| PL (1) | PL2029130T3 (zh) |
| PT (1) | PT2029130E (zh) |
| RS (1) | RS54324B1 (zh) |
| SI (1) | SI2029130T1 (zh) |
| TW (1) | TWI494293B (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2007144153A2 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2339021T3 (es) * | 2003-08-25 | 2010-05-14 | Newron Pharmaceuticals S.P.A. | Derivados de alfa-aminoamida utiles como agentes antiinflamatorios. |
| EP1870097A1 (en) * | 2006-06-15 | 2007-12-26 | Newron Pharmaceuticals S.p.A. | Alpha-aminoamide derivatives useful in the treatment of cognitive disorders |
| DK2474521T3 (en) | 2006-06-19 | 2016-10-31 | Newron Pharm Spa | High-purity 2- [4- (3- and 2-fluorobenzyloxy) benzylamino] propanamides for use as pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical formulations thus |
| DK2155663T3 (en) | 2007-06-15 | 2018-01-22 | Newron Pharm Spa | SUBSTITUTED 2- [2- (PHENYL) ETHYLAMINO] ALKANAMIDE DERIVATIVES AND THEIR USE AS SODIUM AND / OR CALCIUM CHANNEL MODULATORS |
| CA2707646C (en) * | 2007-12-19 | 2016-09-13 | Newron Pharmaceuticals S.P.A. | Alpha-aminoamide derivatives useful in the treatment of psychiatric disorders |
| EP2314569A1 (en) | 2009-10-22 | 2011-04-27 | Merck Patent GmbH | Novel polymorphic forms of (S)-2-[4-(3-Fluoro-benzyloxy)-benzylamino]-propionamide mesylate salt and processes of manufacturing thereof |
| WO2011055383A2 (en) | 2009-11-06 | 2011-05-12 | Lyka Labs Limited | Intranasal delivery to improve the performance of children suffering from dyslexia |
| US8255838B2 (en) * | 2010-01-15 | 2012-08-28 | Synopsys, Inc. | Etch-aware OPC model calibration by using an etch bias filter |
| WO2011098456A1 (en) * | 2010-02-09 | 2011-08-18 | Merck Serono S.A. | Safinamide in the treatment of dyskinesia |
| NZ602648A (en) | 2010-04-27 | 2014-10-31 | Newron Pharm Spa | Process for the production of ralfinamide methanesulfonate salts or their r-enantiomers |
| US12201676B2 (en) | 2011-03-18 | 2025-01-21 | Dr Healthcare España, S.L. | Composition comprising diamine oxidase for use in the treatment or prevention of fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome |
| US10039777B2 (en) | 2012-03-20 | 2018-08-07 | Neuro-Lm Sas | Methods and pharmaceutical compositions of the treatment of autistic syndrome disorders |
| ES2426539B1 (es) * | 2012-04-18 | 2014-09-09 | Dr Healthcare España, S. L. | Uso de la diaminooxidasa para el tratamiento o la prevención del trastorno por deficit de atencion con hiperactividad (adhd) |
| KR101420218B1 (ko) * | 2012-06-13 | 2014-07-17 | 이우일 | 생리적안정도 측정 시스템 및 그 방법 |
| CN104546747A (zh) * | 2014-11-20 | 2015-04-29 | 美吉斯制药(厦门)有限公司 | 一种含有甲磺酸沙芬酰胺的药物组合物及其制备方法 |
| CN105456214A (zh) * | 2015-12-30 | 2016-04-06 | 蔡惠文 | 甲磺酸沙芬酰胺片 |
| KR101970099B1 (ko) * | 2018-02-07 | 2019-04-17 | 한국과학기술연구원 | 척수 손상의 예방 및 치료용 조성물 |
| KR102005019B1 (ko) * | 2018-04-04 | 2019-07-31 | 한국과학기술연구원 | 뇌졸중의 예방 및 치료용 조성물 |
| BR112020023252A2 (pt) * | 2018-05-15 | 2021-02-23 | Lloyd Hung Loi Tran | composição do agente terapêutico e método de uso para tratamento de deficiência cognitiva leve, depressão e distúrbios psicológicos. |
| EP3972971A1 (en) * | 2019-05-21 | 2022-03-30 | H. Lundbeck A/S | New catecholamine prodrugs for use in the treatment of parkinson's diseases |
| WO2024173804A1 (en) * | 2023-02-17 | 2024-08-22 | Rowan University | Automated detection of cognitive conditions |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1997005102A1 (en) * | 1995-07-27 | 1997-02-13 | Pharmacia & Upjohn S.P.A. | 2-(4-substituted)-benzylamino-2-methyl-propanamide derivatives |
| WO2004089353A2 (en) * | 2003-04-11 | 2004-10-21 | Newron Pharmaceuticals, S.P.A. | Methods for treatment of parkinson's disease |
| WO2006021807A2 (en) * | 2004-08-27 | 2006-03-02 | Curidium Limited | Methods of diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) |
Family Cites Families (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1140748A (en) | 1966-06-23 | 1969-01-22 | Ici Ltd | New carboxylic acid derivatives |
| US3795739A (en) * | 1972-02-14 | 1974-03-05 | Hoffmann La Roche | Treatment of parkinson disease |
| US4049663A (en) * | 1972-06-06 | 1977-09-20 | Allen & Hanburys Limited | Ethylene diamine derivatives |
| FR2480747A1 (fr) * | 1980-04-17 | 1981-10-23 | Roques Bernard | Derives d'acides amines et leur application therapeutique |
| CA1336169C (en) * | 1988-03-01 | 1995-07-04 | Walther Birkmayer | Agent for treatment of parkinson's disease |
| IL94466A (en) | 1989-05-25 | 1995-01-24 | Erba Carlo Spa | Pharmaceutical preparations containing the history of A-amino carboxamide N-phenylalkyl are converted into such new compounds and their preparation |
| US5221536A (en) * | 1990-05-07 | 1993-06-22 | Alza Corporation | Dosage form indicated for the management of abnormal posture, tremor and involuntary movement |
| HUT72316A (en) * | 1992-05-27 | 1996-04-29 | Merrell Dow Pharma | Use of (e)-2-(p-fluorophenethyl)-3-fluoroallylamine for the preparation of pharmaceutical composition against alzheimers`s disease |
| GB9306886D0 (en) * | 1993-04-01 | 1993-05-26 | Erba Carlo Spa | Substituted (arylakoxybenzyl) aminopropanamide derivatives and process for their preparation |
| ES2211904T3 (es) * | 1995-05-26 | 2004-07-16 | Pfizer Inc. | Combinaciones para el tratamiento del parkinsonismo que contienen antagonistas selectivos de nmda. |
| GB9515411D0 (en) | 1995-07-27 | 1995-09-27 | Pharmacia Spa | N-(4-substituted-benzyl)-2-aminolactam derivatives |
| ES2352739T3 (es) * | 1997-11-21 | 2011-02-22 | Purdue Neuroscience Company | 2-aminoacetamidas sustituidas y el uso de las mismas. |
| GB9727523D0 (en) * | 1997-12-31 | 1998-02-25 | Pharmacia & Upjohn Spa | Alpha-aminoamide derivatives useful as analgesic agents |
| GB9727521D0 (en) | 1997-12-31 | 1998-02-25 | Pharmacia & Upjohn Spa | Substituted 2-benzylamino-2-phenyl-acetamide compounds |
| AU761457B2 (en) | 1998-01-12 | 2003-06-05 | Deborah Wenzel | An additive composition also used as a fuel composition comprising water soluble alcohols |
| FI109453B (fi) * | 1999-06-30 | 2002-08-15 | Orion Yhtymae Oyj | Farmaseuttinen koostumus |
| US20020019421A1 (en) * | 2000-07-05 | 2002-02-14 | Roni Biberman | Compositions and therapy for substance addiction |
| US20050203130A1 (en) * | 2003-12-02 | 2005-09-15 | Erik Buntinx | Use of D4 and 5-HT2A antagonists, inverse agonists or partial agonists |
| EP1588704A1 (en) | 2004-04-22 | 2005-10-26 | Newron Pharmaceuticals S.p.A. | Alpha-aminoamide derivatives useful in the treatment of restless legs syndrome and addictive disorders |
| EP1870097A1 (en) * | 2006-06-15 | 2007-12-26 | Newron Pharmaceuticals S.p.A. | Alpha-aminoamide derivatives useful in the treatment of cognitive disorders |
-
2006
- 2006-06-15 EP EP06012352A patent/EP1870097A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2007
- 2007-06-13 CN CNA2007800218974A patent/CN101466366A/zh active Pending
- 2007-06-13 ES ES07725989.3T patent/ES2549113T3/es active Active
- 2007-06-13 PT PT77259893T patent/PT2029130E/pt unknown
- 2007-06-13 CA CA2655243A patent/CA2655243C/en active Active
- 2007-06-13 MX MX2008016017A patent/MX2008016017A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2007-06-13 SI SI200731694T patent/SI2029130T1/sl unknown
- 2007-06-13 DK DK07725989.3T patent/DK2029130T3/en active
- 2007-06-13 PL PL07725989T patent/PL2029130T3/pl unknown
- 2007-06-13 EP EP07725989.3A patent/EP2029130B1/en active Active
- 2007-06-13 EP EP11159829A patent/EP2343064A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-06-13 AU AU2007260239A patent/AU2007260239B2/en active Active
- 2007-06-13 HU HUE07725989A patent/HUE026484T2/en unknown
- 2007-06-13 RS RS20150671A patent/RS54324B1/sr unknown
- 2007-06-13 JP JP2009514697A patent/JP2009539908A/ja active Pending
- 2007-06-13 CN CN201110301426.7A patent/CN102512406B/zh active Active
- 2007-06-13 NZ NZ573565A patent/NZ573565A/xx unknown
- 2007-06-13 ME MEP-2016-23A patent/ME02343B/me unknown
- 2007-06-13 KR KR1020087030389A patent/KR20090018817A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2007-06-13 BR BRPI0712994-7A patent/BRPI0712994A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-06-13 EA EA200802306A patent/EA018006B1/ru unknown
- 2007-06-13 EP EP15179988.9A patent/EP2977046A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-06-13 HR HRP20151026TT patent/HRP20151026T1/hr unknown
- 2007-06-13 WO PCT/EP2007/005197 patent/WO2007144153A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2007-06-13 US US12/304,455 patent/US8741957B2/en active Active
- 2007-06-14 TW TW096121477A patent/TWI494293B/zh active
- 2007-06-15 AR ARP070102668A patent/AR061505A1/es unknown
-
2008
- 2008-12-11 IL IL195906A patent/IL195906A/en active IP Right Grant
-
2013
- 2013-04-10 JP JP2013082067A patent/JP6119068B2/ja active Active
-
2015
- 2015-09-22 CY CY20151100827T patent/CY1116699T1/el unknown
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1997005102A1 (en) * | 1995-07-27 | 1997-02-13 | Pharmacia & Upjohn S.P.A. | 2-(4-substituted)-benzylamino-2-methyl-propanamide derivatives |
| WO2004089353A2 (en) * | 2003-04-11 | 2004-10-21 | Newron Pharmaceuticals, S.P.A. | Methods for treatment of parkinson's disease |
| WO2006021807A2 (en) * | 2004-08-27 | 2006-03-02 | Curidium Limited | Methods of diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) |
Also Published As
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP6119068B2 (ja) | 認知障害の処置に有用なα−アミノアミド誘導体 | |
| AU2003284005B2 (en) | Dosage escalation and divided daily dose of anti-depressants to treat neurological disorders | |
| US20100256145A1 (en) | Use of kcnq potassium channel openers for reducing symptoms of or treating disorders or conditions wherein the dopaminergic system is disrupted | |
| JP2013067647A (ja) | パーキンソン病を治療するための方法 | |
| MX2008000249A (es) | Combinaciones de eszopiclona y o-desmetilvenlafaxina y metodos de tratamiento de menopausia y trastornos del estado de animo, ansiedad y cognitivos. | |
| US20240197756A1 (en) | Methods of treatment with neuroactive steroids | |
| JP5198293B2 (ja) | アミノアルコール誘導体を有効成分とする脱髄性疾患の治療剤又は予防剤 | |
| WO2004045718A2 (en) | Treatment of cognitive dysfunctions' | |
| JP2007503424A (ja) | 抗炎症剤として有用なα−アミノアミド誘導体 | |
| WO2014005721A1 (en) | Use of (r)-phenylpiracetam for the treatment of parkinson's disease | |
| HK1170429B (zh) | 用於治疗认知障碍的α-氨基酰胺衍生物 | |
| HK1133191A (zh) | 用於治疗认知障碍的α-氨基酰胺衍生物 | |
| WO2026068388A1 (en) | Ghrelin o-acyl transferase (goat) inhibitors for use in the treatment of substance use disorder in patients with high impulsivity | |
| HK1111081A (zh) | 治疗认知障碍用的α-氨基酰胺衍生物 |