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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4406—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof only substituted in position 3, e.g. zimeldine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/28—Compounds containing heavy metals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
  • A61K33/24—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/22—Anacardiaceae (Sumac family), e.g. smoketree, sumac or poison oak
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/38—Clusiaceae, Hypericaceae or Guttiferae (Hypericum or Mangosteen family), e.g. common St. Johnswort
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/49—Fagaceae (Beech family), e.g. oak or chestnut
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/54—Lauraceae (Laurel family), e.g. cinnamon or sassafras
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/82—Theaceae (Tea family), e.g. camellia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C229/00—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
  • C07C229/76—Metal complexes of amino carboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C57/00—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C57/30—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing six-membered aromatic rings
  • C07C57/42—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing six-membered aromatic rings having unsaturation outside the rings
  • C07C57/44—Cinnamic acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C59/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C59/235—Saturated compounds containing more than one carboxyl group
  • C07C59/245—Saturated compounds containing more than one carboxyl group containing hydroxy or O-metal groups
  • C07C59/285—Polyhydroxy dicarboxylic acids having five or more carbon atoms, e.g. saccharic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C65/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C65/01—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups containing hydroxy or O-metal groups
  • C07C65/03—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups containing hydroxy or O-metal groups monocyclic and having all hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to the ring

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to novel trivalent chromium complexes, which possess the ability to improve insulin sensitization, glucose tolerance, blood lipid profiles, and lean body mass through increased chromium bioavailability, efficacy and safety. More specifically, the present invention relates to compositions containing trivalent chromium complexes having two nicotinic acid ligands and a third ligand selected from the group consisting of alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, arginine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, tryptophan, valine, gallic acid, cinnamic acid, hydroxycitric acid, and 5-hydroxytryptophan with cysteine being particularly preferred for treatment of various conditions
• Trivalent chromium (Cr +3 ) has long been known to be essential for proper insulin function and, thus, plays a vital role in protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism.
• studies show that the diets of nine out of 10 Americans are deficient in chromium, while chromium levels are known to decline with age. Stress, exercise and pregnancy are known to increase chromium losses from the body. Chromium deficiency can lead to symptoms associated with adult-onset diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease.
• supplemental trivalent chromium has improved blood sugar levels or other symptoms in people with glucose intolerance, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, steroid-induced diabetes and gestational diabetes.
• Chromium is also known to increase lean body mass, improve blood lipid profiles and lower blood pressure levels.
• chromium bioavailability and biological activity are dependent upon the ligand to which chromium is bound. (Mertz, W.: Chromium Occurrence and Function in Biological Systems, Physiological Reviews, 49(2): 163-239, 207, 1969 (and see generally for a discussion of chromium's biological function).
• Inorganic chromium chloride for example, is poorly absorbed by the body, typically less than one percent, and has poor bioavailability. Elucidating the structure, function and mode of action of the biologically active form of chromium, however, has proved enigmatic. (Mertz W. Chromium in human nutrition: a review. J. Nutr. 1993; 123:626-633; Lukaski H. C. Chromium as a supplement. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1999; 19:279-301.)
• GTF glucose tolerance factor
• Niacin can be bound to chromium in various configurations.
• a particular oxygen-coordinated niacin-bound chromium complex was developed and introduced commercially as ChromeMate® (Interhealth Nutraceuticals, Inc., Benecia, Calif.). (Jensen, U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,615). Subsequently, Cooper et al. determined that oxygen-coordinated niacin-bound chromium was up to 18-times more potent than other forms of niacin-bound chromium tested in vitro. (Cooper J, et al, Structure and Biological Activity of Nitrogen and Oxygen Coordinated Nicotinic Acid Complexes of Chromium, Inorganica Chimica Acta, 91:1-9, 1984.)
• LMWCr low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance
• Chromodulin has been proposed to activate insulin receptor kinase activity.
• the oligopeptide possesses a molecular weight of 1500 Da and is comprised of four types of amino acid residues: glycine, cysteine, glutamate and aspartate. (Vincent J. B: The quest for the molecular mechanism of chromium action and its relationship to diabetes. Nutr. Rev. 58, 2000.)
• Chromium histidine is said to be absorbed at least 50 percent better than chromium picolinate.
• men and women absorbed an average 3.1 ⁇ g of chromium from the chromium-histidine complex, compared with 1.8 ⁇ g from chromium picolinate, 0.4 ⁇ g from chromium chloride and 0.2 ⁇ g from chromium polynicotinate.
• Chromium (III) 1:3 complexes of alpha amino acids are disclosed as animal nutritional supplements in Abdel-Monem et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,247,328. Exemplified amino acids are methionine and leucine.
• Gillota U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0143311, discloses a recovery drink formula that includes chromium in the form of chromium dinicotinate glycinate.
• the present invention relates to the discovery that chromium dinicocysteinate is characterized by improved physical properties and by increased chromium bioavailability and efficacy once administered to a subject.
• Chromium dinicocysteinate is a trivalent chromium complex with two nicotinic acid ligands and one cysteine ligand, also known as chromium dinicotinocysteinate, dinicotino cysteinato chromium complex, or chromium dinicotinate cysteinate.
• chromium dinicocysteinate disclosed herein are various other chromium complexes, compositions comprising chromium complexes, and methods of using these complexes to promote or improve various health conditions and functions of the body.
• Methods of administering these complexes to treat or prevent conditions including but not limited to diabetes, symptoms associated with diabetes, and/or the onset of diabetes include administering a biologically effective amount of chromium dinicocysteinate.
• Chromium dinicocysteinate demonstrates reductions in fasting glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, intracellular adhesion molecule, and red blood cell lipid peroxidation.
• the biologically effective amount is about 10 ⁇ g to about 1000 ⁇ g of elemental chromium, and more preferably, 400 ⁇ g of elemental chromium.
• the methods can further comprise treating the symptoms by lowering the blood levels of one or more of fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, intracellular adhesion molecule, and red blood cell lipid peroxidase, or by increasing the blood levels of one or both of vitamin C and adiponectin.
• Cardiovascular disease can be treated by lowering elevated LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, blood pressure, and/or vascular inflammation levels, or by increasing HDL cholesterol levels.
• the disclosed complexes, particularly chromium dinicocysteinate demonstrate reduction in C-reactive protein, which correlates to cardiovascular disease.
• Symptoms associated with obesity and overweight individuals can be treated by lowering body weight, body fat, and/or body mass index, and/or increasing lean body mass.
• the disclosed complexes, particularly chromium dinicocysteinate demonstrate a reduction in food intake.
• the subject is a mammal. In specific embodiments, the subject is human or swine. In alternative embodiments, the subject is avian.
• compositions including the disclosed chromium complexes.
• the compositions can include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or a food safe carrier.
• the amount of chromium complex in the composition is about 0.000001% to about 1% by weight of the total composition.
• the compositions disclosed herein are formulated as a pill, tablet, capsule, powder, lozenge, gum, liquid, solution, dietary supplement, food, beverage, or topical composition.
• Novel chromium compounds which improve insulin sensitization, glucose metabolism or tolerance, blood lipid metabolism, bioavailability and/or safety as compared to chromium nicotinate, chromium picolinate and chromium histidine are disclosed. These compounds were evaluated in terms of solubility, in vitro insulin sensitization, stability, and absorption as compared to chromium nicotinate, chromium picolinate and chromium histidine. The most promising chromium compounds have been tested for their animal in vivo bioavailability, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and acute toxicity.
• chromium compounds include dinicotinate chromium complexes having a carboxylate ligand as a third ligand.
• the third ligand can be selected from the group consisting of alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, arginine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, tryptophan, valine, gallic acid, cinnamic acid, hydroxycitric acid, and 5-hydroxytryptophan.
• the third ligand can be a simple carboxylate (e.g., propionate), a carboxylate having other coordinating functionality (e.g., amino acids or hydroxy-acids), and/or a carboxylate having pi electrons available for potential secondary bonding to chromium through chromium's d-orbitals (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan).
• Chromium complexes disclosed herein are complexes of chromium having two nicotinic acid ligands and a third ligand having a carboxylate functional group, such as glutamate, cysteine, aspartate, tryptophan, cinnamate, and the like.
• Preferred compositions include an amino acid as the third ligand, preferably cysteine.
• complexes of chromium and one, two, or three ligands selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, asparagines, arginine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, praline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, tryptophan, valine, gallic acid, cinnamic acid, hydroxycitric acid, 5-hydroxytrytophan, and nicotinic acid.
• ligands selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, asparagines, arginine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, praline, serine, threonine, tyrosine
• the ligand(s) has/have the ability to bond to chromium via its carboxylate functional group as well as through pi electron-d orbital interaction. This secondary interaction between the ligand and chromium can increase the bioavailability and absorption of chromium.
• the chromium complexes are complexes of trivalent chromium and at least one and no more than three tyrosine or tryptophan ligands.
• the present invention provides chromium complexes such as chromium (III) tris(tryptophan) and chromium (III) tris(tyrosine).
• the chromium complexes are complexes of trivalent chromium and one or more compounds extracted from plants.
• the plants from which these compounds are extracted are typically plants shown to have beneficial health benefits, such as genus Garcinia, Groffonia simplicifolia, cinnamon bark, gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, and oak bark.
• the present invention provides chromium complexes such as chromium hydroxycitrate, chromium hydroxytryptophan, chromium cinnamate, and chromium gallate.
• the ligand has known biological function alone. Examples include, but are not limited to, hydroxycitric acid, 5-hydroxytryptophan, gallate, and cinnamate.
• methods for improving or promoting healthy insulin function, glucose tolerance, blood sugar levels, blood lipid levels, blood pressure levels, inflammation, and/or lean body mass comprising administering a biologically effective amount of a composition as disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof, wherein the composition provides sufficient chromium to the subject and improves or promotes one or more of the identified health conditions, which are now known or are discovered to be responsive to chromium levels in the subject.
• Inflammation is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue.
• NF- ⁇ B Nuclear factor kappa B
• IL-6 interleukin 6
• IL-17A interleukin 17A
• TNF ⁇ tumor necrosis factor-alpha
• MCP-1 monocyte chemotactic protein-1
• CRP C-reactive protein
• oxidative stress and decreased levels of adiponectin are known to increase vascular inflammation.
• the compounds disclosed herein specifically chromium dinicocysteinate for example, demonstrate reductions in CRP and MCP-1, and increases in adiponectin, and are contemplated to be useful in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, such as, hay fever, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis, which is a chronic inflammatory response in the wall of arteries.
• the disclosed compounds are useful for reducing oxidative stress.
• Inflammation and oxidative stress are closely linked. Inflammation and oxidative stress are usually observed in degenerative or chronic diseases.
• the ZDF rat is a model of type 2 diabetes and is associated with elevated levels of both hyperglycemia and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hyperglycemia causes excessive oxygen radical production leading to increased oxidative stress in diabetes (Evans et al.: The molecular basis for oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance. Antioxidant Redox Signaling. 7:1040-1052, 2005).
• Oxidative stress also influences the expression of multiple genes in vascular cells, including signaling molecules such as protein kinases (PK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF- ⁇ B). Over-expression of these genes may induce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Oxidative stress plays a key role in a cascade of events which results in elevated glucose leading to monocyte and endothelial cell activation and finally the enhanced vascular inflammation observed in diabetes (Guha et al.: Molecular mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor a gene expression in monocytic cells via hyperglycemia-induced oxidant stress-dependent and -independent pathways. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275:17728-17739, 2000).
• PK protein kinases
• NF- ⁇ B nuclear factor kappa B
• chromium dinicocysteinate reduced elevated blood lipid peroxidation levels in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats.
• ZDF Zucker diabetic fatty
• the disclosed compounds improve liver and/or kidney function.
• a recent study showed an inverse correlation of insulin sensitivity to elevated alkaline phosphatase activities in the blood of 472 apparently healthy men (Godsland and Johnston: Co-associations between insulin sensitivity and measures of liver function, subclinical inflammation, and hematology. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental. 57:1190-7, 2008).
• the liver plays an important role in maintaining normal glucose concentrations during fasting as well as postprandial.
• Insulin dysfunction leads to ineffective suppression of hepatic glucose production and glycogenolysis in the liver causing an increase in hepatic glucose production (Michael and Kulkarni: Loss of Insulin signaling in hepatocytes leads to severe insulin resistance and progressive hepatic dysfunction. Molecular Cell. 6:87-97, 2000).
• Evidence also indicated that liver function and subclinical inflammation are related to insulin sensitivity which predict new-onset of type 2 diabetes independent of classical risk factors (Hsiao et al.: Decreased Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity Are Associated With Liver Function in Subjects With Fasting Glucose Between 100 and 109 mg/dL in Taiwanese Population. Pancreas 35:343-7, 2008.).
• chromium dinicocysteinate reduces alkaline phosphatase activities.
• chromium dinicocysteinate can improve kidney and/or endothelial cellular functions by reducing blood creatinine.
• the chromium complexes disclosed herein can be incorporated into a composition. These compositions can further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient or a food safe carrier or excipient.
• the amount of the chromium complex is typically about 0.000001% to about 1% by weight of the total composition.
• the chromium complex can be about 0.00001% to about 0.5%; about 0.00001% to about 0.1%; about 0.001% to about 0.5%, or about 0.001% to about 0.01% by weight.
• compositions disclosed herein typically provide a total amount of chromium upon administration to a subject in need of about 10 ⁇ g to about 1000 ⁇ g.
• the amount of chromium provided can be about 20 ⁇ g to about 500 ⁇ g; about 20 ⁇ g to about 250 ⁇ g; about 100 ⁇ g to about 750 ⁇ g; about 250 ⁇ g to about 750 ⁇ g; or about 500 ⁇ g to about 1000 ⁇ g.
• an “effective amount” of the disclosed complexes refers to the amount or quantity of the complex, which is sufficient to elicit the required or desired prophylactic or therapeutic response, or in other words, the amount which is sufficient to elicit an appreciable biological response when administered to a subject.
• an effective amount of a chromium complex as disclosed herein may reduce blood sugar levels in a subject.
• the actual effective amount for a particular subject can be readily determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art by various dosing tests and evaluations of chromium complexes for their effect on, for instance, fasting glucose levels, blood vitamin C levels, and the like.
• a biologically effective amount for obese Zucker rats was 400 ⁇ g per kilogram body weight.
• compositions disclosed herein comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or a food safe carrier.
• Such carriers can be those that are approved by regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and its national counterparts or those carriers generally regarded as safe (GRAS) in the relevant industry.
• exemplary carriers include phosphate buffered saline solution, and 5% aqueous solution of dextrose.
• the present compositions can be in the form of an emulsion, such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion, and various types of wetting agents and/or adjuvants, that are approvable by a competent regulatory authority as suitable for administration. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers and formulations are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th Ed. (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, 1995).
• Preferred pharmaceutical carriers depend upon the intended mode of administration of the active agent. Typical modes of administration include enteral (e.g., oral), topical, or parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal or intrathecal injection; transdermal, or transmucosal, including intrapulmonary administration).
• Pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients are well known for the various types of compositions and may be, for example, binders such as natural or synthetic polymers, excipients, lubricants, surfactants, sweetening and flavoring agents, coating materials, preservatives, dyes, thickeners, adjuvants, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants and carriers for the various formulation types.
• Nonlimiting examples of binders useful in a composition described herein include gum tragacanth, acacia, starch, gelatin, and biological degradable polymers such as homo- or co-polyesters of dicarboxylic acids, alkylene glycols, polyalkylene glycols and/or aliphatic hydroxyl carboxylic acids; homo- or co-polyamides of dicarboxylic acids, alkylene diamines, and/or aliphatic amino carboxylic acids; corresponding polyester-polyamide-co-polymers, polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, polyphosphazene and polycarbonates.
• the biological degradable polymers may be linear, branched or crosslinked.
• polymers are poly-glycolic acid, poly-lactic acid, and poly-d,l-lactide/glycolide.
• Other examples for polymers are water-soluble polymers such as polyoxaalkylenes (polyoxaethylene, polyoxapropylene and mixed polymers thereof, poly-acrylamides and hydroxylalkylated polyacrylamides, poly-maleic acid and esters or -amides thereof, poly-acrylic acid and esters or -amides thereof, poly-vinylalcohol and esters or -ethers thereof, poly-vinylimidazole, poly-vinylpyrrolidon, and natural polymers like chitosan.
• Nonlimiting examples of excipients useful in a composition described herein include phosphates such as dicalcium phosphate.
• Nonlimiting examples of lubricants use in a composition described herein include natural or synthetic oils, fats, waxes, or fatty acid salts such as magnesium stearate.
• Surfactants for use in a composition described herein can be anionic, cationic, amphoteric or neutral.
• Nonlimiting examples of surfactants useful in a composition described herein include lecithin, phospholipids, octyl sulfate, decyl sulfate, dodecyl sulfate, tetradecyl sulfate, hexadecyl sulfate and octadecyl sulfate, Na oleate or Na caprate, 1-acylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acids, such as 1-octanoylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acid, 1-decanoylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acid, 1-dodecanoylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acid, 1-tetradecanoylaminoethane-2-sulfonic acid, 1-hexadecanoylaminoethan
• Nonlimiting examples of sweetening agents useful in a composition described herein include sucrose, fructose, lactose, aspartame, saccharine, acesulfame potassium, or sucralose.
• Nonlimiting examples of flavoring agents for use in a composition described herein include peppermint, oil of wintergreen or fruit flavors such as cherry or orange flavor.
• Nonlimiting examples of coating materials for use in a composition described herein include gelatin, wax, shellac, sugar or other biological degradable polymers.
• Nonlimiting examples of preservatives for use in a composition described herein include methyl or propylparabens, sorbic acid, chlorobutanol, phenol and thimerosal.
• the present chromium compositions can be incorporated into food or beverages. Juices, energy drinks, diet drinks, protein bars, and the like can be used as a vehicle for oral delivery of the present chromium compositions.
• Phase I included synthesis and chemical/physical characterization of the novel chromium complexes in comparison to know (reference or control) compounds.
• Phased II included in vitro insulin sensitization, absorption and stability tests on all of the synthesized chromium complexes as compared to reference or control compounds, such as chromium nicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium histidine and chromium triphenylalanine.
• Phase III included in vivo bioavailability, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and acute toxicity.
• Still another set of chromium complexes disclosed herein are chromium having three different carboxylate ligands. By varying ligands from nicotinic acid, glutamate, cysteinate, aspartate, argininate, tyrosine and tryptophan, at least 30 possible chromium complexes are produced. Each of these compounds can be assessed for their ability to provide chromium in a bioavailable form using the assays disclosed herein.
• Some chromium compounds contemplated include, but are not limited to, the following: Chromium dinicocysteinate; Chromium dinicotinate tryptophan; Chromium dinicotinate tyrosine; Chromium dinicotinate hydroxycitrate; Chromium dinicotinate cinnamate; Chromium dinicotinate gallate; Chromium dinicotinate 5-hydroxytryptophan; Chromium dinicotinate aspartate; Chromium dinicotinate glutamate; Chromium dinicotinate arginate; Chromium tris(tryptophan); Chromium tris(tyrosine); Chromium tris(hydroxycitrate); Chromium tris(5-hydroxytryptophan); Chromium tris(cinnamate); and Chromium tris(gallate).
• Hydroxycitric acid is a naturally occurring acid found in the rinds of the fruit of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, Garcinia mangostana, and Garcinia atrovirides.
• the dried fruit rind of G. cambogia also known as Malabar tamarind, is commonly used in Southeast Asia (particularly southern India) as a food preservative, flavoring agent and carminative.
• (-)-HCA The primary mechanism of action of (-)-HCA appears to be related to act as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase, which catalyzes the conversion of citrate and coenzyme A to oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), building blocks of fatty acid synthesis.
• ATP-citrate lyase catalyzes the conversion of citrate and coenzyme A to oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)
• acetyl-CoA acetyl-CoA
• HCA Hydroxycitric acid delays glucose absorption in rats, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 288:1144-1149, 2005). Since HCA alone has been shown to have beneficial effects in regulating glucose absorption and in weight control, HCA complexed to chromium provides a doubly beneficial effect—through the effect of HCA and through the effect of bioavailable chromium.
• Cinnamic acids are widely distributed in plant kingdom and are reported as antioxidants. These compounds impart nutraceutical traits to foods by way of their abilities to serve as cellular antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents or inhibitors of enzymes involved in cell proliferation. These activities are important in ameliorating chronic diseases such as cancer, arthritis and cardiovascular disease, which in some cases may be caused by free radicals. Because of proven safety of cinnamic acids like caffeic acid and phenolic benzoic acids like gallic acid, chromium complexes of cinnamic acid and gallic acid may have insulin sensitizing capacity.
• 5-Hydroxytryptophan is a natural compound isolated from the seeds of an African plant called Griffonia simplicifolia. Substances which increase brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) are effective anorectic agents to help obese patients lose weight and to decrease cravings for sweets and carbohydrates. Experimental studies have proven that 5-HTP increases brain serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmitter involved in appetite control, sleep and mood. Chromium complexes of 5-hydroxytryptophan may exhibit these same beneficial effects in addition to the beneficial effects due to bioavailable chromium.
• Synthesis and characterization of chromium complexes disclosed herein is performed according to the methods disclosed in the examples below.
• Chromium compounds were screened employing the following in vitro assays as compared to known chromium complexes: chromium nicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium histidine, chromium triphenylalaine and chromium nicotinoglycinate: 1. Solubility analysis; 2. Insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism/utilization assay; 3. Stability analysis (time, temperature and pH); 4. Cytotoxicity assay (lactate dehydrogenese leakage assessment); 5. Absorption study using the intestinal reperfusion model.
• chromium nicotinate chromium picolinate
• chromium histidine chromium triphenylalaine
• chromium nicotinoglycinate 1. Bioavailability; 2. Glucose metabolism/uptake/utilization; 3. Insulin sensitivity; 4. Lipid metabolism (animal in vivo); 5. Acute toxicity (LD 50 ).
• the synthesis was made effective through an intermediate of tris-(ethylenediamine) chromium.
• Zinc metal (1 g) was added to a solution of chromium(III) chloride (CrCl 3 .6H 2 O, 26.6 g, 0.11 mole) in methanol (50 mL). The mixture was refluxed at 70-80° C. Anhydrous ethylenediamine (36 g, 0.6 mole) was added drop-wise to the refluxing chromium salt solution and the refluxing was continued for one hour. The solution was cooled, filtered and the yellow product, washed first with 10% ethylenediamine solution in methanol (75 mL) and then with ether. Finally the product was dried in air (yield 19 g).
• Tris(ethylenediamine)chromium (0.6 g, 1.9 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of hot L-tryptophan ( 2.0 g, 9.6 mmol) in water (30 mL). The mixture was heated at 80-90° C. refluxed further for 5 hour and the solid product obtained was filtered while hot. The solid was washed with hot water (200 mL) to remove the unreacted starting materials. The product was vacuum dried (0.8 g, 64%). The Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrum of the compound indicated the peak corresponding to the product.
• Nicotinic acid (3.604 g, 29.25 mmol) was dissolved in 100 mL of deionized (DI) water by heating to 80-85° C.
• Cysteine.HCl.H 2 O (2.65 g, 15.0 mmol) was added as a solid, followed by a 10 mL addition of DI water.
• the solution was stirred for 5 min, until all the solid had dissolved.
• CrCl 3 .6H 2 O (4.06 g, 15.3 mmol) was slowly added as a solid, followed by a 10 mL rinse of DI water.
• the solution immediately turned a dark blue-green.
• the solution was stirred at 75-80° C. for 8 hours. The heat was removed and the reaction was stirred overnight.
• the cooled solution was frozen and lyophilized to afford 9.2 g of a dark green solid.
• Chromium complexes were evaluated for bioavailability and in vivo activity. The compounds were tested in comparison with chromium compounds that are known in the art, including, for example, chromium picolinate and chromium nicotinate.
• Obese Zucker rats were used as an ideal type II diabetic animal model for this evaluation.
• the rats obtained at five weeks of age and acclimated for two days, were fasted overnight.
• the rats were then weighed and had blood collected to obtain a baseline reading.
• the rats were divided into groups to test each compound and fed a Purina® 5008 lab chow diet (Wilmington, Mass.) for eight weeks.
• Chromium-containing compounds were administered daily at 400 ⁇ g elemental chromium (III) per kilogram body weight for eight weeks.
• Niacin, arginine, and cysteine were tested at the amounts equivalent to the individual compound present in the complexes containing 400 ⁇ g elemental chromium (III) and niacin, arginine, and cysteine, respectively.
• Niacin was administered daily at approximately 1.9 mg per kilogram body weight.
• Arginine and cysteine were each administered daily at approximately 1 mg per kilogram body weight.
• the control group received saline solution alone daily.
• the study monitored the following parameters: (1) body weight; (2) food intake; (3) vitamin C levels; (4) fasting glucose levels; (5) lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides (TG)); (6) glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc); (7) red blood cell lipid peroxidase (RBC lipid peroxidase); (8) adiponectin; (9) plasma C-reactive protein (CRP); (10) monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1); (11) intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM); (12) glutathione (GSH); (13) retinol binding protein (RBP-4); (14) leptin; (15) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); (16) tumor necrosis factor (TNF ⁇ ); (17) interleukin 6 (IL-6); and (18) oxidative DNA damage (OxyDNA).
• TC total cholesterol
• HDL high density lipoprotein
• TG
• Food intake was measured at 5 and 7 weeks. At the end of eight weeks, the rates were fasted overnight and then euthanized. Blood was collected, and the plasma was isolated by centrifugation. CRP, MCP-1, ICAM, and adiponectin levels in the plasma were determined by sandwich ELISA method using commercially available kits from Fisher Thermo Scientific Co. (Rockford, Ill.). Oxidative stress was determined by measuring malondialdehyde (an end product of lipid peroxidation) by its reaction with thiobarbituric acid. Vitamin C concentration in the plasma was also determined.
• Glycosylated hemoglobin was determined using Glyco-Tek Affinity column kits and reagents available commercially from Helena Laboratories (Beaumont, Tex.). Glucose levels were determined using glucose oxidase measured with an Accu-chek® Advantage glucometer available commercially from Boehringer Manheim Corp. (Indianapolis, Ind.).
• Tables II-V demonstrates the beneficial effects of chromium dinicocysteinate, for example, by reducing fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, intracellular adhesion molecule, and red blood cell lipid peroxidation. Blood vitamin C levels and adiponectin levels were increased with the administration of chromium dinicocysteinate.

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