US20040109209A1 - Holographic optical element - Google Patents

Holographic optical element Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040109209A1
US20040109209A1 US10/726,543 US72654303A US2004109209A1 US 20040109209 A1 US20040109209 A1 US 20040109209A1 US 72654303 A US72654303 A US 72654303A US 2004109209 A1 US2004109209 A1 US 2004109209A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
optical element
holographic optical
hoe
wave front
interference patterns
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
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US10/726,543
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English (en)
Inventor
Urs-Peter Studer
Beda Kaser
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Zumbach Electronic AG
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Zumbach Electronic AG
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Publication date
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Assigned to ZUMBACH ELECTRONIC AG reassignment ZUMBACH ELECTRONIC AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KASER, BEDA, STUDER, URS-PETER
Publication of US20040109209A1 publication Critical patent/US20040109209A1/en
Priority to US12/005,309 priority Critical patent/US7675631B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/08—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring diameters
    • G01B11/10—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring diameters of objects while moving
    • G01B11/105—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring diameters of objects while moving using photoelectric detection means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
    • G01B11/2433—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures for measuring outlines by shadow casting
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/32—Holograms used as optical elements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a holographic optical element for measuring the dimension and position of an object with the aid of a deflected light beam that sweeps across a specific angular range, the element having an interference pattern in one section which can be created in a manner known per se through simultaneous exposure to a fan-shaped reference wave front, generated by a monochromatic and coherent laser light source, and a parallel wave front that is also generated by the same monochromatic, coherent laser light source, but hits the element at a different angle than the reference wave front, as well as through the subsequent development.
  • a holographic optical element of this type is henceforth referred to as an HOE.
  • a special holographic laboratory is generally required in order to produce an HOE.
  • the equipment by and large corresponds to that of a photo laboratory, with the exception that only monochromatic, coherent laser light is used.
  • Film plates coated glass plates are used to produce holograms and, in particular an HOE. These plates are exposed to selected wave fronts and are subsequently developed, depending on the film base that is used.
  • the object to be measured in particular a cable or the like, can be measured only in one direction.
  • a holographic optical element for measuring at least one of the dimension and position of an object with aid of a deflected laser beam generated by a monochromatic and coherent laser light source that sweeps across an angular range to produce a fan-shaped reference wave front
  • the element comprising: at least two interference patterns, wherein each interference pattern is created through simultaneous exposure of the element to the fan-shaped reference wave front generated by the monochromatic and coherent laser light source and a parallel partial wave front generated by the same monochromatic and coherent laser light source and hitting the element at a different angle than the reference wave front, wherein the number of parallel partial wave fronts used for the exposure of the element corresponds to the number of interference patterns, and wherein if the parallel partial wave fronts are virtually extended through the holographic optical element, they intersect behind the element in a center of a measuring field.
  • the HOE according to the invention thus comprises at least two different interference patterns which are present in a specific region of the HOE.
  • the interference patterns may be allocated respectively to spatially separate sections, or may at least partially overlap one another in one section. The type and design of these sections will be explained in further detail in the following.
  • the number of partial wave fronts used during the exposure corresponds to the number of interference patterns.
  • the partial wave fronts are generated by the same laser light source and their course is such that when virtually extended through the holographic optical element, they intersect in one point and/or one region behind the element.
  • the HOE according to the invention has 3 or more (meaning 4, 5, 6, . . . ) interference patterns.
  • the HOE is based on the diffraction principle, thus making it possible to generate several independent images with a suitable film structure.
  • a precondition for this, however, is the use of monochromatic laser light which should have the same wave length as the wave length for the laser light used during the picture taking.
  • the HOE according to our invention makes it possible to measure the object to be measured in a device in several directions and thus be able to determine not only the thickness in one direction when measuring cables, for example, as is the case with the known device. By making it possible to take measurements in several directions, it is also possible to measure other parameters than the diameter, wherein these other parameters include, for example, the non-roundness of a cable.
  • the parallel partial wave fronts used for exposing the HOE according to the invention are all located in one plane.
  • the angle between the reference wave front and the joint plane for the parallel partial wave fronts is preferably 40° to 50° and, in particular, approximately 45°, wherein the bisector of this angle in particular is positioned perpendicular on the plane of the holographic optical element.
  • the HOE according to the invention comprises separate and/or spatially separated sections with respectively one interference pattern, wherein these interference patterns are different.
  • the first section comprises the first interference pattern
  • the second section the second interference pattern
  • the third section comprises the third interference pattern and so forth.
  • an HOE according to the invention can have a single section which comprises three superimposed interference patterns.
  • the aforementioned section represents a super-imposition of three sections with separate interference patterns. Also possible are mixed forms where the aforementioned sections overlap only in part.
  • the HOE according to the invention can be a component of a device for detecting a dimension and/or position of an object, wherein this object can be a cable, a profile or a pipe leaving an extruder.
  • a device of this type is known and normally comprises a transmitter part and a receiver part. A light beam is generated in the transmitter part, which is deflected such that it sweeps over a specific angular range.
  • the HOE according to the invention in this case can be inserted into the transmitting part as well as the receiving part or into both, depending on the problem definition. Of course, these HOEs must be matched to each other. It is furthermore possible to install the HOE according to the invention in either the transmitter part or the receiver part and to use an HOE of the known type in the other part.
  • An HOE of this type preferably is a holographic film plate.
  • the HOE according to the invention not only can be used in a device as described in the above, but for all purposes where wave fronts are generated as a result of diffraction on the HOE.
  • the HOE according to the invention is preferably used for measuring the dimension and position of an object, in particular a cable or a pipe, with the aid of a deflected laser beam that sweeps over a specific angular range.
  • FIG. 1 A schematic view of the front of a known device according to EP-B 0 245 198 for determining the dimension and position of an object.
  • FIG. 2 A view from above of the known device shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 A perspective basic view, showing the creation/exposure of an HOE according to the invention.
  • FIG. 4 A perspective view of the exposure of the HOE according to FIG. 3 with a deflected laser beam.
  • FIG. 5 a A schematic view from above of a complete measuring system for measuring a cable with an HOE having three separate sections with respectively different interference patterns.
  • FIG. 5 b A schematic view from the side of the system shown in FIG. 5 a.
  • FIG. 6 a A view from the top that approximately corresponds to FIG. 5 a , wherein the regions with interference patterns of the HOE according to the invention are not spatially separated and/or arranged separately.
  • FIG. 6 b A side view of FIG. 6 a.
  • FIG. 7 A schematic view from the top of a measuring system where two HOEs according to the invention are used, which are arranged at an angle of approximately 90° to each other.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show a device for detecting a dimension and/or the position of an object S 1 , indicated with dash-dot line in these Figures, such as a cable or pipe leaving an extruder.
  • an object S 1 such as a cable or pipe leaving an extruder.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 are taken from European Patent Application No. EP-B1 0 245 198, wherein the reference numbers are supplemented with the aforementioned letter S.
  • the measuring device shown in FIG. 1 comprises a transmitting part S 2 , which is used to generate a telecentric light beam in the measuring range.
  • a laser source S 3 is provided which guides a continuous, monochromatic light beam over a mirror S 4 to a spherical expansion optic S 5 from which the expanded beam enters a cylindrical expansion optic S 6 .
  • a flat light beam is thus generated for which the plane extends parallel to the longitudinal axis of the object to be measured.
  • the light beam S 7 has a very narrow width in the region of object S 1 in the projection according to FIG. 1, but has a certain width in the projection according to FIG. 2.
  • An expansion of this type is not absolutely necessary.
  • the desired dimension can also be detected with a non-expanded light beam.
  • the light beam S 7 is then transmitted via additional deflection mirrors S 8 and S 9 onto an octagonal rotating mirror S 10 .
  • this mirror turns in a clockwise direction, the entering light beam is periodically deflected from the top toward the bottom over an angular range indicated in FIG. 1 with dashed lines.
  • the beam hits a holographic optical element (HOE) S 11 .
  • HOE holographic optical element
  • This HOE which has a very thin optically effective layer and is located on an optically transparent carrier, is connected to a prism body S 12 and is thus mechanically stabilized.
  • a partial radiation share of the 0 th order S 7 0 penetrates the HOE S 11 without being diffracted and hits the front wall S 13 of the transmitter S 2 housing from the inside.
  • the main share of the entering beam S 7 is diffracted and leaves the HOE as beam of the 1 st order S 7 1 under a specific angle.
  • This beam is reflected on a totally reflecting or mirrored surface S 14 of the prism body S 12 and is projected through a window S 15 into the measuring range.
  • One or several optoelectronic converters S 16 can be arranged at the point where the exiting beam of the 0 th order S 7 0 impinges.
  • the beam S 7 1 passes through a window S 15 and enters the housing for a receiver S 17 , which contains a prism body S 18 that is designed to correspond to the prism body S 12 with an HOE S 19 that corresponds to the HOE S 11 .
  • the entering light beam is projected by the reflecting surface S 20 of the prism body S 18 onto the HOE S 19 , which always projects the beam onto an optoelectronic converter S 21 , for example a photoelectric cell.
  • the beam travels to the converter S 21 as long as it is not blanked out by the object S 1 .
  • the dimension and the position of object S 1 can be determined based on the duration of the fadeout and the starting and ending point of the fadeout. Additional instructions for calculating the required values can be found in the aforementioned European Patent Application No. EP-B1 0 245 198 .
  • the HOE according to the invention is used to replace the HOE S 12 shown in FIG. 1.
  • the HOE according to the invention can also be used in differently configured devices of the same type.
  • FIG. 3 The production and/or exposure of a first embodiment of an HOE according to the invention is shown in FIG. 3 in a perspective and schematic view that is not true to scale.
  • a coherent wave front is generated with the laser and/or the laser light source 1 .
  • the laser beam is focused with a lens 2 onto a pinhole mask 3 .
  • a point source is thus created, which determines the geometric source of the reference wave front 14 .
  • the remaining wave fronts must be generated with the same laser beam to meet the coherence conditions.
  • a first deflection occurs at the beam divider 4 , which guides the deflected light beam onto the parabolic mirror 5 .
  • the wave front reflected there is on the whole “divided” into 3 parallel wave fronts by the beam dividers 6 and 7 that are arranged in the beam path of the wave front reflected by the parabolic mirror 5 .
  • These wave fronts consequently are parallel partial wave fronts.
  • the parallel partial wave front 16 in the center travels to a section 12 of the HOE 10 where it generates on the HOE 10 the necessary interference pattern and/or diffraction pattern 12 ′ with the aid of the fan-shaped reference wave front 14 . If the HOE 10 had only this one interference pattern 12 ′, it would represent an HOE as described in the prior art.
  • the two parallel partial wave fronts 15 and 17 on the side are beamed with the aid of deflection mirrors 8 and 9 into the HOE sections 11 and 13 on the side where they generate the corresponding interference patterns 11 ′ and 13 ′ together with the fan-shaped reference wave front 14 .
  • the optical length of all partial wave fronts 15 , 16 , 17 and the reference front 14 in this case must be the same.
  • the holographic film plate 10 is thus exposed with the aid of the interference patterns, generated as explained in the above, and is subsequently developed.
  • the parallel partial wave fronts 15 , 16 and 17 are selected and/or deflected to the HOE 10 , such that when they are virtually extended through the HOE 10 , they intersect behind this element 10 in the region/point 18 which is positioned in the center of the future measuring field 18 of the measuring device.
  • a reference wave front 14 is beamed onto the HOE 10 that is completed as described in the above, parallel wave fronts 15 ′, 16 ′ and 17 ′ that intersect in the measuring field 18 are generated as a result of diffraction on the interference patterns of the corresponding HOE sections 11 , 12 and 13 ; as shown in FIG. 4.
  • These wave fronts 15 ′, 16 ′ and 17 ′ therefore extend in the direction and in the plane corresponding to the previously mentioned virtual extension of the partial wave fronts 15 , 16 , and 17 used for the exposure.
  • the HOE 10 behaves in the same way as a fan-shaped wave front if a laser beam 21 is deflected fan-shaped by a rotating polygonal mirror 23 at the source 3 for the reference wave front 14 .
  • the deflected beam 14 ′ hits the sections 11 , 12 and 13 of HOE 10 , it is diffracted by the local, associated interference pattern 25 , 26 , 27 in such a way that it is deflected parallel to the side in the measuring field after it leaves the HOE 10 .
  • the diameter of a cable 20 can thus be determined from three different directions. The time during which the parallel laser beam coming from one measuring direction is interrupted therefore represents a measure for the respective diameter.
  • the sections 11 , 12 and 13 with the associated interference patterns 25 , 26 and 27 are spatially separated.
  • the HOE 10 has three separate and/or discrete sections 11 , 12 and 13 , wherein the measuring also occurs in three discrete axes.
  • FIG. 5 a schematically shows a view from above of a complete measuring system, not true to scale, while FIG. 5 b shows a view from the side.
  • An HOE 10 according to FIG. 4 is integrated into the transmitting part of this measuring system.
  • the arrangement of the polygonal mirror 23 etc. also corresponds to the one in FIG. 4, so that the same reference numbers are used for the same parts and/or elements.
  • a deflection mirror 19 which does not have a critical function.
  • HOE 10 is used only in the transmitting part, but not the receiving part.
  • An HOE 30 is used there which comprises only one section 31 with only one interference pattern 29 .
  • This HOE 30 consequently only functions in the manner of a normal lens. If a parallel beam hits a lens, and in the present case the HOE 30 with the interference pattern 29 , the parallel rays are focused in the focal point of the lens. This focal point normally lies on the optical axis if the parallel beam of rays also extends parallel to the optical axis.
  • the focal point is also displaced to the side, meaning to the axis extending through the center of the lens or the HOE 30 and parallel to the beam of rays.
  • the cable 20 is also measured in three discrete axes and/or zones.
  • FIG. 6 a which corresponds to the view in FIG. 5
  • the HOE 10 of FIG. 5 is replaced with an HOE 40 .
  • This HOE 40 does not contain separate sections and associated, separately arranged interference patterns. Rather, this HOE 40 only contains one section with one interference pattern 28 , consisting of three different interference patterns 43 , 44 and 45 that overlap.
  • the sections irradiated by the parallel wave fronts must overlap. The HOE 40 in that case optically behaves as if three different lens systems were nestled into each other, which is not possible with normal lenses.
  • the HOE 30 in the receiver part for the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 a corresponds to the HOE 30 for the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 a.
  • FIGS. 6 a and 6 b are also given the same reference numbers or reference characters as in FIGS. 5 a and 5 b , but are additionally provided with one or two apostrophes (′ or ′′).
  • FIG. 7 contains an additional embodiment in a view from above, shown in a schematic representation that is not true to scale, wherein two HOEs 10 , 10 ′ are used which correspond to the HOE 10 for the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 a .
  • these two HOEs 10 , 10 ′ are arranged perpendicular to each other, so that the cable 20 can be measured from two main directions that are perpendicular to each other.
  • the same elements and/or parts are also given the same reference numbers or reference characters and are provided additionally with one or two apostrophes (′ or ′′). Additional deflection mirrors 24 , 24 ′, 38 and 38 ′ are also provided for practical and economic reasons.
  • the HOEs 10 , 10 ′ have separate sections 11 , 12 and 13 , and 11 ′, 12 ′ and 13 ′, respectively, in the transmitting part and thus have separate interference patterns 25 , 26 and 27 , and 25 ′, 26 ′ and 27 ′, respectively.
  • the HOEs 30 , 30 ′ respectively have only one section and thus one interference pattern 29 .
  • cable 20 measurements are possible for a total of 6 discrete directions and/or axes.
  • 2 ⁇ 3 separate sections are provided in both HOE 10 , 10 ′ of the transmitter part.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Holo Graphy (AREA)
US10/726,543 2002-12-09 2003-12-04 Holographic optical element Abandoned US20040109209A1 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/005,309 US7675631B2 (en) 2002-12-09 2007-12-27 Holographic optical element

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP02027560A EP1429111A1 (de) 2002-12-09 2002-12-09 Holographisches optisches Element mit mehreren Interferenzmustern
EP02027560.8 2002-12-09

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DE102004049879A1 (de) * 2004-10-13 2006-04-20 Hauni Maschinenbau Ag Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Messen des Durchmessers eines stabförmigen Gegenstandes insbesondere der Tabak verarbeitenden Industrie
KR101344028B1 (ko) * 2011-10-19 2013-12-24 한국표준과학연구원 레이저 주사방식에서 간섭을 이용한 미세패턴 제조장치 및 그 제조장치를 이용한 미세패턴 제조방법
CN104034273A (zh) * 2014-06-23 2014-09-10 苏州经贸职业技术学院 基于物联网技术的铜包钢线径测量监控装置及方法
CN104215189A (zh) * 2014-08-28 2014-12-17 昆山勃盛电子有限公司 一种电缆外径在线spc检测和数据采集方法
US10437071B2 (en) * 2015-10-12 2019-10-08 North Inc. Adjustable pupil distance wearable display
US10409076B2 (en) * 2015-10-12 2019-09-10 North Inc. Adjustable pupil distance wearable display

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US4245882A (en) * 1977-11-04 1981-01-20 Environmental Research Institute Of Michigan Doubly modulated on-axis thick hologram optical element
US4312559A (en) * 1979-05-07 1982-01-26 Sony Corporation Method of producing an inline hologram lens
US4432597A (en) * 1980-12-15 1984-02-21 International Business Machines Corporation Transmissive holographic optical element on aberrating substrate
US4455061A (en) * 1980-07-31 1984-06-19 The Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Multi-faceted holographic optical element and methods of making and using same
US4547037A (en) * 1980-10-16 1985-10-15 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Holographic method for producing desired wavefront transformations
US4878718A (en) * 1986-12-05 1989-11-07 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Method for holographic correction of beams of coherent light
US4930847A (en) * 1987-07-09 1990-06-05 Environmental Research Institute Of Michigan Multicolor holographic element and apparatus for head-up display applications
US4955694A (en) * 1986-04-03 1990-09-11 Zumbach Electronic Ag Process for producing HOE's for use in combination to produce a telecentric beam
US5009502A (en) * 1989-04-20 1991-04-23 Hughes Aircraft Company System of holographic optical elements for testing laser range finders
US5018803A (en) * 1985-02-04 1991-05-28 Robotic Vision Systems, Inc. Three-dimensional volumetric sensor
US5117296A (en) * 1990-07-17 1992-05-26 Hoebing John L Apparatus and synthetic holography
US5121371A (en) * 1990-06-18 1992-06-09 Bernoulli Optical Systems Company Optical servo system for magnetic disk
US5124815A (en) * 1986-11-04 1992-06-23 Kaiser Optical Systems Method for forming holographic optical elements free of secondary fringes
US5383022A (en) * 1992-04-10 1995-01-17 Zumbach Electronic Ag Method and apparatus for measuring the dimensions of an object
US5930734A (en) * 1996-11-18 1999-07-27 Lap Gmbh Laser Applikationen Method and apparatus for measuring the thickness of non-circular elongated workpieces

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US4960311A (en) * 1989-08-31 1990-10-02 Hughes Aircraft Company Holographic exposure system for computer generated holograms
US5422746A (en) * 1992-09-11 1995-06-06 Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Jr. University Single and multiple element holographic devices for high-efficiency beam correction
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4245882A (en) * 1977-11-04 1981-01-20 Environmental Research Institute Of Michigan Doubly modulated on-axis thick hologram optical element
US4312559A (en) * 1979-05-07 1982-01-26 Sony Corporation Method of producing an inline hologram lens
US4455061A (en) * 1980-07-31 1984-06-19 The Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Multi-faceted holographic optical element and methods of making and using same
US4547037A (en) * 1980-10-16 1985-10-15 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Holographic method for producing desired wavefront transformations
US4432597A (en) * 1980-12-15 1984-02-21 International Business Machines Corporation Transmissive holographic optical element on aberrating substrate
US5018803A (en) * 1985-02-04 1991-05-28 Robotic Vision Systems, Inc. Three-dimensional volumetric sensor
US4955694A (en) * 1986-04-03 1990-09-11 Zumbach Electronic Ag Process for producing HOE's for use in combination to produce a telecentric beam
US5124815A (en) * 1986-11-04 1992-06-23 Kaiser Optical Systems Method for forming holographic optical elements free of secondary fringes
US4878718A (en) * 1986-12-05 1989-11-07 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Method for holographic correction of beams of coherent light
US4930847A (en) * 1987-07-09 1990-06-05 Environmental Research Institute Of Michigan Multicolor holographic element and apparatus for head-up display applications
US5009502A (en) * 1989-04-20 1991-04-23 Hughes Aircraft Company System of holographic optical elements for testing laser range finders
US5121371A (en) * 1990-06-18 1992-06-09 Bernoulli Optical Systems Company Optical servo system for magnetic disk
US5117296A (en) * 1990-07-17 1992-05-26 Hoebing John L Apparatus and synthetic holography
US5383022A (en) * 1992-04-10 1995-01-17 Zumbach Electronic Ag Method and apparatus for measuring the dimensions of an object
US5930734A (en) * 1996-11-18 1999-07-27 Lap Gmbh Laser Applikationen Method and apparatus for measuring the thickness of non-circular elongated workpieces

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Publication number Publication date
ES2666474T3 (es) 2018-05-04
EP1429111A1 (de) 2004-06-16
ZA200309527B (en) 2005-04-20
US20080186502A1 (en) 2008-08-07
US7675631B2 (en) 2010-03-09

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JPH0118369B2 (de)

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Owner name: ZUMBACH ELECTRONIC AG, SWITZERLAND

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:STUDER, URS-PETER;KASER, BEDA;REEL/FRAME:014772/0151

Effective date: 20031203

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

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