US20160073944A1 - Olfactory means useful in the diagnosis and treatment of mood depression - Google Patents

Olfactory means useful in the diagnosis and treatment of mood depression Download PDF

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US20160073944A1
US20160073944A1 US14/784,226 US201414784226A US2016073944A1 US 20160073944 A1 US20160073944 A1 US 20160073944A1 US 201414784226 A US201414784226 A US 201414784226A US 2016073944 A1 US2016073944 A1 US 2016073944A1
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odorants
composition
mixtures
treatment
compositions
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Francoise LAZARINI
Pierre-Marie Lledo
Eleni SIOPI
Raphael SERVIGNAT D'AOUT
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Institut Pasteur
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Institut Pasteur
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/40—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system
    • A61B5/4005—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system for evaluating the sensory system
    • A61B5/4011—Evaluating olfaction, i.e. sense of smell
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/16—Devices for psychotechnics; Testing reaction times ; Devices for evaluating the psychological state
    • A61B5/165—Evaluating the state of mind, e.g. depression, anxiety
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/24—Antidepressants

Definitions

  • the application relates to olfactory means, more particularly to mixtures of odorants.
  • the means of the application are notably useful in the diagnosis and in the treatment of psychiatric disorders or diseases involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression.
  • SSRI Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
  • SNRI Noradrenalin Reuptake Inhibitors
  • Olfactory perception in subjects with varying degrees of depressive symptoms (depressive symptoms ranging from score zero to score nine according to the BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY® scoring system).
  • Olfactory perception included olfactory sensitivity and olfactory discrimination capacity.
  • Olfactory sensitivity and olfactory discrimination capacity were measured using the odor threshold test and the odor discrimination test, respectively, which are described in Hummel et al. 1997 (Chem. Senses 22: 39-52). Said tests use pen-like odor dispensing devices, i.e., sniffing sticks, containing and releasing pure odorants.
  • the odor threshold test uses serial dilutions of n-butanol to record the dilution at which the subject starts discerning the odorant.
  • the odor discrimination test is performed by presenting to the subject three sniffing sticks each containing one odorant. Two of the three sticks contain the same odorant (e.g., isoamylacetate (banana scent)), while the third stick contains a different odorant (e.g., anethol (aneth scent)).
  • the task of the subject is to identify the stick that has a different smell. Pollatos et al. 2007 observes that the degree of depressive symptoms negatively correlates with the odor detection threshold value (olfactory sensitivity), while olfactory discrimination is not related to the degree of depressive symptoms.
  • the inventors demonstrate that, contrary to what could be expected or inferred from the prior art, olfactory discrimination is significantly reduced in depressed subjects.
  • the loss in olfactory discrimination capacity is observed by submitting the depressed subject to mixtures containing at least two different odorants.
  • the means of the application are notably useful in the field of psychiatric disorders involving mood disturbances, more particularly psychiatric disorders involving mood depression, such as depressive disorders, depressions, depressive disorders, major depressive episode(s) and Major Depressive Disorders (MDD).
  • mood disturbances more particularly psychiatric disorders involving mood depression, such as depressive disorders, depressions, depressive disorders, major depressive episode(s) and Major Depressive Disorders (MDD).
  • MDD Major Depressive Disorders
  • the means of the application comprise at least one mixture of odorants or at least one composition comprising odorants in mixture.
  • Said odorants consist of at least two different odorants, more particularly of two different odorants.
  • the means of the application more particularly comprise the functional association of at least two different mixtures or compositions of the application.
  • the odorants are the same in each mixture or composition that belongs to the same functional association, but at least one of said at least two mixtures or compositions contains said odorants in (a) proportion(s) that differ(s) from the other mixture(s) or composition(s) of the same functional association.
  • a reduction in the capacity to identify within at least one functional association the at least one mixture or composition, which contains the odorants at different proportion(s) compared to the other mixture(s) or composition(s) of the said at least one functional association is indicative of, or positively correlates with, a diagnosis of psychiatric disorder involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression. More particularly, the reduction in said capacity is indicative of, or positively correlates with the severity of the psychiatric disease and/or with non-response (or resistance) to antidepressant treatment.
  • the means of the application further comprise the collection of at least two (different) functional associations of the application, as well as kits comprising at least mixture or composition of the application, or at least two different mixtures or compositions of the application, or least one functional association of the application, or at least two different functional associations of the application.
  • the application also relates to the biotechnological or medical applications of the means of the application, notably in the field of the diagnosis and/or treatment of psychiatric disorders involving mood disturbances, more particularly psychiatric disorders involving mood depression.
  • FIG. 1 diagrammatic representation of an experimental design.
  • first bar (on the top) vehicle
  • C57BL/6 male mice from Taconic Farms, Inc. (Tornbjergvej 40, DK-4623 Lille Skensved, Denmark) were administered corticosterone (CORT, 5 mg/kg/day in drinking water) for one month, to induce an anxiety/depression-like state. Depression-like behavior was checked by the splash test, the open field test, elevated plus maze and novelty suppressed feeding.
  • mice 29 of these mice were put on a chronic fluoxetine regimen (FLX: 5 mg/kg/day in drinking water, with CORT, 5 mg/kg/day, named CORT+FLX mice) [cf. last bar of the diagram], while 8 mice continued to receive corticosterone chronically (named CORT mice) [cf. penultimate bar of the diagram]. Moreover, 8 control mice received the vehicle only (named VEHICLE mice) [cf. first bar of the diagram].
  • FIG. 2 Mice are trained in olfactometers to discriminate between 2 odorants: a positive stimulus (S+) and a negative stimulus (S ⁇ ).
  • the olfactometer cage contains an odorant sampling port to inject odorants inside the cage, and a water delivery tube to reward partially water-deprived animals (0) and (1). Cages are ventilated for fast odorant removal.
  • S+ odorant is injected through the sampling port, the mouse should go to the water delivery tube and hit it, resulting in water reward (Correct answer: (2), left panel). If the mouse does not hit the water delivery tube it will not be rewarded (Error: miss).
  • S ⁇ odorant is injected into the cage, the mouse should not hit the water delivery tube (Correct answer: (2), right panel) since it will not be rewarded (Error: false alarm).
  • FIGS. 3A , 3 B and 3 C Effects of chronic anti-depressant treatment on corticosterone-induced depression-like behavior in the splash test.
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B Effects of chronic CORT and CORT+fluoxetine administration on olfactory discrimination ( FIG. 4A ) and olfactory detection ( FIG. 4B ). Results are expressed as the mean ⁇ SEM of correct response (a) or detection thresholds ( ⁇ log 10 of odorant dilution). *: P ⁇ 0.05, **: P ⁇ 0.01.
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B Scatter plot between depressive state (latency to groom [ FIG. 5A ] and number of grooming sessions [ FIG. 5B ] in the splash test) and olfactory detection.
  • FIGS. 6A and 6B Graph depicting performance at the long-term olfactory memory test (% correct response in the last block of training (acquisition: t 0 ) and in the first block of testing (memory test: t 30 ) ( FIG. 6A )) and scatter plot between depressive state (grooming frequency in the splash test) and long-term olfactory memory ( FIG. 6B ).
  • CORT corticosterone
  • FLX fluoxetine
  • t time (day)
  • said psychiatric disorders or diseases notably encompass depressive disorders and depression, more particularly depressive episode(s), major depressive episode(s) and Major Depressive Disorders (MDD).
  • depressive disorders and depression more particularly depressive episode(s), major depressive episode(s) and Major Depressive Disorders (MDD).
  • MDD Major Depressive Disorders
  • psychiatric disorder In the application, the terms “psychiatric disorder”, “psychiatric disease”, “mood disturbance”, “mood depression”, “depressive disorder”, “depression”, “major depressive episode” and “Major Depressive Disorder” have their respective ordinary meanings in the field.
  • DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • BDI BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY®
  • BDI-II edition published in 1996 (Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. 1996, Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, Tex.: The Psychological Corporation, U.S.A.).
  • the application shows that said loss in olfactory discrimination capacity is observed by submitting the subject to mixtures containing at least two different odorants, more particularly to mixtures containing said at least two different odorants in different proportions.
  • the application demonstrates that a subject affected by a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression, has a lower capacity to discriminate a mixture, which contains at least two different odorants in a certain proportion, from a mixture, which contains the same at least two different odorants but in a different proportion.
  • the application further demonstrates that said loss in olfactory discrimination capacity is not restored by standard SSRI/SNRI treatment, such as fluoxetine treatment (PROZAC®).
  • FIG. 4A illustrates this demonstration.
  • the application also provides a demonstration, which relates to the olfactory detection capacity, i.e., the threshold concentration at which a subject stops or starts detecting one (mono-)odorant (the threshold test is performed by serial dilution of a single odorant, which is not mixed with any other odorant).
  • the olfactory detection capacity is decreased in a subject affected by a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression, but is restored by standard SSRI/SNRI treatment, such as fluoxetine treatment (PROZAC®).
  • FIG. 4B illustrates this demonstration.
  • the demonstration of the application notably stems from the fact that the inventors have overcome a prejudice in the art, more particularly concerning olfactory discrimination capacity (cf. background section), and from the conception and reduction to practice of an improved olfactory discrimination test, which involves mixtures comprising at least two different odorants in different proportions.
  • the means of the application have the further advantage of being non-invasive means.
  • the application therefore relates to a mixture of odorants and to a composition comprising odorants in mixture.
  • Said odorants consists of at least two different odorants, more particularly of two different odorants.
  • Said two, or at least two, odorants may be in, in mixture with, a (pharmaceutically-acceptable) vehicle, more particularly a vehicle, which is perceived to be odorless by mammals, or by at least one mammal race or species, advantageously at least by humans (i.e., no odor and no scent perceived by olfactory cognition).
  • said vehicle does not alter the odor or scent emitted by each of said two, or of said at least two, odorants.
  • said vehicle is structurally suitable for homogeneously mixing said two, or said at least two odorants, together, such as e.g., a solvent, a cream or a paste.
  • said vehicle is a solvent.
  • said vehicle is an odorless liquid solvent, such as water, mineral oil or propylene glycol.
  • a mixture or composition of the application can be comprised on or in a device or instrument for dispensing odor or scent, more particularly for olfactory testing.
  • the application therefore relates to a device or instrument for dispensing odor or scent, more particularly for olfactory testing, which comprises a mixture or composition of the application.
  • the device or instrument of the application comprises a structure for dispensing the odor(s), scent(s) or smell(s) emitted by the mixture or composition of the application, which is comprised in or on said device or instrument. More particularly, the structure of the device or instrument of the application is adapted, or especially adapted, to sniffing or smelling by a mammal, more particularly to active sniffing or smelling by a mammal. More particularly, the structure of the device or instrument of the application is adapted, or especially adapted, to allow for a mammal to [actively] sniff or smell the odor(s), scent(s) or smell(s) emitted by said mixture or composition.
  • the term “mammal” means any mammal, more particularly a non-human mammal, such as a rodent (more particularly a mouse), or a human, still more particularly a diseased non-human mammal or a diseased human, even still more particularly a diseased non-human mammal or a diseased human affected by or suspected of being affected by a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression.
  • the term “mammal” means a human, more particularly a diseased human, still more particularly a diseased human affected by or suspected of being affected by a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression.
  • the olfactory device or instrument of the application is an odor dispensing device for assessing nasal chemosensory performance. It can function as a fully extra-nasal or extra-nostril device or instrument, or as a (partially) intra-nasal or intra-nostril device or instrument.
  • Devices or instruments for dispensing odor or scent, more particularly for olfactory testing are available to the person of ordinary skill in the art. They include the olfactory devices or instruments that are used in:
  • the olfactory devices or instruments that are used in tests such as the UPSIT and the CC-SIT test comprise a plurality of cards or booklet pages, which each contain one odorant (or a control substance) embedded therein, e.g., by microencapsulation with a binder.
  • the odorant is released by scratching a surface of the card or page.
  • the olfactory devices or instruments that are used in tests such as the CCCRC test comprise a plurality of bottles or jars, e.g., of polyethylene bottles, which each contain one odorant (or a control substance), e.g., an odorant in liquid form.
  • the bottle or jar is generally provided with a pop-up spout that fits to one or both nostrils and dispenses the odorant to the sniffing user.
  • the olfactory devices or instruments that are used in tests comprise a plurality of capped felt-tip pens, which each contain one odorant (or a control substance) in a reservoir or absorbent material that is associated with the felt tip of the pen.
  • the pen is de-capped to place the felt tip at a few centimeters from the nostrils (e.g., at about 2 cm), and to smell or sniff the odorant dispensed through the felt tip.
  • examples of an olfactory device or instrument of the application comprise any structure, which can function as a reservoir for odorants and as a dispenser of said odorants, such as:
  • the structure of the device is adapted to, or especially adapted to, the assessment of nasal chemosensory performance, more particularly the assessment of nasal chemosensory performance of a human.
  • An odorant is any substance or compound that emits an odor or scent, or any substance or compound that has a distinctive smell.
  • An odor, scent or smell is the odor, scent or smell that is consciously perceived by a mammal by smelling or sniffing though the nostril(s) (olfactory cognition).
  • an odorant is a substance or compound, which is identifiable (by olfactory cognition) by said mammal, more particularly by the human population to which the odorant is intended, more particularly by a human.
  • An odorant can be a substance or compound, which is volatile and/or hydrophobic, advantageously volatile and hydrophobic.
  • an odorant is a substance or compound, which is generally recognized as safe to mammals, more particularly to humans.
  • an odorant is a compound, more particularly a monomolecular compound.
  • each of said at least two odorants is a monomolecular compound, more particularly a monomolecular compound, which is identifiable by a human by olfaction cognition, still more particularly a monomolecular compound, which is volatile, hydrophobic and identifiable by a human by olfaction cognition, even still more particularly a monomolecular compound, which is volatile, hydrophobic, identifiable by a human by olfaction cognition and generally recognized as safe to humans.
  • odorants means odorants, which emit different odors or scents.
  • an odorant is different from another odorant if it emits an odor or scent that is different or perceived to be different from said other odorant.
  • an odorant is different from another odorant if the majority of a representative number of normosmic healthy mammals belonging to the same mammal race or species perceives that they emit different odors or scents.
  • an odorant is different from another odorant if more than 40% of a representative number of normosmic healthy mammals belonging to the same mammal race or species perceive that they emit different odors or scents.
  • said percentage is more than 45%, more particularly more than 50%, more particularly more than 55%, more particularly more than 60%, more particularly more than 65%.
  • a representative number of normosmic healthy mammals belonging to the same mammal race or species can be determined by the person of ordinary skill in the art depending on the mammal race or species being tested. Such a number generally is more than 10, more particularly more than 20.
  • each of said at least two odorants is a monomolecular compound emitting an odor or scent (as perceived by a healthy normosmic human) selected from the group consisting of anise, apple, banana, caramel, chocolate, cinnamon, clove, cocoa, coconut, coffee, cola, dill, eucalyptus, fish, flower, honey, garlic, ginger, grapefruit, grass, lavender, leather, lemon, lilac, lily of the valley, licorice, melon, mint, mushroom, onion, orange, peach, pear, peppermint, pineapple, rose, spearmint, turpentine, raspberry, sesame oil, smoked meat, soy sauce and vanilla.
  • an odor or scent selected from the group consisting of anise, apple, banana, caramel, chocolate, cinnamon, clove, cocoa, coconut, coffee, cola, dill, eucalyptus, fish, flower, honey, garlic, ginger, grapefruit, grass, lavender, leather, lemon, lilac, lily
  • each of said at least two odorants is a monomolecular compound emitting an odor or scent (as perceived by a healthy normosmic human) selected from the group consisting of anise, banana, clove, dill and spearmint.
  • Examples of monomolecular compounds emitting such an odor or scent comprise:
  • Arctander atlas Arctander S. “ Perfume and flavor chemicals : ( aroma chemicals )”, Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream Ill., 1994).
  • each of said at least two odorants is a monomolecular compound selected from the group consisting of R-carvone, S-carvone, isoamylacetate, anethol and eugenol.
  • each of said at least two odorants, or each of said two odorants are different from each other.
  • each of said at least two odorants, or each of said two odorants are different from each other.
  • said at least two odorants, or said two odorants are contained in mixture and in any proportion that the person of ordinary skill in the art finds appropriate.
  • said at least two odorants, or said two odorants are contained in the mixture or composition of the application in a proportion ranging from 1:1 to 1:5, more particularly in a proportion ranging from 1:1.5 to 1:4, for example in a proportion of 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3, 1:3.5 or 1:4.
  • a “X:Y” proportion means X part(s) of one of said at least two, or of said two, odorants for Y part(s) of the other of said at least two, or of said two, odorants (X and Y can identical or different).
  • Said part values are volume parts or weight parts, more particularly volume parts.
  • said at least two odorants, or said two odorants are contained in the mixture or composition of the application in a proportion ranging from 0.8%/0.2% to 0.2%/0.8% to 0.2%/0.8%, more particularly in a proportion ranging from 0.6%/0.4% to 0.4%/0.6%, for example in a proportion of 0.8%/0.2%, 0.6%/0.4%, 0.4%/0.6% or 0.2%/0.8%.
  • a proportion of “X %/Y %” means X % of one of said at least two, or of said two, odorants and Y % of the other of said at least two, or of said two, odorants.
  • a % value of an odorant is the volume or weight, more particularly the volume, of said odorant expressed with respect to the total volume or weight of the mixture in said mixture, more particularly to the total volume of said mixture.
  • said at least two odorants, or said two odorants are contained in the mixture or composition of the application in a proportion ranging from 8/2 to 2/8, more particularly in a proportion ranging from 6/4 to 4/6, for example in a proportion of 8/2, 6/4, 4/6 or 2/8.
  • a proportion of “X/Y” means a concentration of X of one of said at least two, or of said two, odorants and a concentration of Y of the other of said at least two, or of said two, odorants.
  • concentrations X and Y are expressed in the same unit, for example in volume/volume percent, in volume/weight percent or in weight/weight percent, more particularly in volume/volume percent, and are expressed with respect to the total volume or weight of the mixture in said mixture, more particularly to the total volume of said mixture.
  • the application relates to the functional association of several (different) mixtures or compositions of the application for sequential use.
  • Each of said several mixtures can be (separately) comprised in or on a device or instrument for dispensing odor or scent as above-described (and as below-illustrated).
  • said several (different) mixtures or compositions are (and remain) distinct or separate from each other.
  • they when they are contained in or on a device or instrument for dispensing odor or scent, they are not mixed together.
  • they are not contained in the same device or instrument.
  • each of said several mixtures or compositions is separately contained in an odor dispensing device for assessing nasal chemosensory performance as above-described (and as below-illustrated).
  • the odorants are the same in each mixture or composition that belongs to the same functional association, i.e., they are the same substances or compounds.
  • At least one of said several mixtures or compositions contains said odorants in a proportion that differs from the other mixture(s) or composition(s) of the same functional association.
  • the proportion of one of said (at least) two odorants with respect to the other of said (at least) two odorants in a first composition of an association is different from their proportion in at least one second composition of the same functional association.
  • the application relates to a functional association, which comprises:
  • the concentration of at least one odorant in said at least one first mixture or composition is different from its proportion in said at least one second mixture or composition.
  • the respective concentrations of the (at least two) odorants in said at least one first mixture or composition are different from their respective concentrations in said at least one second mixture or composition.
  • said at least one first composition and said at least one second composition are for sequential use, more particularly for sequential use in the detection of olfactory discrimination impairment in a human, more particularly in a diseased human.
  • a functional association of the application may comprise any number of mixtures or compositions of the application that the person of ordinary skill in the art may find appropriate.
  • a functional association of the application may comprise two or three mixtures or compositions of the application.
  • a functional association of the application comprises two or three mixtures or compositions of the application, which are distinct or separate from each other, wherein the odorants of said two or three mixtures or compositions are the same but are contained in one of said two or three mixtures or compositions in a proportion that differs from the remaining one or two mixtures or compositions.
  • said remaining two mixtures or compositions can be identical, i.e., duplicate.
  • the application thus relates to a functional association, which comprises:
  • the application thus relates to a functional association, which comprises:
  • said third composition is a duplicate of said second composition
  • the odorants of said second composition are the same compounds as the odorants of said third composition, and the proportion of the odorants with respect to each other in said second composition is identical to their proportion in said third composition.
  • the odorants of said first composition are the same compounds as the odorants of said second composition and as the odorants of said third composition, but the proportion of the odorants with respect to each other in said first composition is different from their proportion in said second composition and in said third composition.
  • the difference in proportions within the same functional association is sufficient to be distinguishable by a healthy normosmic human.
  • the at least one mixture or composition, which contains said odorants in a proportion that differs from the other mixture(s) or composition(s) of the same association is consciously perceived (olfactory cognition) as emitting an odor or scent that is different from the odor or scent emitted by the other mixture(s) or composition(s) of the association.
  • a functional association of the application comprises (at least) two mixtures or compositions of the application, which are distinct or separate from each other, wherein the odorants of each of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions are the same two or the same at least two odorants, and wherein one of said two, or of said at least two, odorants is contained in one of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions in a 8/2 proportion, whereas the other of said two, or of said at least two, odorants is contained in the other of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions in a 2/8 proportion.
  • a functional association of the application comprises three mixtures or compositions of the application, which are separate from each other (two of said three mixtures compositions being duplicate compositions as described above), wherein the odorants of each of said three mixtures or compositions are the same two or the same at least two odorants, and wherein one of said two, or of said at least two, odorants is contained in one of said three mixtures or compositions in a 8/2 proportion, whereas the other of said two, or of said at least two, odorants is contained in each of the two other (duplicate) mixtures or compositions in a 2/8 proportion.
  • a functional association of the application comprises (at least) two mixtures or compositions of the application, which are distinct or separate from each other, wherein the odorants of each of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions are the same two or the same at least two odorants, and wherein one of said two, or of said at least two, odorants is contained in one of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions in a 6/4 proportion, whereas the other of said two, or of said at least two, odorants is contained in the other of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions in a 4/6 proportion.
  • a functional association of the application comprises three mixtures or compositions of the application, which are separate from each other (two of said three mixtures compositions being duplicate compositions as described above), wherein the odorants of each of said three mixtures or compositions are the same two or the same at least two odorants, and wherein one of said two, or of said at least two, odorants is contained in one of said three mixtures or compositions in a 6/4 proportion, whereas the other of said two, or of said at least two, odorants is contained in each of the two other (duplicate) mixtures or compositions in a 4/6 proportion.
  • a functional association of the application comprises (at least) two mixtures or compositions of the application, which are distinct or separate from each other, wherein the odorants of each of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions are R-carvone and S-carvone in mixture, and wherein one of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions contains R-carvone and S-carvone in a 8/2 proportion, whereas the other of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions contains R-carvone and S-carvone in a 2/8 proportion.
  • a functional association of the application comprises three mixtures or compositions of the application, which are separate from each other (two of said three mixtures compositions being duplicate compositions as described above), wherein the odorants of each of said three mixtures or compositions are R-carvone and S-carvone in mixture, and wherein one of said three mixtures or compositions contains R-carvone and S-carvone in a 8/2 proportion, whereas each of the two other (duplicate) mixtures or compositions contains R-carvone and S-carvone in a 2/8 proportion.
  • a functional association of the application comprises (at least) two mixtures or compositions of the application, which are distinct or separate from each other, wherein the odorants of each of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions are isoamylacetate and anethol in mixture, and wherein one of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions contains isoamylacetate and anethol in a 8/2 proportion, whereas the other of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions contains isoamylacetate and anethol in a 2/8 proportion.
  • a functional association of the application comprises three mixtures or compositions of the application, which are separate from each other (two of said three mixtures compositions being duplicate compositions as described above), wherein the odorants of each of said three mixtures or compositions are isoamylacetate and anethol in mixture, and wherein one of said three mixtures or compositions contains isoamylacetate and anethol in a 8/2 proportion, whereas each of the two other (duplicate) mixtures or compositions contains isoamylacetate and anethol in a 2/8 proportion.
  • a functional association of the application comprises (at least) two mixtures or compositions of the application, which are distinct or separate from each other, wherein the odorants of each of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions are anethol and eugenol in mixture, and wherein one of said two (at least) mixtures or compositions contains anethol and eugenol in a 8/2 proportion, whereas the other of said (at least) two mixtures or compositions contains anethol and eugenol in a 2/8 proportion.
  • a functional association of the application comprises three mixtures or compositions of the application, which are distinct or separate from each other (two of said three mixtures compositions being duplicate compositions as described above), wherein the odorants of each of said three mixtures or compositions are anethol and eugenol in mixture, and wherein one of said three mixtures or compositions contains anethol and eugenol in a 8/2 proportion, whereas each of the two other (duplicate) mixtures or compositions contains anethol and eugenol in a 2/8 proportion.
  • the application also relates to a kit comprising at least one functional association of the application.
  • the application further relates to the collection of at least two (different) functional associations of the application for sequential use, more particularly to a kit comprising at least two functional associations of the application.
  • Said at least two (different) functional associations of the application are (and remain) distinct or separate from each other.
  • the odorants of each of said at least two (different) functional associations can be the same compounds or different compounds.
  • the proportions at which they are contained in each of said at least two (different) functional associations can be the same proportions or different proportions.
  • the (at least two) odorants of said at least one first and second mixtures or compositions can be different from the (at least) two odorants of said at least one third and fourth mixtures or compositions.
  • the (at least two) odorants of said at least one first and second mixtures or compositions can be the same compounds as the (at least) two odorants of said at least one third and fourth mixtures or compositions, but in different proportions.
  • Said (at least one) second mixture or composition can be contained in duplicate, as described above.
  • Said (at least one) fourth mixture or composition can be contained in duplicate, as described above.
  • kits of the application comprises at least one (first) functional association of the application, wherein the odorants are in 8/2 and 2/8 proportions, and at least one other (second) functional association, which comprises the same odorants as said first functional association but in different proportions, e.g., in 6/4 and 4/6 proportions.
  • first and second associations one of the (at least) two mixtures or compositions can be contained in duplicate (as above described).
  • kits of the application comprises at least one (first) functional association of the application, wherein the odorants are in 8/2 and 2/8 proportions, and at least one other (second) functional association, which comprises different odorants as said first functional association at the same or in different proportions, e.g., in 8/2 and 2/8 proportions or in 6/4 and 4/6 proportions.
  • first and second associations one of the (at least) two mixtures or compositions can be contained in duplicate (as above described).
  • a kit of the application comprises
  • a kit of the application comprises:
  • a kit of the application comprises:
  • a kit of the application comprises:
  • a mixture or composition of the application enables measuring the olfactory capacity of a mammal, more particularly the olfactory discrimination capacity of a mammal, more particularly detecting and/or measuring olfactory discrimination impairment in a mammal.
  • said mammal is a diseased mammal.
  • said mammal is a human, notably a diseased human, more particularly a diseased human affected by or suspected of being affected by a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression.
  • the several mixtures or compositions of a functional association of the application can be sequentially placed in smelling or sniffing contact with said mammal.
  • the experimenter, laboratory technician or physician records whether said mammal succeeds in identifying, within the mixtures or compositions of the same association, the at least one mixture or composition that contains the (two, or at least two) odorants in a proportion that differs from the other mixture(s) or composition(s).
  • said sequential smelling or sniffing is advantageously performed under conditions that prevent or avoid olfaction contamination.
  • said sequential smelling or sniffing is advantageously performed in a room where aeration is sufficient to prevent or avoid olfaction contamination, and according to a time sequence, which prevents or avoids olfaction contamination from one mixture or composition to the next mixture or composition.
  • said smelling or sniffing can be repeated with the same and/or with another functional association of the application.
  • a mixture or composition of the application can be further functionally associated with, or a kit of the application can further comprise any other additional element, such as at least one additional means, device, instrument, composition, substance or compound, that the person of ordinary skill in the art finds appropriate to measure olfactory capacity, more particularly to detect and/or measure olfactory impairment.
  • said additional element can be means for measuring the olfactory detection threshold of a mammal or human, more particularly a diseased mammal or human.
  • Means for measuring olfactory detection threshold can for example comprise a plurality of compositions, wherein each composition of said plurality contains only one odorant, and wherein all the compositions of said plurality contains the same one odorant and form a serial dilution of said same one odorant.
  • Said odorant can be as defined above.
  • said odorant can be n-butanol or 2-phenylethanol. Please see Hummel et al. 1997, Chem. Senses 22: 39-52.
  • the application relates to the medical or biotechnological applications of at least one product of the application, i.e., at least one mixture or composition of the application, more specifically of at least one functional association, collection or kit of the application.
  • Said applications comprise particularly methods and uses.
  • a method or use of the application comprises the smelling or sniffing of at least one mixture or composition of the application, more particularly the sequential smelling or sniffing of at least two different mixtures or compositions of the application, more particularly the sequential smelling or sniffing of at least two different mixtures or compositions that belong to the same functional association as above-described (and below illustrated), more particularly of mixtures or compositions that belong to at least two different functional associations as above-described (and below) illustrated.
  • said smelling or sniffing can be active smelling or sniffing.
  • a method or use of the application may notably comprise:
  • said smelling or sniffing allows for determining and/or measuring the olfactory capacity, more particularly the olfactory discrimination capacity, of the smelling or sniffing subject.
  • a subject affected by a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression has a lower capacity to discriminate a mixture, which contains at least two different odorants in a certain proportion, from a mixture, which contains the same at least two different odorants but in a different proportion, i.e., has a lower capacity to discriminate between two mixtures or compositions that belong to the same functional association of the application.
  • the capacity of discriminating between mixtures of the same functional association is indicative of, or positively correlates with, the olfactory capacity, more particularly the olfactory discrimination capacity of said subject.
  • subject no 1 is responsive to the antidepressant treatment.
  • Another example is the following example:
  • a method or use of the application is advantageously performed in a subject in need thereof.
  • Said subject is a mammal as above described, more particularly a human, still more particularly a diseased human, still more particularly a diseased human affected by or suspected of being affected by a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression.
  • said subject is at a stage where he/she does not show the symptoms of a severe stage of psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression.
  • said subject does not show or does not have severe depression. More particularly, the subject may show minimal, mild or moderate depression, more particularly minimal or mild depression.
  • said subject may score less than 29 (moderate, mild or minimal depression), more particularly less than 20 (mild or minimal depression), still more particularly less than 14 (minimal depression).
  • Said applications notably comprise the use of said at least one product of the application in the diagnosis, more particularly in the in vivo diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression.
  • said use in the (in vivo) diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression further comprises determining whether said subject has a reduced olfactory capacity, more particularly a reduced olfactory discrimination capacity, compared to a healthy and normosmic control subject.
  • a reduced olfactory capacity, more particularly a reduced olfactory discrimination capacity is indicative of a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression.
  • the extent of reduction of olfactory capacity, more particularly of olfactory discrimination capacity is indicative of, or positively correlates with, the severity of mood disturbance, more particularly of mood depression, in said subject.
  • Said applications notably comprise the use of said at least one product of the application to determine or measure the severity of a psychiatric disorder or disease that involves mood disturbance, more particularly depression.
  • Said applications more particularly comprise the use of said at least one product of the application in the diagnosis, more particularly the in vivo diagnosis of the severity of a psychiatric disorder or disease that involves mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression.
  • said use in determining and/or measuring the severity of a psychiatric disorder or disease that involves mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression, and/or said use in the (in vivo) diagnosis of the severity of a psychiatric disorder or disease that involves mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression further comprise(s) determining and/or measuring the extent of reduction in olfactory discrimination capacity of said subject. The higher said extent the higher said severity.
  • Said applications notably comprise the use of said at least one product of the application in the treatment of a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression.
  • said use in the treatment of a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression further comprises selecting a treatment, more particular an antidepressant treatment, which increases the olfactory capacity, more particularly the olfactory discrimination capacity, of said subject, and administering said selected treatment (or antidepressant treatment) to said subject.
  • said use in the treatment of a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression further comprises modifying and/or adjusting the nature and/or dosage of the treatment given or applied to the patient so as to increase the olfactory capacity, more particularly the olfactory discrimination capacity, of said subject.
  • Said applications notably comprise the use of said at least one product of the application in determining and/or measuring and/or monitoring the efficiency of a treatment that is intended for treating a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly depression.
  • said applications notably comprise the use of said at least one product of the application in the diagnosis, more particularly the in vivo diagnosis, of response or non-response (or resistance) to a treatment that is intended for treating a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression.
  • said use in the (in vivo) diagnosis of response or non-response (or resistance) to a treatment that is intended for treating a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression further comprises submitting a subject, who has received said treatment, to said sequential smelling or sniffing, and determining whether said treatment increases or decreases the olfactory discrimination capacity of said subject.
  • An increased olfactory discrimination capacity is indicative of response to said treatment.
  • a reduced or unmodified (e.g., non-significantly different) olfactory discrimination capacity is indicative of non-response (or resistance) to said treatment.
  • said use in the (in vivo) diagnosis of response or non-response (or resistance) to a treatment that is intended for treating a psychiatric disorder or disease involving mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression further comprises:
  • Said subject can be diagnosed to be non-responsive (or resistant) to said candidate antidepressant treatment if said olfactory capacity, more particularly said olfactory discrimination capacity, is not increased. Said subject can be diagnosed to be responsive to said candidate antidepressant treatment if said olfactory capacity, more particularly said olfactory discrimination capacity, is increased.
  • Said treatment can e.g., be a pharmaco-therapeutic treatment, e.g., a treatment comprising the administration of at least one Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) and/or at least one Serotonin and Noradrenalin Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI), for example the administration of PROZAC®.
  • SSRI Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
  • SNRI Noradrenalin Reuptake Inhibitor
  • said treatment can be a treatment comprising the administration of electroshock(s), e.g., electroconvulsivotherapy
  • Said applications notably comprise the use of said at least one product of the application to measure the olfactory capacity, more particularly the olfactory discrimination capacity of a subject.
  • Said applications notably comprise the use of said at least one product of the application to identify a treatment suitable for (or useful in) treating a psychiatric disorder or disease that involves mood disturbance, more particularly mood depression.
  • Said use may comprise:
  • said subject may advantageously be a non-human mammal, more particularly a rodent, such as a mouse.
  • the application also relates to a method of manufacturing a device useful in or for the diagnosis or the treatment of a psychiatric disorder or disease that involves mood disturbance, more particularly depression, which comprises:
  • the application also relates to the device obtainable by, or obtained by said method of manufacture.
  • compositions hence includes the term “consisting of” (“consist(s) of”), as well as the term “essentially consisting of” (“essentially consist(s) of”). Accordingly, the term “comprising” (or “comprise(s)”) is, in the present application, meant as more particularly encompassing the term “consisting of” (“consist(s) of”), and the term “essentially consisting of” (“essentially consist(s) of”).
  • HPA hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal
  • MDD Major Depressive Disorder
  • the model involves chronic administration of a low dose of corticosterone in mice, inducing a high anxiety- and depressive-like behavioral state that are both reversed by antidepressant treatment and are associated with an enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
  • mice 29 of these mice were put on a chronic fluoxetine regimen (FLX: 5 mg/kg/day in drinking water, with CORT, 5 mg/kg/day, named CORT+FLX mice), as previously described (David et al. 2009, Neuron 62(4): 479-493, including Supplemental Data ), while 8 mice continued to receive corticosterone chronically (named CORT mice) [cf. FIG. 1 ]. Moreover, 8 control mice received the vehicle only (named VEHICLE mice) [cf. FIG. 1 ].
  • Depression related changes include decreased self care, a behavior that can be evaluated by the splash test (David et al. 2009, Neuron 62(4): 479-493, including Supplemental Data ).
  • This test consists in squirting 200 microliters of a 10% sucrose solution on the mouse back. The grooming latency, frequency and duration are then recorded. About 90% of C57BL/6 mice demonstrate depression-related signs in response to chronic corticosterone.
  • mice were partially water-deprived by receiving 1-2 mL/day of water for one week and then trained on a “go-out” discrimination task in computer-controlled eight-channel olfactometers (Lazarini et al. 2009, PlosOne 4(9): e7017). They were trained to respond to the presence of an odorant solution (positive stimulus, S+) diluted in a solvent, like water or mineral oil, by licking the water delivery tube situated out of the odorant sampling port (5 cm distance). They were also trained not to respond on the presentation of another odorant or solvent (negative stimulus, S ⁇ ). A single stimulus (S+ or S ⁇ ) was presented at each trial.
  • mice were trained in the olfactometer to detect successively descending decimal concentrations of n-butanol (S+) diluted in water. Each concentration was tested daily in 8 blocks of 20 trials. In each session, water served as the S ⁇ . Mice were given one to two sessions per day (morning, afternoon) with one decimal dilution of the odorant per session. A maximum of 16 blocks per day was allowed (2 sessions of 8 blocks). The session stopped at the criterion performance achievement ( ⁇ 90% of correct response in the block). If the criterion performance was not achieved in two successive sessions with the same odorant dilution, the preceding dilution was considered as the detection threshold.
  • S+ n-butanol
  • mice that were administered the chronic treatment with CORT showed a significantly increased latency to groom compared to animals that received the vehicle (116.1 ⁇ 17.9 vs 29.1 ⁇ 7.5 s, P ⁇ 0.001) [cf. FIG. 3A ].
  • mice showed depression-related symptoms in response to chronic corticosterone when tested in other standardized behavioral tests of depression (open field test, elevated plus maze and novelty suppressed feeding, tail suspended test, forced swim test, data not shown).
  • chronic fluoxetine administration in CORT-treated mice reversed these symptoms.
  • Odorants are considered safe and are used in food and cosmetic products.
  • test can easily be implemented in humans (cf. example 2 below).
  • the data obtained in the animal model allowed us to propose an olfactory test for major depression in humans, based on the discrimination of mixtures of at least two odorants, more particularly on the discrimination of mixtures of at least two monomolecular odorants.
  • mixtures include (cf. example 1 above):
  • Odorants can for example be presented in sniffing sticks, such as described in Hummel et al. 1997 (Chem. Senses 22: 39-52) and commercialized as SNIFFIN' STICKSTM by Burghardt Messtechnik GmbH (Tinsdaler Weg 175, D-2280 Wedel, Germany), e.g., (4 mL) sniffing sticks containing the odorant mixture in a solvent, such as 2 phenyl ethanol.
  • the mixture discrimination test can optionally be associated with the detection threshold test (odorant perception test e.g., with n-butanol or phenylethylalcohol; cf. Hummel et al. 1997, Chem. Senses 22: 39-52; cf.
  • two sticks contain the same odorant mixture (e.g., a mixture of carvone + and of carvone ⁇ at 8/2 proportion in a solvent such as 2 phenyl ethanol) and the third tick contains a different associated odorant mixture (e.g., a mixture of carvone + and of carvone ⁇ at 2/8 proportion in the same solvent).
  • the subject is requested to indicate the stick which smells different.
  • two sticks can be presented to the subject: one stick contains the solvent and the other stick contains a dilution of n-butanol or phenylethylalcohol (in increasing concentrations, e.g., in increasing 2-fold concentrations, e.g., starting from 0.4% vol/vol in propylene glycol).
  • the mixture discrimination test can be implemented on a population of humans diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), more particularly on:
  • the mixture discrimination capacity of this population can be compared to the discrimination capacity of healthy humans, more particularly of normosmic healthy humans.
  • the mixture discrimination test is useful for assessing the degree of depression and the response/resistance to antidepressant drugs. This test can optionally be associated with the detection threshold test, and is notably useful:

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EP3245944A1 (fr) 2016-05-20 2017-11-22 Institut Pasteur Moyens olfactifs pour diagnostiquer des complications neurologiques d'une infection du système nerveux
WO2017198816A1 (fr) 2016-05-20 2017-11-23 Institut Pasteur Dispositif olfactif pour le diagnostic de complications neurologiques d'une infection du système nerveux
JP2019521732A (ja) * 2016-05-20 2019-08-08 アンスティテュ・パストゥール 神経系感染症の神経学的合併症の診断のための嗅覚手段
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US11317848B2 (en) * 2016-05-20 2022-05-03 Institut Pasteur Olfactory means for the diagnosis of neurological complications of nervous system infection
US11590231B2 (en) 2017-07-27 2023-02-28 Locus Solutions Ipco, Llc Compositions for enhancing bioavailability of pharmaceuticals, supplements and ingested substances
US12194102B2 (en) 2017-07-27 2025-01-14 Locus Solutions Ipco, Llc Compositions for enhancing bioavailability of pharmaceuticals, supplements and ingested substances
WO2021030232A1 (fr) * 2019-08-10 2021-02-18 Locus Ip Company, Llc Administration olfactive de composés thérapeutiques au système nerveux central
US12059447B2 (en) 2019-08-10 2024-08-13 Locus Solutions Ipco, Llc Olfactory delivery of therapeutic compounds to the central nervous system
WO2021188992A1 (fr) * 2020-03-19 2021-09-23 New York University Comparateur d'odeurs
US12029200B2 (en) 2020-03-19 2024-07-09 New York University Odor comparator
US20250266033A1 (en) * 2022-04-27 2025-08-21 Cochlear Limited Dynamic list-based speech testing

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