Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
  • A61K31/4184—1,3-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. benzimidazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
  • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/454—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pimozide, domperidone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing alicyclic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel Fused Tricyclic Compounds, compositions comprising at least one Fused Tricyclic Compound, and methods of using Fused Tricyclic Compounds for treating or preventing a viral infection or a virus-related disorder in a patient.
• HCV Hepatitis C virus
• BB-NANBH blood-associated NANBH
• NANBH is to be distinguished from other types of viral-induced liver disease, such as hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), delta hepatitis virus (HDV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as well as from other forms of liver disease such as alcoholism and primary biliar cirrhosis.
• HAV hepatitis A virus
• HBV hepatitis B virus
• HDV delta hepatitis virus
• CMV cytomegalovirus
• EBV Epstein-Barr virus
• HCV replication inhibition is a viable strategy for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma.
• Current therapies for HCV infection include ⁇ -interferon monotherapy and combination therapy comprising ⁇ -interferon and ribavirin. These therapies have been shown to be effective in some patients with chronic HCV infection, but suffer from poor efficacy and unfavorable side-effects and there are currently efforts directed to the discovery of HCV replication inhibitors that are useful for the treatment and prevention of HCV related disorders.
• HCV HCV-resistant oligonucleotides
• free bile acids such as ursodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
• conjugated bile acids such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid
• Phosphonoformic acid esters have also been proposed as potentially useful for the treatment of various viral infections, including HCV.
• Vaccine development has been hampered by the high degree of viral strain heterogeneity and immune evasion and the lack of protection against reinfection, even with the same inoculum.
• HCV NS5A is a 447 amino acid phosphoprotein which lacks a defined enzymatic function. It runs as 56 kd and 58 kd bands on gels depending on phosphorylation state (Tanji, et al. J. Virol. 69:3980-3986 (1995)). HCV NS5A resides in replication complex and may be responsible for the switch from replication of RNA to production of infectious virus (Huang, Y, et al., Virology 364:1-9 (2007)).
• Multicyclic HCV NS5A inhibitors have been reported. See U.S. Patent Publication Nos. US20080311075, US20080044379, US20080050336, US20080044380, US20090202483 and US2009020478.
• HCV NS5A inhibitors having fused tricyclic moieties are disclosed in International Patent Publication Nos. WO 10/065,681, WO 10/065,668, and WO 10/065,674.
• HCV NS5A inhibitors and their use for reducing viral load in HCV infected humans have been described in U.S. Patent Publication No. US20060276511.
• the present invention provides Compounds of Formula (I):
• each dotted line represents an optional and additional bond, such that only one optional and additional bond can be attached to each of Y 1 and Y 2 , and wherein:
• A is -alkylene-N(R 7 )(R 11 ) or heterocycloalkyl, wherein said heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally and independently substituted on one or more ring nitrogen atoms with R 4 , and on one or more ring carbon atoms with R 12 , and wherein said heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally fused to a cycloalkyl group or an aryl group;
• B is monocyclic heteroarylene or bicyclic heteroarylene, wherein said monocyclic heteroarylene group or said bicyclic heteroarylene group can be optionally and independently substituted on one or more ring nitrogen atoms with R 6 , and on one or more ring carbon atoms with R 12 ;
• C is a bond, monocyclic heteroarylene or bicyclic beteroarylene, wherein said monocyclic heteroarylene group or said bicyclic heteroarylene group can be can be optionally and independently substituted on one or more ring nitrogen atoms with R 6 and on one or more ring carbon atoms with R 12 ;
• D is -alkylene-N(R 7 )(R 11 ) or heterocycloalkyl, wherein said heterocycloalkyl group can be can be optionally and independently substituted on one or more ring nitrogen atoms with R 4 , and on one or more ring carbon atoms with R 12 , and wherein a heterocycloalkyl can be optionally fused to a cycloalkyl group or an aryl group;
• M 1 is a bond, —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q —, —[C(R) 2 ] m —C(R 2 ) ⁇ C(R 2 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —, —C(R 7 ) ⁇ N—, —N ⁇ C(R 7 )—, —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —O—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m , —O—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q —O—, —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —, —S—, —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —S(O) m —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —, —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —OC(O)N(R 6 )—[
• M 2 is a bond, —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q —, —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —C(R 2 ) ⁇ C(R 2 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —, —C(R 7 ) ⁇ N—, —N ⁇ C(R 7 )—, —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —O—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m , —O—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q —O—, —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —, —S—, [C(R 7 ) 2 ] r —S(O) m —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —, —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —OC(O)N(R 6 )—[
• Y 1 is —C—, when an optional and additional bond to Y 1 is present, and Y 1 is —CH— when an optional and additional bond to Y 1 is absent;
• Y 2 is —C—, when an optional and additional bond to Y 2 is present, and Y 2 is —CH— when an optional and additional bond to Y 2 is absent;
• Z 1 is a bond, —C(R 5 ) ⁇ C(R 5 )—, —N ⁇ C(R 5 )—, —C(R 5 ) ⁇ NC—, —C(R 5 ) ⁇ N—, —O—, —N(R 6 )—, —S— or —S(O) 2 — when the optional and additional bond to Z 1 is not present, and Z 1 is —C(R 5 )—, —C(R 5 )(CH(R 5 )) m —, —N—, —NCH(R 5 )CH(R 5 )—, —C(R 5 )NHCH(R 5 )—, —C(R 5 )CH(R 5 )NH—, —C(R 5 )O—, —C(R 5 )N(R 6 )—, —N—N(R 6 )—, —C(R 5 )S— or —C(R 5 )S(O
• Z 2 is a bond, —C(R 5 ) ⁇ C(R 5 )—, —N ⁇ C(R 5 )—, —C(R 5 )N ⁇ C—, —C(R 5 ) ⁇ N—, —O—, —N(R 6 )—, —S— or —S(O) 2 — when the optional and additional bond to Z 2 is not present, and Z 2 is —C(R 5 )—, —(CH(R 5 )) m C(R 5 )—, —N—, —CH(R 5 )CH(R 5 )N—, —CH(R 5 )NHC(R 5 )—, —NHCH(R 5 )C(R 5 )—, —OC(R 5 )—, —N(R 6 )C(R 5 )—, —N(R 6 )—N—, —S—C(R 5 )— or —S(O) 2 C(R 5
• each occurrence of R 1 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, aryl, 3 to 7 membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl group, said cycloalkyl group, said heterocycloalkyl group or said heteroaryl group can be optionally and independently substituted with up to three R 2 groups;
• each occurrence of R 2 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl, 3 to 7 membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, halo, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —CN, —OR 3 , —N(R 3 ) 2 , —C(O)R 10 , —C(O)OR 3 , —C(O)N(R 3 ) 2 , —NHC(O)R 11 , —NHC(O)NHR 3 , —NHC(O)OR 3 , —OC(O)R 10 , —SR 3 or —S(O) 2 R 10 ;
• each occurrence of R 3 is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, aryl, 3 to 7 membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl group, said cycloalkyl group, said heterocycloalkyl group or said heteroaryl group can be optionally and independently substituted with up to three groups independently selected from hydroxy, halo, alkyl, aminoalkyl, and haloalkyl.
• each occurrence of R 4 is independently II, —C(O)-[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 ) 2 , —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(O)—R 1 , —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(O)O—R 1 , —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q C(O)O—R 1 , —C(O)[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )SO 2 —R 1 or
• each occurrence of R 5 is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl;
• each occurrence of R 6 is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl group, said cycloalkyl group, said heterocycloalkyl group or said heteroaryl group can be optionally and independently substituted with up to two R 8 groups, and wherein two R 6 groups that are attached to a common nitrogen atom, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, can optionally join to form a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group;
• each occurrence of R 7 is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7-membered-heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, wherein said aryl group, said cycloalkyl group, said heterocycloalkyl group or said heteroaryl group can be optionally and independently substituted with up to 3 substituents, which can be the same or different, and are selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl, halo, —C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 hydroxyalkyl, —OH, —C(O)NH—(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —C(O)N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 , —O—(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —NH 2 , —NH(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 and
• each occurrence of R 8 is independently H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
• each occurrence of R 9 is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl or 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl;
• each occurrence of R 10 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, aryl, 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl;
• each occurrence of R 11 is independently —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 ) 2 , —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(O)—R 1 , —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(O)O—R 1 , —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q C(O)O—R 1 , —C(O) [C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )SO 2 —R 1 or -alkylene-N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q —N(R 6 )—C(O)O—R 1 ;
• each occurrence of R 12 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —CN, —OR 3 , —N(R 3 ) 2 , —C(O)R 10 , —C(O)OR 3 , —C(O)N(R 3 ) 2 , —NHC(O)R 10 , —NHC(O)NHR 3 , —NHC(O)OR 3 , —OC(O)R 10 , —SR 3 or —S(O) 2 R 1 ; and wherein two R 12 groups together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, can optionally join to form a 5 to 7-membered cycloalkyl or 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group;
• m is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 2;
• each occurrence of q is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 4.
• the Compounds of Formula (I) (also referred to herein as the “Fused Tricyclic Compounds”) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be useful for treating or preventing a viral infection or a virus-related disorder in a patient.
• the Fused Tricyclic Compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can also be useful for treating or preventing a viral infection or a virus-related-disorder in a patient.
• Also provided by the invention are methods for treating or preventing a viral infection or a virus-related disorder in a patient, comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of at least one Fused Tricyclic Compound.
• the present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of at least one Fused Tricyclic Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the compositions can be useful for treating or preventing a viral infection or a virus-related disorder in a patient.
• the present invention provides Fused Tricyclic Compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one Fused Tricyclic Compound, and methods of using the Fused Tricyclic Compounds for treating or preventing a viral infection or a virus-related disorder in a patient.
• a “patient” is a human or non-human mammal. In one embodiment, a patient is a human, In another embodiment, a patient is a chimpanzee.
• an effective amount refers to an amount of Fused Tricyclic Compound and/or an additional therapeutic agent, or a composition thereof that is effective in producing the desired therapeutic, ameliorative, inhibitory or preventative effect when administered to a patient suffering from a viral infection or virus-related disorder.
• an effective amount can refer to each individual agent or to the combination as a whole, wherein the amounts of all agents administered are together effective, but wherein the component agent of the combination may not be present individually in an effective amount.
• alkyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having one of its hydrogen atoms replaced with a bond.
• An alkyl group may be straight or branched and contain from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, an alkyl group contains from about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, an alkyl group contains from about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
• Non-limiting examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl and neohexyl.
• An alkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, —O-alkyl, —O-aryl, -alkylene-O-alkyl, alkylthio, —NH 2 , —NH (alkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH(cycloalkyl), —O—C(O)-alkyl, —O—C(O)-aryl, —O—C(O)-cycloalkyl, —C(O)OH and —C(O)O-alkyl.
• substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl
• an alkyl group is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, an alkyl group is linear. In another embodiment, an alkyl group is branched.
• the term “C 1 -C 6 alkyl” refers to an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• alkenyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond and having one of its hydrogen atoms replaced with a bond.
• An alkenyl group may be straight or branched and contain from about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, an alkenyl group contains from about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, an alkenyl group contains from about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.
• Non-limiting examples of alkenyl groups include ethenyl; propenyl, n-butenyl, 3-methylbut-2-enyl, n-pentenyl, octenyl and decenyl.
• An alkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, —O-alkyl, —O-aryl, -alkylene-O-alkyl, alkylthio, —NH 2 , —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH(cycloalkyl), —O—C(O)-alkyl, —O—C(O)-aryl, —O—C(O)-cycloalkyl, —C(O)OH and —C(O)O-alkyl.
• an alkenyl group is unsubstituted.
• C 2 -C 6 alkenyl refers to an alkenyl group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms
• alkynyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and having one of its hydrogen atoms replaced with a bond.
• An alkynyl group may be straight or branched and contain from about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, an alkynyl group contains from about 2 to about 12 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, an alkynyl group contains from about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.
• Non-limiting examples of alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, 2-butynyl and 3-methylbutynyl.
• An alkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, each substituent being independently selected from the group consisting of halo, akenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, —O-alkyl, —O-aryl, -alkylene-O-alkyl, alkylthio, —NH 2 , —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH(cycloalkyl), —O—C(O)-alkyl, —O—C(O)-aryl, —O—C(O)-cycloalkyl, —C(O)OH and —C(O)O-alkyl.
• an alkynyl group is unsubstituted.
• C 2 -C 6 alkynyl refers to an alkynyl group having from 2 to
• alkylene refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, wherein one of the alkyl group's hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a bond.
• alkylene groups include —CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )— and —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 —.
• an alkylene group has from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
• an alkylene group is branched.
• an alkylene group is linear.
• an alkylene group is —CH 2 —.
• C 1 -C 6 alkylene refers to an alkylene group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• aryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising from about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, an aryl group contains from about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms. An aryl group can be optionally substituted with one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein below. In one embodiment, an aryl group can be optionally fused to a cycloalkyl or cycloalkanoyl group. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl. In one embodiment, an aryl group is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, an aryl group is phenyl.
• arylene refers to a bivalent group derived from an aryl group, as defined above, by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon of an aryl group.
• An arylene group can be derived from a monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising from about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, an arylene group-contains from about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, an arylene group is a naphthylene group. In another embodiment, an arylene group is a phenylene group.
• An arylene group can be optionally substituted with one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein below.
• An arylene group is divalent and either available bond on an arylene group can connect to either group flanking the arylene group. For example, the group “A-arylene-B,” wherein the arylene group is:
• cycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring system comprising from about 3 to about 10 ring carbon atoms. In one embodiment, a cycloalkyl contains from about 5 to about 10 ring carbon atoms. In another embodiment, a cycloalkyl contains from about 3 to about 7 ring atoms. In another embodiment, a cycloalkyl contains from about 5 to about 6 ring atoms.
• cycloalkyl also encompasses a cycloalkyl group, as defined above, which is fused to an aryl (e.g., benzene) or heteroaryl ring.
• 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group having from 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms.
• a ring carbon atom of a cycloalkyl group may be functionalized as a carbonyl group.
• An illustrative example of such a cycloalkyl group (also referred to herein as a “cycloalkanoyl” group) includes, but is not limited to, cyclobutanoyl:
• cycloalkenyl refers to a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring system comprising from about 4 to about 10 ring carbon atoms and containing at least one endocyclic double bond. In one embodiment, a cycloalkenyl contains from about 4 to about 7 ring carbon atoms. In another embodiment, a cycloalkenyl contains 5 or 6 ring atoms.
• monocyclic cycloalkenyls include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohepta-1,3-dienyl, and the like.
• a cycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein below.
• a ring carbon atom of a cycloalkyl group may be functionalized as a carbonyl group.
• a cycloalkenyl group is unsubstituted.
• a cycloalkenyl group is cyclopentenyl.
• a cycloalkenyl group is cyclohexenyl.
• the term “4 to 7-membered cycloalkenyl” refers to a cycloalkenyl group having from 4 to 7 ring carbon atoms.
• Halo means —F, —Cl, —Br or —I. In one embodiment, halo refers to —F, —Cl or —Br.
• haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group as defined above, wherein one or more of the alkyl group's hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a halogen.
• haloalkyl group has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, a haloalkyl group is substituted with from 1 to 3 F atoms. Non-limiting examples of haloalkyl groups include —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CH 2 Cl and —CCl 3 .
• C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl refers to a haloalkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• hydroxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group as defined above, wherein one or more of the alkyl group's hydrogen atoms has been replaced with an —OH group.
• a hydroxyalkyl group has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Non-limiting examples of hydroxyalkyl groups include —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 CH 2 OH, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH and —CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3 .
• C 1 -C 6 hydroxyalkyl refers to a hydroxyalkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• heteroaryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 5 to about 14 ring atoms, wherein from 1 to 4 of the ring atoms is independently O, N or S and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms.
• a heteroaryl group has 5 to 10 ring atoms.
• a heteroaryl group is monocyclic and has 5 or 6 ring atoms.
• a heteroaryl group is bicyclic.
• a heteroaryl group can be optionally substituted by one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein below.
• heteroaryl group is joined via a ring carbon atom, and any nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide.
• heteroaryl also encompasses a heteroaryl group, as defined above, which is fused to a benzene ring.
• heteroaryls include pyridyl, pyrazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridone (including N-substituted pyridones), isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1-0 pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, oxindolyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, benzofurazanyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl, quinolinyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothieny
• heteroaryl also refers to partially saturated heteroaryl moieties such as, for example, tetraltydroisoquinolyl, tetrahydroquinolyl and the like.
• a heteroaryl group is unsubstituted.
• a heteroaryl group is a 5-membered heteroaryl.
• a heteroaryl group is a 6-membered heteroaryl.
• a heteroaryl group comprises a 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl group fused to a benzene ring.
• 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group having from 3 to 8 ring-carbon atoms.
• heteroarylene refers to a bivalent group derived from an heteroaryl group, as defined above, by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon or ring heteroatom of a heteroaryl group.
• a heteroarylene group can be derived from a monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising about 5 to about 14 ring atoms, wherein from 1 to 4 of the ring atoms are each independently O, N or S and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms.
• a heteroarylene group can be optionally substituted by one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein below.
• heteroarylene group is joined via a ring carbon atom or by a nitrogen atom with an open valence, and any nitrogen atom of a heteroarylene can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide.
• heteroarylene also encompasses a heteroarylene group, as defined above, which is fused to a benzene ring.
• heteroarylenes include pyridylene, pyrazinylene, furanylene, thienylene, pyrimidinylene, pyridonylene (including those derived from N-substituted pyridonyls), isoxazolylene, isothiazolylene, oxazolylene, oxadiazolylene, thiazolylene, pyrazolylene, thiophenylene, furazanylene, pyrrolylene, triazolylene, 1,2,4-thiadiazolylene, pyrazinylene, pyridazinylene, quinoxalinylene, phthalazinylene, oxindolylene, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinylene, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolylene, benzofurazanylene, indolylene, azaindolylene, benzimidazolylene, benzothicnylene, quinolinylene, imidazo
• heteroarylene also refers to partially saturated heteroarylene moieties such as, for example, tetrahydroisoquinolylene, tetrahydroquinolylene, and the like.
• a heteroarylene group is divalent and either available bond on a heteroarylene ring can connect to either group flanking the heteroarylene group.
• heteroarylene-B wherein the heteroarylene group is:
• a heteroarylene group is unsubstituted.
• a heteroarylene group is a monocyclic heteroarylene group or a bicyclic heteroarylene group.
• a heteroarylene group is a monocyclic heteroarylene group.
• a heteroarylene group is a bicyclic heteroarylene group.
• a heteroarylene group has from about 5 to about 10 ring atoms.
• a heteroarylene group is monocyclic and has 5 or 6 ring atoms.
• a heteroarylene group is bicyclic and has 9 or 10 ring atoms.
• a heteroarylene group is a 5-membered monocyclic heteroarylene.
• a heteroarylene group is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroarylene.
• a bicyclic heteroarylene group comprises a 5 or 6-membered monocyclic heteroarylene group fused to a benzene ring.
• heterocycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising 3 to about 10 ring atoms, wherein from 1 to 4 of the ring atoms are independently O, S or N and the remainder of the ring atoms are carbon atoms.
• a heterocycloalkyl group can be joined via a ring carbon or ring nitrogen atom.
• a heterocycloalkyl group has from about 3 to about 7 ring atoms.
• a heterocycloalkyl group has 5 or 6 ring atoms.
• a heterocycloalkyl group is monocyclic.
• a heterocycloalkyl group is bicyclic. There are no adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present in the ring system. Any —NH group in a heterocycloalkyl ring may exist protected such as, for example, as an —N(BOC), —N(Cbz), —N(Tos) group and the like; such protected heterocycloalkyl groups are considered part of this invention.
• the term “heterocycloalkyl” also encompasses a heterocycloalkyl group, as defined above, which is fused to an aryl (e.g., benzene) or heteroaryl ring.
• a heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally substituted by one or more “ring system substituents” which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein below.
• the nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocycloalkyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.
• Non-limiting examples of monocyclic heterocycloalkyl rings include oxetanyl, piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, lactam, lactone and the like, and all isomers thereof.
• a ring carbon atom of a heterocycloalkyl group may be functionalized as a carbonyl group.
• An illustrative example of such a heterocycloalkyl group is pyrrolidonyl:
• a heterocycloalkyl group is unsubstituted.
• a heterocycloalkyl group is a 5-membered heterocycloalkyl.
• a heterocycloalkyl group is a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl.
• the term “3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl” refers to a heterocycloalkyl group having from 3 to 7 ring atoms.
• heterocycloalkenyl refers to a heterocycloalkyl group, as defined above, wherein the heterocycloalkyl group contains from 4 to 10 ring atoms, and at least one endocyclic carbon-carbon or carbon-nitrogen double bond.
• a heterocycloalkenyl group can be joined via a ring carbon or ring nitrogen atom.
• a heterocycloalkenyl group has from 4 to 7 ring atoms.
• a heterocycloalkenyl group is monocyclic and has 5 or 6 ring atoms.
• a heterocycloalkenyl group is bicyclic.
• a heterocycloalkenyl group can optionally substituted by one or more ring system substituents, wherein “ring system substituent” is as defined above.
• the nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocycloalkenyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide.
• heterocycloalkenyl groups include 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridinyl, 1,2-dihydropyridinyl, 1,4-dihydropyridinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, 2-imidazolinyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydrothiazoly, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, dihydrofuranyl, fluoro-substituted dihydrofuranyl, 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiopyranyl, and the like.
• a ring carbon atom of a heterocycloalkenyl group may be functionalized as a carbonyl group.
• a heterocycloalkenyl group is unsubstituted.
• a heterocycloalkenyl group is a 5-membered heterocycloalkenyl.
• a heterocycloalkenyl group is a 6-membered heterocycloalkenyl.
• the term “4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkenyl” refers to a heterocycloalkenyl group having from 4 to 7 ring atoms.
• Ring system substituent refers to a substituent group attached to an aromatic or non-aromatic ring system which, for example, replaces an available hydrogen on the ring system.
• Ring system substituents may be the same or different, each being independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -alkylene-aryl, -arylene-alkyl, -alkylene-heteroaryl, -alkenylene-heteroaryl, -alkynylene-heteroaryl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, —O-alkyl-, —O-haloalkyl, -alkylene-O-alkyl, —O-aryl, aralkoxy, acyl, aroyl, halo, nitro; cyano, —SF 5 , carboxy, —C(O)O-alkyl, —
• Ring system substituent may also mean a single moiety which simultaneously replaces two available hydrogens on two adjacent carbon atoms (one H on each carbon) on a ring system.
• Examples of such moiety are methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, —C(CH 3 ) 2 — and the like which form moieties such as, for example:
• substituted means that one or more hydrogens on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency under the existing circumstances is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
• stable compound or “stable structure” is meant a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
• purified refers to the physical state of the compound after being isolated from a synthetic process (e.g., from a reaction mixture), or natural source or combination thereof.
• purified refers to the physical state of the compound after being obtained from a purification process, or processes described-herein or well-known to the skilled artisan (e.g., chromatography, recrystallization and the like), in sufficient purity to be characterizable by standard analytical techniques described herein or well-known to the skilled artisan.
• protecting groups When a functional group in a compound is termed “protected”, this means that the group is in modified form to preclude undesired side reactions at the protected site when the compound is subjected to a reaction. Suitable protecting groups will be recognized by those with ordinary skill in the art as well as by reference to standard textbooks such as, for example, T. W. Greene et al, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (1991), Wiley, New York.
• variable e.g., aryl, heterocycle, R 2 , etc.
• its definition on each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.
• composition is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
• Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein.
• a discussion of prodrugs is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro - drugs as Novel Delivery Systems (1987) 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design , (1987) Edward B. Roche, ed., American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press.
• the term “prodrug” means a compound (e.g., a drug precursor) that is transformed in vivo to provide a Fused Tricyclic Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate of the compound. The transformation may occur by various mechanisms (e.g., by metabolic or chemical processes), such as, for example, through hydrolysis in blood.
• a prodrug can comprise an ester formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the acid group with a group such as, for example, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 12 )alkanoyloxymethyl, 1-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-methyl-1-(alkanoyloxy)-ethyl having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 7 carbon atoms, 1-methyl-1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, N-(alkoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-(N-(alkoxy)alkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 12 )alkanoyloxymethyl, 1-(alkano
• a prodrug can be formed by the replacement of a hydrogen atom in the amine group with a group such as, for example, R-carbonyl-, RO-carbonyl-, NRR′-carbonyl- wherein R and R′ are each independently (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, benzyl, a natural ⁇ -aminoacyl, —C(OH)C(O)OY 1 wherein Y 1 is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or benzyl, —C(OY 2 )Y 3 wherein Y 2 is (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl and Y 3 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl; carboxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl; amino(C 1 -C 4 )alkyl or mono-N— or di-N,N—(C 1
• esters of the present compounds include the following groups: (1) carboxylic acid esters obtained by esterification of the hydroxy group of a hydroxyl compound, in which the non-carbonyl moiety of the carboxylic acid portion of the ester grouping is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl (for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, sec-butyl or n-butyl), alkoxyalkyl (for example, methoxymethyl), aralkyl (for example, benzyl), aryloxyalkyl (for example, phenoxymethyl), aryl (for example, phenyl optionally substituted with, for example, halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, or —O—C 1-4 alkyl or amino); (2) sulfonate esters, such as alkyl-, or aralkylsulfonyl (for example, methanesulfonyl); (3) amino
• One or more compounds of the invention may exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the invention embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.
• “Solvate” means a physical association of a compound of this invention with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association involves varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Non-limiting examples of solvates include ethanolates, methanolates, and the like.
• a “hydrate” is a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is H 2 O.
• One or more compounds of the invention may optionally be converted to a solvate.
• Preparation of solvates is generally known.
• M. Caira et al, J. Pharmaceutical Sci., 93(3), 601-611 (2004) describe the preparation of the solvates of the antifungal fluconazole in ethyl acetate as well as from water.
• Similar preparations of solvates, hemisolvate, hydrates and the like are described by E. C. van Tonder et al, AAPS PharmSciTechours., 5(1), article 12 (2004); and A. L. Bingham et al, Chem. Commun., 603-604 (2001).
• a typical, non-limiting, process involves dissolving the inventive compound in desired amounts of the desired solvent (organic or water or mixtures thereof) at a higher than ambient temperature, and cooling the solution at a rate sufficient to form crystals which are then isolated by standard methods.
• Analytical techniques such as, for example IR spectroscopy, show the presence of the solvent (or water) in the crystals as a solvate (or hydrate).
• the Fused Tricyclic Compounds can form salts which are also within the scope of this invention.
• Reference to a Fused Tricyclic Compound herein is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated.
• the term—“salt(s)”, as employed herein, denotes acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids, as well as basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases.
• zwitterions may be formed and are included within the term “salt(s)” as used herein.
• the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salt.
• the salt is other than a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
• Salts of the Compounds of Formula (I) may be formed, for example, by reacting a Fused Tricyclic Compound with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.
• Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates, ascorbates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, fumarates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates, nitrates, oxalates, phosphates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates, tartarates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates (also known as tosylates) and the like.
• Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium-salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as dicyclohexylamine, t-butyl amine, choline, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
• alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts
• alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium-salts
• salts with organic bases for example, organic amines
• organic bases for example, organic amines
• salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
• Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quarternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.
• lower alkyl halides e.g., methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides
• dialkyl sulfates e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates
• long chain halides e.g., decyl, lauryl, and
• Diastereomeric mixtures can be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical chemical differences by methods well-known to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization.
• Enantiomers can be separated by converting the enantiomeric mixture into a diastereomeric mixture by reaction with an appropriate optically active compound (e.g., chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol, or Mosher's acid chloride), separating the diastereomers and converting (e.g., hydrolyzing) the individual diastereomers to the corresponding pure enantiomers.
• Sterochemically pure compounds may also be prepared by using-chiral starting materials or by employing salt resolution techniques.
• some of the Fused Tricyclic Compounds may be atropisomers (e.g., substituted biaryls) and are considered as part of this invention.
• Enantiomers can also be directly separated using chiral chromatographic techniques.
• Fused Tricyclic Compounds may exist in different tautomeric forms, and all such forms are embraced within the scope of the invention.
• all keto-enol and imine-enamine forms of the compounds are included in the invention.
• tautomeric forms such as, for example, the moieties:
• All stereoisomers (for example, geometric isomers, optical isomers and the like) of the present compounds including those of the salts, solvates, hydrates, esters and prodrugs of the compounds as well as the salts, solvates and esters of the prodrugs), such as those which may exist due to asymmetric carbons on various substituents, including enantiomeric forms (which may exist even in the absence of asymmetric carbons), rotameric forms, atropisomers, and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within the scope of this invention, as are positional isomers (such as, for example, 4-pyridyl and 3-pyridyl).
• Individual stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers, or may be admixed, for example, as racemates or with all other, or other selected, stereoisomers.
• the chiral centers of the present invention can have the S or R configuration as defined by the IUPAC 1974 Recommendations.
• the use of the terms “salt”, “solvate”, “ester”, “prodrug” and the like, is intended to apply equally to the salt, solvate, ester and prodrug of enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, positional isomers, racemates or prodrugs of the inventive compounds.
• the present invention also embraces isotopically-labelled compounds of the present invention which are identical to those recited herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, and 36 Cl, respectively.
• Certain isotopically-labelled Fused Tricyclic Compounds are useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays.
• tritiated (i.e., 3 H) and carbon-14 (i.e., 14 C) isotopes are employed for their ease of preparation and detectability.
• substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements).
• a Compound of Formula (I) has one or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced with a deuterium atom.
• Isotopically labelled compounds of Formula (I) can generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to those disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples herein below, by substituting an appropriate isotopically labelled reagent for a non-isotopically labelled reagent.
• the present invention provides Fused Tricyclic Compounds of Formula (I):
• A is -alkylene-N(R 7 )(R 11 ).
• A is a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.
• A is selected from
• A is selected from:
• A is selected from:
• A is selected from:
• A is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-phenyl
• A is:
• R 4 is —C(O)-[CH(R 7 )] q N(R 6 )C(O)O—R 1 .
• A is:
• R 4 is:
• R a is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, and R b is alkyl.
• A is:
• R 4 is:
• R a is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl, —CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 or phenyl.
• A is:
• R 4 is:
• A is:
• A is -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(alkyl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl.
• A is -alkylene-N(cyclohexyl)-C(O)—CH(isopropyl)-NHC(O)O-methyl.
• A is -alkylene-N(aryl)-C(O)—CH(alkyl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl.
• A is —C(R 12 )N(R 7 )(R 11 ).
• A is -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(alkyl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl, -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(cycloalkyl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl, -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(aryl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl or -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(heteroaryl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl.
• B is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroarylene.
• B is a 5-membered monocyclic heteroarylene.
• B is a bicyclic heteroarylene.
• B is:
• C is a bond
• C is a 6-membered monocyclic heteroarylene.
• C is a 5-membered monocyclic heteroarylene.
• C is a bicyclic heteroarylene.
• C is:
• C is a bond
• C is:
• D is -alkylene-N(R 11 )(R 13) .
• D is a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.
• D is selected from
• D is selected from:
• D is selected from:
• D is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
• D is:
• R 4 is —C(O)—[CH(R 7 )] q N(R 6 )C(O)O—R.
• D is:
• R 4 is:
• R a is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, and R b is alkyl.
• D is:
• R 4 is:
• R a is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl, —CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 or phenyl.
• D is:
• R 4 is:
• D is:
• D is -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(alkyl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl.
• D is -alkylene-N(cyclohexyl)-C(O)—CH(isopropyl)-NHC(O)O-methyl.
• D is -alkylene-N(aryl)-C(O)—CH(alkyl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl.
• D is -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(alkyl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl, -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(cycloalkyl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl, -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(aryl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl or -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(heteroaryl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl.
• a and D are each independently -alkylene-N(R 7 )(R 11 ).
• a and D are each independently a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.
• a and D are each independently selected from
• a and D are each independently selected from:
• a and D are each independently selected from:
• a and D are each independently selected from:
• a and D are each:
• a and D are each —C(R 12 )N(R 7 )(R 11 ).
• a and D are each independently selected from -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(alkyl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl, -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(cycloalkyl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl, -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(aryl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl and -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-CH(heteroaryl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl.
• a and D are each independently:
• each R 4 is independently —C(O)—[CH(R 7 )] q N(R 6 )C(O)O—R 1 .
• a and D are each independently
• R a is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, and R b is alkyl.
• a and D are each independently
• each R 4 is independently:
• R a is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl, —CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 or phenyl.
• a and D are each independently
• each R 4 is independently:
• a and D are each independently selected from:
• R 4 is independently selected from:
• a and D are each independently selected from:
• R 4 is independently selected from:
• a and D are each independently
• R 4 is independently selected from:
• a and D are each independently:
• a and D are each independently -alkylene-N(cycloalkyl)-C(O)—CH(alkyl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl.
• a and D are each independently -alkylene-N(cyclohexyl)-C(O)—CH(isopropyl)-NHC(O)O-methyl.
• a and D are each independently -alkylene-N(aryl)-C(O)—CH(alkyl)-NHC(O)O-alkyl.
• one of A and D is -alkylene-N(R 7 )(R 11 ) and the other is a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.
• one of A and D is -alkylene-N(R 7 )(R 11 ) and the other is:
• M 1 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q —.
• M 1 is —C(R 7 ) 2 C(R 7 ) 2 C(R 7 ) 2 —.
• M 1 is —C(R 7 ) 2 C(R 7 ) 2 —.
• M 1 is —C(R 7 ) 2 —.
• M 1 is —CH 2 —.
• M 1 is —CH 2 CH 2 —.
• M 1 is a bond
• M 1 is —CH 2 C(R 7 ) 2 CH 2 —.
• M 1 is —C(R 7 ) ⁇ C(R 7 )—.
• M 1 is —CH ⁇ CH—.
• M 1 is —CH ⁇ N—.
• M 1 is —N ⁇ CH—.
• M 1 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —O—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m .
• M 1 is —C(R 7 ) 2 OC(R 7 ) 2 —.
• M 1 is —CH 2 OCH 2 —.
• M 1 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 1 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ]—N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ]—.
• M 1 is —CH 2 N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• M 1 is —CH 2 NHCH 2 —.
• M 1 is —NR 6 —.
• M 1 is [C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —S(O) 2 —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 1 is [C(R 7 ) 2 ]-S(O) 2 —[C(R 7 ) 2 ]—.
• M 1 is —CH 2 S(O) 2 CH 2 —.
• M 1 is —CH 2 CH 2 S(O) 2 —.
• M 1 is —S(O) 2 CH 2 —.
• M 1 is —S(O) 2 —.
• M 1 is —S—.
• M 1 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —OC(O)N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 1 is —OC(O)N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 1 is —OC(O)N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• M 1 is —OC(O)N(R 6 )—.
• M 1 is —OC(O)NH—.
• M 1 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m N(R 6 )C(O)N(R 6 )[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 1 is —N(R 6 )C(O)N(R 6 )[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 1 is —N(R 10 )C(O)N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• M 1 is —N(R 6 )C(O)N(R 6 )—.
• M 1 is —NHC(O)NH—.
• M 1 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ], —S(O) 2 N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 1 is —S(O) 2 N(R 6 —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 1 is —CH 2 S(O) 2 N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• M 1 is —S(O) 2 N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• M 1 is —CH 2 S(O) 2 N(R 6 )—.
• M 1 is —S(O) 2 N(R 6 )—.
• M 1 is —S(O) 2 NH—.
• M 1 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m N(R 6 )S(O) 2 N(R 6 )[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• MI is —C(R 7 ) 2 N(R 6 )S(O) 2 N(R 6 )C(R 7 )C(R 7 ) 2 —.
• M 1 is —CH 2 N(R 6 )S(O) 2 N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• M 1 is —N(R 6 )S(O) 2 N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• MI is —NHS(O) 2 NHCH 2 —.
• M 1 is —NHS(O) 2 NH—.
• M 1 is a bond and M 2 is other than a bond.
• M 2 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q —.
• M 2 is —C(R 7 ) 2 C(R 7 ) 2 C(R 7 ) 2 —.
• M 2 is —C(R 7 ) 2 C(R 7 ) 2 —.
• M 2 is —C(R 7 ) 2 —.
• M 2 is —CH 2 —.
• M 2 is —CH 2 CH 2 —.
• M 2 is a bond
• M 2 is —CH 2 C(R 7 ) 2 CH 2 —.
• M 2 is —C(R 7 ) ⁇ C(R 7 )—.
• M 2 is —CH ⁇ CH—.
• M 2 is —CH ⁇ N—.
• M 2 is —N ⁇ CH—.
• M 2 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —O—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m .
• M 2 is —C(R 7 ) 2 OC(R 7 ) 2 —.
• M 2 is —CH 2 OCH 2 —.
• M 2 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —N(R 6 )—[(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 2 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ]—N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ]—.
• M 2 is —CH 2 N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• M 2 is —CH 2 NHCH 2 —.
• M 2 is —NR 6 —.
• M 2 is [C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —S(O) 2 —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 2 is [C(R 7 ) 2 ]—S(O) 2 —[C(R 7 ) 2 ]—.
• M 2 is —CH 2 S(O) 2 CH 2 —.
• M 2 is —CH 2 CH 2 S(O) 2 —.
• M 2 is —S(O) 2 CH 2 —.
• M 2 is —S(O) 2 —.
• M 2 is —S—.
• M 2 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —OC(O)N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 2 is —OC(O)N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 2 is —OC(O)N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• M 2 is —OC(O)N(R 6 )—.
• M 2 is —OC(O)NH—.
• M 2 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m N(R 6 )C(O)N(R 6 )[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 2 is —N(R 6 )C(O)N(R 6 )[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 2 is —N(R 10 )C(O)N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• M 2 is —N(R 6 )C(O)N(R 6 )—.
• M 2 is —NHC(O)NH—.
• M 2 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —S(O) 2 N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 2 is —S(O) 2 N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 2 is —CH 2 S(O) 2 N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• M 2 is —S(O) 2 N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• M 2 is —CH 2 S(O) 2 N(R 6 )—.
• M 2 is —S(O) 2 N(R 6 )—.
• M 2 is —S(O) 2 NH—.
• M 2 is —[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m N(R 6 )S(O) 2 N(R 6 )[C(R 7 ) 2 ] m —.
• M 2 is —C(R 7 ) 2 N(R 6 )S(O) 2 N(R 6 )C(R 7 )C(R 7 ) 2 —.
• M 2 is —CH 2 N(R 6 )S(O) 2 N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• M 2 is —N(R 6 )S(O) 2 N(R 6 )CH 2 —.
• M 2 is —NHS(O) 2 NHCH 2 —.
• M 2 is —NHS(O) 2 NH—.
• M 2 is a bond and M 1 is other than a bond.
• M 1 and M 2 are each —C(R 12 ) 2 —.
• M 1 and M 2 are each —CH 2 —.
• M 1 and M 2 are each —NH—.
• one of M 1 and M 2 is —CH 2 — and the other is —NH—.
• one of M 1 and M 2 is a bond.
• one of M 1 and M 2 is a bond and the other is —NH—.
• one of M 1 and M 2 is a bond and the other is —O—.
• X 1 is a bond
• X 1 is —C(R 5 ) ⁇ C(R 5 )—.
• X 1 is —N ⁇ C(R 5 )—.
• X 1 is —C(R 5 ) ⁇ NC—.
• X 1 is —C(R 5 ) ⁇ N—.
• X 1 is —O—.
• X 1 is —N(R 6 )—.
• X 1 is —S—.
• X 1 is —S(O) 2 —.
• X 1 is —C(R 5 )(CH(R 5 )) m —.
• X 1 is —N—.
• X 1 is —N—CH(R 5 )CH(R 5 )—.
• X 1 is —C(R 5 )NHCH(R 5 )—.
• X 1 is —C(R 5 )O—.
• X 1 is —C(R 5 )N(R 6 )—.
• X 1 is —C(R 5 )S—.
• X 1 is —C(R 5 )S(O) 2 —.
• X 2 is a bond
• X 2 is —C(R 5 ) ⁇ C(R 5 )—.
• X 2 is —N ⁇ C(R 5 )—.
• X 2 is —C(R 5 ) ⁇ N—.
• X 2 is —O—.
• X 2 is —N(R 6 )—.
• X 2 is —S—.
• X 2 is —S(O) 2 —.
• X 2 is —(CH(R 5 )) m —C(R 5 )—.
• X 2 is —N—.
• X 2 is —CH(R 5 )NHC(R 5 )—.
• X 2 is —O—C(R 5 )—.
• X 2 is —N(R 6 )C(R 5 )—.
• X 2 is —N(R 6 )—N—.
• X 2 is —S—C(R 5 )—.
• X 2 is —S(O) 2 C(R 5 )—
• Z 1 is a bond
• Z 1 is —C(R 5 ) ⁇ C(R 5 )—.
• Z 1 is —N ⁇ C(R 5 )—.
• Z 1 is —C(R 5 ) ⁇ NC—.
• Z 1 is —O—.
• Z 1 is —N(R 6 )—.
• Z 1 is —S—.
• Z 1 is —S(O) 2 —.
• Z 1 is —C(R 5 )(CH(R 5 )) m —.
• Z 1 is —N—.
• Z 1 is —NCH(R 5 )CH(R 5 )—.
• Z 1 is —C(R 5 )NHCH(R 5 )—.
• Z 1 is —C(R 5 )N(R 6 )—.
• Z 1 is —C(R 5 )S—.
• Z 2 is —C(R 5 ) ⁇ C(R 5 )—.
• Z 2 is —N ⁇ C(R 5 )—.
• Z 2 is —C(R 5 ) ⁇ N—.
• Z 2 is —O—.
• Z 2 is —N(R 6 )—.
• Z 2 is —S—.
• Z 2 is —S(O) 2 —.
• Z 2 is —(CH(R 5 )) m C(R 6 )—.
• Z 2 is —N—.
• Z 2 is —CH(R 5 )CH(R 5 )N—.
• Z 2 is —CH(R 5 )NHC(R 5 )—.
• Z 2 is —NHCH(R 5 )C(R 5 )—.
• Z 2 is —N(R 6 )C(R 5 )—.
• Z 2 is —N(R 6 )—N—.
• Z 2 is —S(O) 2 C(R 5 )—
• R 4 is —C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
• R 4 is halo:
• R 4 is —C(O)—[C(R 2 ] q N(R 6 ) 2 .
• R 4 is —C(O)-[CH(R 5 )] q N(R 6 )C(O)—R 1 .
• R 4 is —C(O)—[CH(R 5 )] q N(R 6 )C(O)O—R.
• R 4 is —C(O)—[CH(R 5 ] q C(O)O—R.
• R 4 is —C(O)[CH(R 5 ] q N(R 6 )SO—R 1 .
• R 4 is -alkylene-N(R 6 )—[CH(R 5 ] q —N(R 6 )—C(O)O—R.
• each occurrence of R 4 is independently selected from:
• each occurrence of R 4 is independently selected from:
• each occurrence of R 4 is independently —C(O)—[CH(R 7 )] q N(R 6 )C(O)O—R 1 .
• each occurrence of R 4 is independently:
• R a is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, and R b is alkyl.
• each occurrence of R 4 is independently:
• R a is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl, —CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 or phenyl.
• each occurrence of R 4 is independently:
• a Compound of Formula (I) has the formula:
• each occurrence of R 1 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkylraryl, 3 to 7 membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl, wherein an aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl group can be optionally and independently substituted with up to three R z groups;
• each occurrence of R 2 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, aryl, 3 to 7 membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, halo, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —CN, —OR 3 , —N(R 3 ) 2 , —C(O)R 10 , —C(O)OR 3 , —C(O)N(R 3 ) 2 , —NHC(O)R 10 , —NHC(O)NHR 3 , —NHC(O)OR 3 , —OC(O)R 10 , —SR 3 or —S(O) 2 R 10 ;
• each occurrence of R 3 is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, aryl, 3 to 7 membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl wherein an aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl group can be optionally and independently substituted with up to three groups independently selected from hydroxy, halo, alkyl, aminoalkyl, and haloalkyl.
• each occurrence of R 4 is independently H, —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 ) 2 , —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(O)—R 1 , —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(O)O—R 1 , —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q C(O)O—R 1 , —C(O)[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )SO 2 —R 1 or -alkylene-N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q —N(R 6 )—C(O)O—R 1 ;
• each occurrence of R 5 is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl;
• each occurrence of R 6 is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein a cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group can be optionally and independently substituted with up to two R 8 groups, and wherein two R 6 groups that are attached to a common nitrogen atom, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, can optionally join to form a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group,
• each occurrence of R 7 is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, wherein a cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group can be optionally and independently substituted with up to 3 substituents, which can be the same or different, and are selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl, halo, —C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 hydroxyalkyl, —OH, —C(O)NH—(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —C(O)N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 , —O—(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —NH 2 , —NH(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), and —NHC(O)—(
• each occurrence of R 8 is independently H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
• each occurrence of R 9 is independently H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl or 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl;
• each occurrence of R 10 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, aryl, 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl;
• each occurrence of R 11 is independently —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 ) 2 , —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(O)—R 1 , —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )C(O)O—R 1 , —C(O)—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q C(O)O—R 1 , —C(O)[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q N(R 6 )SO 2 —R 1 or -alkylene-N(R 6 )—[C(R 7 ) 2 ] q —N(R 6 )—C(O)O—R 1 ;
• each occurrence of R 12 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, 3 to 7-membered cycloalkyl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, —CN, —OR 3 , —N(R 3 ) 2 , —C(O)R 10 , —C(O)OR 3 , —C(O)N(R 3 ) 2 , —NHC(O)R 10 , —NHC(O)NHR 3 , —NHC(O)OR 3 , —OC(O)R 10 , —SR 3 or —S(O) 2 R 10 ; and wherein two R 12 groups together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, can optionally join to form a 5 to 7-membered cycloalkyl or 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group;
• m is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 2;
• each occurrence of q is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 4.
• a and D are each:
• C is a bond or:
• a and D are each:
• variable A, B, C, D, M 1 , M 2 , X 1 , X 2 , Y 1 , Y 2 , Z 1 and Z 2 in the Compounds of Formula (I) are selected independently from each other.
• a Compound of Formula (I) is in purified form.
• a Compound of Formula (I) has one or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced with a deuterium atom.
• Non-limiting examples of the Compounds of Formula (I) include compounds 1-45 as depicted below. These compounds can be made using the methods and Examples set forth herein.
• the Compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared from known or readily prepared starting materials, following methods known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Methods useful for making the Compounds of Formula (I) are set forth in the Examples below and generalized in Schemes 1-8 below. Alternative synthetic pathways and analogous structures will be apparent to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis. All stereoisomers and tautomeric forms of the compounds are contemplated.
• Scheme I shows a method useful for making the naphtyl imidazole compounds of formula A7 and A8, which are useful intermediates for making the Compounds of Formula (I).
• Nitration of bromonaphthal acetamide A1 provides nitro analog A2 ( J. Am. Chem. Soc, 73:4297 (1997)).
• the removal of acetyl group under acidic conditions followed by reduction of the nitro group should afford diaminonaphthalene A4.
• Coupling of the aniline to a cyclic or acyclic N-protected ⁇ -amino acid A5 gives an amide of formula A6, which upon heating in acetic acid will cyclize to provide tricyclic bormonaphthalimidazole A7.
• the bromide could be converted to a boronate A5 with a palladium catalyst.
• Scheme 2 shows a method useful for making the quinolineimidazole compounds of formula B6, which are useful intermediates for making the Compounds of Formula (I).
• aminonitroquinoline B1 can be reduced to diaminoquinoline B2, which is then coupled to a cyclic or acyclic N-protected ⁇ -amino acid A5 to provide an amide B3. It can then be cyclized to quinolineimidazole B4 under acidic conditions. N-oxide B5 can then be obtained with n-chloroperbenzoic acid. Upon treatment with phosphorous oxychloride, B5 should give the desired chloroquinoline B6, which can used in Suzuki coupling reactions.
• Scheme 3 shows a method useful for making the boronic acid compounds of formula C4, which are useful intermediates for making the Compounds of Formula (I), where in “C” is a monocyclic 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl (examples: thiophene or pyridine).
• the Suzuki coupling partner C3 or C4 can be prepared from commercially available heteroaryl bromoacetyl compound of formula C1 (Scheme 3).
• an N-protected amino acid PG-AA-OH
• DIPEA N-protected amino acid
• a ketoester C2 is formed. If heated together with ammonium acetate, the ketoester is converted to the desired imidazole derivative C3.
• the bromide can then be converted to a boronate C4 with a palladium catalyzed reaction.
• Scheme 4 shows methods useful for making the compounds of formula C1 and C3, which are useful intermediates for making the Compounds of Formula (I), wherein variable C is other than a bond and B is an imidazole ring.
• heteroaryl bromoacetyl C1 When heteroaryl bromoacetyl C1 is not commercially available, it can be prepared by performing Friedel-Crafts acylation on a heteroaryl bromide of formula D1 using well-known methods, (e.g., those described in Kricka et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans 1, 859-863 (1973), and Kricka et al, Chem. Rew., 74, 101-123, (1974)) to provide the acylated products of formula D2.
• a compound of formula D2 can then be brominated using bromnine, for example, to provide the compounds of formula C1.
• bromo-iodo substituted heteroaromatic rings D3 can undergo a Stille coupling with ( ⁇ -ethoxyvinyl) tributylstannane in the presence of a palladium catalyst using the methods including, but not limited to those described in Choshi et al., Org. Chem., 62:2535-2543 (1997), and Scott et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106:4630 (1984)), to provide the ethyl-vinyl ether intermediate D4.
• Treating D4 with N-bromosuccimide gives the desired bromoacetyl intermediate Cl, which can then be elaborated to advanced intermediates C3 or C4 for Suzuki coupling.
• a heteroaromatic dibromide of formula D5 can be lithiated using n-butyl lithium and then quenched with N-Boc-glycine Weinreb amide to provide a Boc-protected ⁇ -keto amino compound of formula D6.
• Removal of the Boc group using TFA for example, provides an amine compound of formula D7, which can then be coupled with an N-protected amino acid using typical amide bond forming reagents such as HATU to provide a ketoamide compound of formula D8.
• compound D8 Upon heated in the presence of ammonium acetate, compound D8 can be cyclized to the imidazole analog of formula C3.
• Scheme 5 shows a method useful for making the boronic acid compounds of formula E4, which are useful intermediates for making the Compounds of Formula (I).
• a heteroaromatic diamine E1 could be converted to a bicyclic imidazole E3 using the two step coupling-cyclization procedure described, for example, in Scheme 3.
• the corresponding boronate E4 can then easily be obtained from bromide E3 via well-known chemistry.
• Both E3 and E4 can be used as intermediate coupling partners in a Suzuki coupling process to provide the Compound of Formula (I).
• Scheme 6 shows methods useful for making the Compounds of Formula (I) via a Suzuki Coupling process.
• a Suzuki coupling between protected imidazole boronate C4 (or boronic acid, not shown) and the fused bi-aryl tricyclic bromide A6 using, for example, the methods described in Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 40, 4544 (2001) provide the compounds of formula G1.
• Compounds of formula G1 can then be used to provide compounds of formula G2 by removal of the nitrogen protecting groups of G1.
• An appropriate cap of group R can be added to the deprotected amino groups of G2 using reactions including, but not limited to acylation (with an acyl chloride or amino acid coupling reagent such as HATU or HOBt/EDCI), sulfonylation (with a sulfonyl chloride) or alkylation (with alkyl halide or reductive amination) to provide the desired Compounds of Formula (I).
• acylation with an acyl chloride or amino acid coupling reagent such as HATU or HOBt/EDCI
• sulfonylation with a sulfonyl chloride
• alkylation with alkyl halide or reductive amination
• Scheme 7 shows alternative methods useful for making the Compounds of Formula (I) via a Suzuki Coupling process.
• a bicyclic bromide of formula E3 and fused tricyclic-boronate of formula A7 can be joined using the methods described in Scheme 6 above, to provide coupled-intermediates of formula H1.
• the compounds of formula H1 can then be further elaborated using, for example, the methods described in Scheme 6 above, to provide the Compounds of Formula (I), wherein C is a bond and B is a bicyclic heteroarylene group.
• a boronate of formula C4 and chloroquinolineimidazole of formula B6 can be coupled under Suzuki coupling conditions similar to the methods described above to provide products of formula I1, which can be transformed to the final targets of formula 13, using methods well-known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis, including those described in Scheme 6 above.
• amino acids such as, but not limited to proline, 4,4-difluoroproline, (S)-2-piperidine carboxylic acid, valine, alanine, norvaline, etc.
• Methods have been described in the general literature as well as in Banchard US 2009/0068140 (Published Mar. 9, 2009) for the preparation of such amino acid-derived intermediates.
• amide bonds include but are not limited to, the use of a reactive carboxy derivative (e.g., an acid halide, or ester at elevated temperatures) or the use of an acid with a coupling reagent (e.g., HOBt; EDCI, DCC, HATU, PyBrop) with an amine.
• a reactive carboxy derivative e.g., an acid halide, or ester at elevated temperatures
• a coupling reagent e.g., HOBt; EDCI, DCC, HATU, PyBrop
• the starting materials used and the intermediates prepared using the methods set forth in the Schemes above may be isolated and purified if desired using conventional techniques, including but not limited to filtration, distillation, crystallization, chromatography and alike. Such materials can be characterized using conventional means, including physical constants and spectral data.
• the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite, and the Celite was rinsed with CH 2 Cl 2 (100 mL) and the combined filtrate and washing was concentrated in vacuo.
• the residue obtained was purified using flash chromatography on an ISCO 330 g Redi-Sep column using a gradient of 0-70% EtOAc/hexanes as eluent to provide Compound Int-7 as a yellow solid (19 g, 82%).
• Step A Compounds Int-2a and Int-9a were coupled to provide Compound Int-9b as a brown gel-(12.5 g, 81%).
• Step B Compound Int-9a was converted to Compound Int-9 as a brown solid (11.20 g, 93%), which was used without purification.
• This material underwent a second flash chromatography purification using an ISCO 80 g Redi-Sep column (0-10% CH 3 OH/CH 2 Cl 2 as the eluent) to provide Compound Int-10d as a light yellow foam (1.85 g, 86%).
• the resulting reaction mixture was neutralized to pH 7 using 2N NaOH ( ⁇ 15 mL), then loaded directly onto a 120 g Redi-Sep column and purified using 0-10% CH 3 OH/CH 2 Cl 2 as the eluent to provide a yellow solid product.
• the yellow solid product (containing both isomers of Compound Int-10) was then separated into individual isomers using semi-preparative HPLC (Luna C18, CH 3 CN/water with 0.05% TFA). The isomerically clean fractions were combined with saturated NaHCO 3 solution (10 mL) and the organic solvent was removed in vacuo.
• replicon cells were seeded at 5000 cells/well in 96-well collagen I-coated Nunc plates in the presence of the test compound.
• Various concentrations of test compound typically in 10 serial 2-fold dilutions, were added to the assay mixture, with the starting concentration ranging from 250 ⁇ M to 1 ⁇ M.
• the final concentration of DMSO was 0.5%, fetal bovine serum was 5%, in the assay media.
• Cells were harvested on day 3 by the addition of 1 ⁇ cell lysis buffer (Ambion cat #8721).
• the replicon RNA level was measured using real time PCR (Taqman assay). The amplicon was located in 5B.
• the PCR primers were: 5B32F, ATGGACAGGCGCCCTGA (SEQ. ID NO. 1); 5B.2R, TTGATGGGCAGCTTGGTTTC (SEQ. ID NO. 2); the probe sequence was FAM-labeled CACGCCATGCGCTGCGG (SEQ. ID NO. 3).
• GAPDH RNA was used as endogenous control and was amplified in the same reaction as NS5B (multiplex PCR) using primers and VIC-labeled probe recommended by the manufacturer (PE Applied Biosystem).
• the real-time RT-PCR reactions were run on ABI PRISM 7900HT Sequence Detection System using the following program: 48° C. for 30 min, 95° C. for 10 min, 40 cycles of 95° C.
• ACT values were plotted against the concentration of test compound and fitted to the sigmoid dose-response model using XLfit4 (MDL).
• a standard curve was established by including serially diluted T7 transcripts of replicon RNA in the Taqman assay. All Taqman reagents were from PE Applied Biosystems. Such an assay procedure was described in detail in e.g. Malcolm et at, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50: 1013-1020 (2006).
• HCV replicon assay data was calculated for selected compounds of the present invention using this method and is provided in the table below.
• EC 90 data for selected compounds of the present invention is provided in the table below wherein A is ⁇ 1 nM, B is 1-999 nM, and C is ⁇ 1000 nM.
• HCV life cycle has been difficult due to the lack of a cell-culture system to support the HCV virus.
• compounds in different structural classes acting on different sites within the HCV polyprotein have demonstrated efficacy in various species, including humans, in reducing HCV viral titers.
• the subgenomic replicon assay is highly correlated with efficacy in non-humans and humans infected with HCV. See K. del Carmen et al., Annals of Hepatology, 2004, 3:54.
• the Fused Tricyclic Compounds are useful in human and veterinary medicine for treating or preventing a viral infection or a virus-related disorder in a patient.
• the Fused Tricyclic Compounds can be administered to a patient in need of treatment or prevention of a viral infection or a virus-related disorder.
• the invention provides methods for treating a viral infection in a patient comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of at least one Fused Tricyclic Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the invention provides methods for treating a virus-related disorder in a patient comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of at least one Fused Tricyclic Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the Fused Tricyclic Compounds can be useful for treating or preventing a viral infection.
• the Fused Tricyclic Compounds can be inhibitors of viral replication.
• the Fused Tricyclic Compounds can be inhibitors of HCV replication. Accordingly, the Fused Tricyclic Compounds are useful for treating viral infections, such as HCV.
• viral infections examples include but are not limited to, hepatitis A infection, hepatitis B infection and hepatitis C infection.
• the viral infection is hepatitis C infection.
• the hepatitis C infection is acute hepatitis C. In another embodiment, the hepatitis C infection is chronic hepatitis C.
• compositions and combinations of the present invention can be useful for treating a patient suffering from infection related to any HCV genotype.
• HCV types and subtypes may differ in their antigenicity, level of viremia, severity of disease produced, and response to interferon therapy as described in Holland et al., Pathology, 30(2):192-195 (1998).
• the nomenclature set forth in Simmonds et al., J Gen Virol, 74(Pt11):2391-2399 (1993) is widely used and classifies isolates into six major genotypes, 1 through 6, with two or more related subtypes, e.g., 1a and 1b.
• genotypes 7-10 and 11 have been proposed, however the phylogenetic basis on which this classification is based has been questioned, and thus types 7, 8, 9 and 11 isolates have been reassigned as type 6, and type isolates as type 3 (see Lamballerie et al., J Gen Virol, 78(Pt1):45-51 (1997)).
• the major genotypes have been defined as having sequence similarities of between 55 and 72% (mean 64.5%), and subtypes within types as having 75%-86% similarity (mean 80%) when sequenced in the NS-5 region (see Simmonds et al., J Gen Virol, 75(Pt 5):1053-1061 (1994)).
• the Fused Tricyclic Compounds can be useful for treating or preventing a virus-related disorder. Accordingly, the Fused Tricyclic Compounds are useful for treating disorders related to the activity of a virus, such as liver inflammation or cirrhosis. Virus-related disorders include, but are not limited to, RNA-dependent polymerase-related disorders and disorders related to HCV infection.
• the Fused Tricyclic Compounds can be useful for treating or preventing a RNA dependent polymerase (RdRp) related disorder in a patient.
• RdRp RNA dependent polymerase
• disorders include viral infections wherein the infective virus contains a RdRp enzyme.
• the present invention provides a method for treating a RNA dependent polymerase-related disorder in a patient, comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of at least one Fused Tricyclic Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the Fused Tricyclic Compounds can be useful for treating or preventing a disorder related to a HCV infection.
• disorders include, but are not limited to, cirrhosis, portal-hypertension, ascites, bone pain, varices, jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy, thyroiditis, porphyria cutanea tarda, cryoglobulinemia, glomerulonephritis, sicca syndrome, thrombocytopenia, lichen planus and diabetes mellitus.
• the invention provides methods for treating a HCV-related disorder in a patient, wherein the method comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one Fused Tricyclic Compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present methods for treating or preventing a viral infection or a virus-related disorder can further comprise the administration of one or more additional therapeutic agents which are not Substituted Fused Tricyclic Compounds.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an antiviral agent.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an immunomodulatory agent, such as an immunosuppressive agent.
• the present invention provides methods for treating a viral infection in a patient, the method comprising administering to the patient: (i) at least one Substituted Fused Tricyclic Compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (ii) at least one additional therapeutic agent that is other than a Substituted Fused Tricyclic Compound, wherein the amounts administered are together effective to treat or prevent a viral infection.
• therapeutic agents in the combination may be administered in any order such as, for example, sequentially, concurrently, together, simultaneously and the like.
• the amounts of the various actives in such combination therapy may be different amounts (different dosage amounts) or same amounts (same dosage amounts).
• a Substituted Fused Tricyclic Compound and an additional therapeutic agent may be present in fixed amounts (dosage amounts) in a single dosage unit (e.g., a capsule, a tablet and the like).
• a commercial example of such single dosage unit containing fixed amounts of two different active compounds is VYTORIN® (available from Merck Schering-Plough Pharmaceuticals, Kenilworth, N.J.).
• the at least one Substituted Fused Tricyclic Compound is administered during a time when the additional therapeutic agent(s) exert their prophylactic or therapeutic effect, or vice versa.
• the at least one Substituted Fused Tricyclic Compound and the additional therapeutic agent(s) are administered in doses commonly employed when such agents are used as monotherapy for treating a viral infection.
• the at least one Substituted Fused Tricyclic Compound and the additional therapeutic agent(s) are administered in doses lower than the doses commonly employed when such agents are used as monotherapy for treating a viral infection.
• the at least one Substituted Fused Tricyclic Compound and the additional therapeutic agent(s) are present in the same composition.
• this composition is suitable for oral administration.
• this composition is suitable for intravenous administration.
• this composition is suitable for subcutaneous administration.
• this composition is suitable for parenteral administration.
• Viral infections and virus-related disorders that can be treated or prevented using the combination therapy methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, those listed above.
• the viral infection is HCV infection.
• the at least one Substituted Fused Tricyclic Compound and the additional therapeutic agent(s) can act additively or synergistically.
• a synergistic combination may allow the use of lower dosages of one or more agents and/or less frequent administration of one or more agents of a combination therapy.
• a lower dosage or less frequent administration of one or more agents may lower toxicity of therapy without reducing the efficacy of therapy.
• the administration, of at least one Substituted Fused Tricyclic Compound and the additional therapeutic agent(s) may inhibit the resistance of a viral infection to these agents.
• Non-limiting examples of additional therapeutic agents useful in the present compositions and methods include an interferon, an immunomodulator, a viral replication inhibitor, an antisense agent, a therapeutic vaccine, a viral polymerase inhibitor, a nucleoside inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, a viral helicase inhibitor, a virion production inhibitor, a viral entry inhibitor, a viral assembly inhibitor, an antibody therapy (monoclonal or polyclonal), and any agent useful for treating an RNA-dependent polymerase-related disorder.
• additional therapeutic agents useful in the present compositions and methods include an interferon, an immunomodulator, a viral replication inhibitor, an antisense agent, a therapeutic vaccine, a viral polymerase inhibitor, a nucleoside inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, a viral helicase inhibitor, a virion production inhibitor, a viral entry inhibitor, a viral assembly inhibitor, and an antibody therapy (monoclonal or polyclonal).
• the additional therapeutic agent is a viral protease inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is a viral replication inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV NS3 protease inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is a nucleoside inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an interferon.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV replicase inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an antisense agent.
• the additional therapeutic agent is a therapeutic vaccine.
• the additional therapeutic agent is a virion production inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an antibody therapy.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV NS2 inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV NS4A inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV NS4B inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV NS5A inhibitor
• the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV NS3 helicase inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV IRES inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV p7 inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV entry inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agent is an HCV assembly inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agents comprise a protease inhibitor and a polymerase inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agents comprise a protease inhibitor and an immunomodulatory agent:
• the additional therapeutic agents comprise a polymerase inhibitor and an immunomodulatory agent.
• the additional therapeutic agents comprise a protease inhibitor and a nucleoside.
• the additional therapeutic agents comprise an immunomodulatory agent and a nucleoside.
• the additional therapeutic agents comprise a protease inhibitor and a NS5A inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agents comprise a nucleoside and a NS5A inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agents comprise a protease inhibitor, an immunomodulatory agent and a nucleoside.
• the additional therapeutic agents comprise a protease inhibitor, a nucleoside and a NS5A inhibitor.
• the additional therapeutic agents comprise a protease inhibitor, a polymerase inhibitor and an immunomodulatory agent.
• the additional therapeutic agent is ribavirin.
• HCV polymerase inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, VP-19744 (Wyeth/ViroPharma), PSI-7851 (Pharmasset), R7128 (Roche/Pharmasset), PF-868554/filibuvir (Pfizer), VCH-759 (ViroChem Pharma), HCV-796 (Wyeth/ViroPharma), IDX-184 (Idenix), IDX-375 (Idenix), NM-283 (Idenix/Novartis), R-1626 (Roche), MK-0608 (Isis/Merck), INX-8014 (Inhibitex), INX-8018 (Inhibitex), INX-189 (Inhibitex), GS 9190 (Gilead), A-848837 (Abbott), ABT-333 (Abbott), ABT-072 (Abbott), A-837093 (Abbott), BI-207127 (Boehringer-Ingelheim), BILB-19
• HCV polymerase inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in International Publication Nos. WO 08/082,484, WO 08/082,488, WO 08/083,351, WO 08/136,815, WO 09/032,116, WO 09/032,123, WO 09/032,124 and WO 09/032,125-Interferons useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, interferon alfa-2a, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1 and PEG-interferon alpha conjugates. “PEG-interferon alpha conjugates” are interferon alpha molecules covalently attached to a PEG molecule.
• Illustrative PEG-interferon alpha conjugates include interferon alpha-2a (RoferonTM, Hoffman La-Roche, Nutley, N.J.) in the form of pegylated interferon alpha-2a (e.g., as sold under the trade name PegasysTM), interferon alpha-2b (IntronTM, from Schering-Plough Corporation) in the form of pegylated interferon alpha-2b (e.g., as sold under the trade name PEG-IntronTM from Schering-Plough Corporation), interferon alpha-2b-XL (e.g., as sold under the trade name PEG-IntronTM), interferon alpha-2c (Berofor AlphaTM, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany), PEG-interferon lambda (Bristol-Myers Squibb and ZymoGenetics), interferon alfa-2b alpha fusionrpolypeptides, interferon fused with the
• Antibody therapy agents useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, antibodies specific to IL-10 (such as those disclosed in US Patent Publication No. US2005/0101770, humanized 12G8, a humanized monoclonal antibody against human IL-10, plasmids containing the nucleic acids encoding the humanized 12G8 light and heavy chains were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) as deposit numbers PTA-5923 and PTA-5922, respectively), and the like).
• ATCC American Type Culture Collection
• viral protease inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, an HCV protease inhibitor.
• HCV protease inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,494,988, 7,485,625, 7,449,447, 7,442,695, 7,425,576, 7,342,041, 7,253,160, 7,244,721, 7,205,330, 7,192,957, 7,186,747, 7,173,057, 7,169,760, 7,012,066, 6,914,122, 6,911,428, 6,894,072, 6,846,802, 6,838,475, 6,800,434, 6,767,991, 5,017,380, 4,933,443, 4,812,561 and 4,634,697; U.S. Patent Publication Nos.
• HCV protease inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, SCH503034 (Boceprevir, Schering-Plough), SCH900518 (Schering-Plough), VX-950 (Telaprevir, Vertex), VX-500 (Vertex); VX-813 (Vertex), VBY-376 (Virobay), BI-201335 (Boehringer Ingelheim), TMC-435 (Medivir/Tibotec), ABT-450 (Abbott), MK-7009 (Merck), TMC-435350 (Medivir), ITMN-191/R7227 (InterMune/Roche), EA-058 (Abbott/Enanta), EA-063 (Abbott/Enanta), GS-9132 (Gilead/Achillion), ACH-1095 (Gilead/Achillon), IDX-136 (Idenix), IDX-316 (idenix), ITMN-8356 (Inte
• HCV protease inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in Landro et al., Biochemistry, 31:9340-9348 (1997); Ingallinella et al., Biochemistry, 37(25):8906-8914 (1998); Llinás-Brunet et al., Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 8(13):1713-1718 (1998); Martin et al., Biochemistry, 37(33): 11459-11468 (1998); Dimasi et al., J Virol , 71(10):7461-7469 (1997); Martin et al., Protein Eng, 10(5):607-614 (1997); Elzouki et al., J Hepat, 27(1):42-48 (1997); BioWorld Today, 9(217):4 (Nov.
• HCV protease inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, the following compounds:
• Viral replication inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, HCV replicase inhibitors, IRES inhibitors, NS4Ainhibitors, NS3 helicase inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, ribavirin, AZD-2836 (Astra Zeneca), BMS-790052 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), viramidine, A-831 (Arrow Therapeutics); an antisense agent or a therapeutic vaccine.
• viral replication inhibitors useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, HCV replicase inhibitors, IRES inhibitors, NS4A inhibitors, NS3 helicase inhibitors and NS5A inhibitors.
• HCV NS4A inhibitors useful in the useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,476,686 and 7,273,885; U.S. Patent Publication No. US20090022688; and International Publication Nos. WO 2006/019831 and WO 2006/019832.
• Additional HCV NS4A inhibitors useful in the useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, AZD2836 (Astra Zeneca) and ACH-806 (Achillon Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Conn.).
• HCV replicase inhibitors useful in the useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication-No. US20090081636.
• Therapeutic vaccines useful in the present compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, IC41 (Intercell Novartis), CSL123 (Chiron/CSL), GI 5005 (Glo situmune), TG-4040 (Transgene), GNI-103 (GENimmune), Hepavaxx C (ViRex Medical), ChronVac-C (Inovio/Tripep), PeviPROTM (Pevion Biotect), HCV/MF59-(Chiron/Novartis) and Civacir (NABI).
• TT033 Benitec/Tacere Bio/Pftzer
• Sirna-034 Sirna Therapeutics
• GNI-104 GNI-104
• IDX-102 Idenix
• LevovirinTM ICN Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, Calif.
• Humax Genemab
• ITX-2155 Ithrex/Novartis
• PRO206 Progenies
• HepaCide-I NemoVirocides
• MX 3235 Migenix
• SCY-635 Scynexis
• KPE02003002 Kemin Pharma
• Lenocta VioQuest Pharmaceuticals
• IET—Interferon Enhancing Therapy Transition Therapeutics
• Zadaxin SciClone Pharma
• VP 50406TM Viropharma, Incorporated, Exton, Pa.
• Taribavirin Valeant
• the doses and dosage regimen of the other agents used in the combination therapies of the present invention for the treatment or prevention of a viral infection or virus-related disorder can be determined by the attending clinician, taking into consideration the approved doses and dosage regimen in the package insert; the age, sex and general health of the patient; and the type and severity of the viral infection or related disease or disorder.
• the Substituted Fused Tricyclic Compound(s) and the other agent(s) can be administered simultaneously (i.e., in the same composition or in separate compositions one right after the other) or sequentially.
• kits comprising the separate dosage forms is therefore advantageous.
• a total daily dosage of the at least one Substituted Fused Tricyclic Compound(s) alone, or when administered as combination therapy can range from about 1 to about 2500 mg per day, although variations will necessarily occur depending on the target of therapy, the patient and the route of administration.
• the dosage is from about 10 to about 1000 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
• the dosage is from about 1 to about 500 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
• the dosage is from about 1 to about 100 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
• the dosage is from about 1 to about 50 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses. In another embodiment, the dosage is from about 5.00 to about 1500 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4-divided doses. In still another embodiment, the dosage is from about 500 to about 1000 mg/day; administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses. In yet another embodiment, the dosage is from about 100 to about 500 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
• the additional therapeutic agent is INTRON-A interferon alpha 2b (commercially available from Schering-Plough Corp.)
• this agent is administered by subcutaneous injection at 3 MIU (12 mcg)/0.5 mL/TIW for 24 weeks or 48 weeks for first time treatment.
• the additional therapeutic agent is PEG-INTRON interferon alpha 2b pegylated (commercially available from Schering-Plough Corp.)
• this agent is administered by subcutaneous injection at 1.5 mcg/kg/week, within a range of 40 to 150 mcg/week, for at least 24 weeks.
• the additional therapeutic agent is ROFERON A interferon alpha 2a (commercially available from Hoffmann-La Roche)
• this agent is administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection at 3 MIU (11.1 mcg/mL)/TIW for at least 48 to 52 weeks, or alternatively 6 MIU/TIW for 12 weeks followed by 3 MIU/TIW for 36 weeks.
• the additional therapeutic agent is PEGASUS interferon alpha 2a pegylated (commercially available from Hoffmann-La Roche)
• this agent is administered by subcutaneous injection at 180 mcg/1 mL or 180 mcg/0.5 mL, once a week for at least 24 weeks.
• the additional therapeutic agent is INFERGEN interferon alphacon-1 (commercially available from Amgen)
• this agent is administered by subcutaneous injection at 9 mcg/TIW is 24 weeks for first time treatment and up to 15 mcg/TIW for 24 weeks for non-responsive or relapse treatment.
• the additional therapeutic agent is Ribavirin (commercially available as REBETOL ribavirin from Schering-Plough or COPEGUS ribavirin from Hoffmann-La Roche)
• this agent is administered at a daily dosage of from about 600 to about 1400 mg/day for at least 24 weeks.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from an HCV protease inhibitor, an HCV replication inhibitor, a nucleoside, an interferon, a pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
• the combination therapies can include any combination of these additional therapeutic agents.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with one additional therapeutic agent selected from an HCV protease inhibitor, an HCV replication inhibitor, a nucleoside, an interferon, a pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
• one additional therapeutic agent selected from an HCV protease inhibitor, an HCV replication inhibitor, a nucleoside, an interferon, a pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with two additional therapeutic agents selected from an HCV protease inhibitor, an HCV replication inhibitor, a nucleoside, an interferon, a pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with an HCV protease inhibitor and ribavirin. In another specific embodiment, one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with a pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with three additional therapeutic agents selected from an HCV protease inhibitor, an HCV replication inhibitor, a nucleoside, an interferon, a pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from an HCV polymerase inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, an interferon, and a viral replication inhibitor. In another embodiment, one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from an HCV polymerase inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, an interferon, and a viral replication inhibitor. In another embodiment, one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents-selected from an HCV polymerase inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, an interferon, and ribavirin.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with one additional therapeutic agent selected from an HCV polymerase inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, an interferon, and a viral replication inhibitor. In another embodiment, one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with two additional therapeutic agents selected from an HCV polymerase inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, an interferon, and a viral replication inhibitor.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin, interferon and another therapeutic agent.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin, interferon and another therapeutic agent, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is selected from an HCV polymerase inhibitor, a viral protease inhibitor, and a viral replication inhibitor.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin, interferon and a viral protease inhibitor.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin, interferon and an HCV protease inhibitor.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin, interferon and boceprevir or telaprevir.
• one or more compounds of the present invention are administered with ribavirin-, interferon and an HCV polymerase inhibitor.
• the Fused Tricyclic Compounds are useful in veterinary and human medicine. As described above, the Fused Tricyclic Compounds are useful for treating or preventing a viral infection or a virus-related disorder in a patient in need thereof.
• the Fused Tricyclic Compounds When administered to a patient, the Fused Tricyclic Compounds can be administered as a component of a composition that comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle.
• the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of at least one Fused Tricyclic Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the active ingredients will typically be administered in admixture with suitable carrier materials suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, i.e., oral tablets, capsules (either solid-filled, semi-solid filled or liquid filled), powders for constitution, oral gels, elixirs, dispersible granules, syrups, suspensions, and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical-practices.
• the active drug component may be combined with any oral non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier, such as lactose, starch, sucrose, cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, talc, mannitol, ethyl alcohol (liquid forms) and the like.
• Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets and suppositories. Powders and tablets may be comprised of from about 0.5 to about 95 percent inventive composition. Tablets, powders, cachets and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.
• suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol and waxes.
• lubricants there may be mentioned for use in these dosage forms, boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like.
• Disintegrants include starch, methylcellulose, guar gum, and the like. Sweetening and flavoring agents and preservatives may also be included where appropriate.
• Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions and may include water or water-propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injection.
• Liquid form preparations may also include solutions for intranasal administration.
• Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions and solids in powder form, which may be in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an inert compressed gas.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as an inert compressed gas.
• solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration.
• Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.
• a low melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter is first melted, and the active ingredient is dispersed homogeneously therein as by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool and thereby solidify.
• the Fused Tricyclic Compounds of the present invention may also be deliverable transdermally.
• the transdermal compositions can take the form of creams, lotions, aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch of the matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for this purpose.
• compositions of the present invention may be formulated in sustained release form to provide the rate controlled release of any one or more of the components or active ingredients to optimize therapeutic effects, i.e., antiviral activity and the like.
• Suitable dosage forms for sustained release include layered tablets containing layers of varying disintegration rates or controlled release polymeric matrices impregnated with the active components and shaped in tablet form or capsules containing such impregnated or encapsulated porous polymeric matrices.
• the one or more Fused Tricyclic Compounds are administered orally.
• the one or more Fused Tricyclic Compounds are administered intravenously.
• the one or more Fused Tricyclic Compounds are administered topically.
• the one or more Fused Tricyclic Compounds are administered sublingually.
• a pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one Fused Tricyclic Compound is in unit dosage form.
• the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing effective amounts of the active components.
• compositions can be prepared according to conventional mixing, granulating or coating methods, respectively, and the present compositions can contain, in one embodiment, from about 0.1% to about 99% of the Fused Tricyclic Compound(s) by weight or volume. In various embodiments, the present compositions can contain, in one embodiment, from about 1% to about 70% or from about 5% to about 60% of the Fused Tricyclic Compound(s) by weight or volume.
• the quantity of Fused Tricyclic Compound in a unit dose of preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 1 mg to about 2500 mg. In various embodiments, the quantity is from about 10 mg to about, 1000 mg, 1 mg to about 500 mg, 1 mg to about 100 mg, and 1 mg to about 100 mg.
• the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day if desired. In one embodiment, the daily dosage is administered in one portion. In another embodiment, the total daily dosage is administered in two divided doses over a 24 hour period. In another embodiment, the total daily dosage is administered in three divided doses over a 24 hour period. In still another embodiment, the total daily dosage is administered in four divided doses over a 24 hour period.
• a total daily dosage of the Fused Tricyclic Compounds range from about 0.1 to about 2000 mg per day, although variations will necessarily occur depending on the target of therapy, the patient and the route of administration.
• the dosage is from about 1 to about 200 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
• the dosage is from about 10 to about 2000 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
• the dosage is from about 100 to about 2000 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
• the dosage is from about 500 to about 2000 mg/day, administered in a single dose or in 2-4 divided doses.
• compositions of the invention can further comprise one or more additional therapeutic agents, selected from those listed above herein. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising: (i) at least one Fused Tricyclic Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (ii) one or more additional therapeutic agents that are not a Fused Tricyclic Compound; and (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the amounts in the composition are together effective to treat a viral infection or a virus-related disorder.
• the present invention provides a kit comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one Fused Tricyclic Compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle or diluent.
• the present invention provides a kit comprising an amount of at least one Fused Tricyclic Compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound and an amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent listed above; wherein the amounts of the two or more active ingredients result in a desired therapeutic effect.
• the one or more Fused Tricyclic Compounds and the one or more additional therapeutic agents are provided in the same container. In one embodiment, the one or more Fused Tricyclic Compounds and the one or more additional therapeutic agents are provided in separate containers.

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