US20170001185A1 - Modified preformation method for catalyst activation in ethylene reactions - Google Patents

Modified preformation method for catalyst activation in ethylene reactions Download PDF

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US20170001185A1
US20170001185A1 US15/106,994 US201515106994A US2017001185A1 US 20170001185 A1 US20170001185 A1 US 20170001185A1 US 201515106994 A US201515106994 A US 201515106994A US 2017001185 A1 US2017001185 A1 US 2017001185A1
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chromium
approximately
ethylene
composition
activator
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Roland Schmidt
Mohammed H. Al-Hazmi
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Saudi Basic Industries Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/14—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron
    • B01J31/143—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron of aluminium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
    • B01J31/1885—Ligands comprising two different formal oxidation states of phosphorus in one at least bidentate ligand, e.g. phosphite/phosphinite
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/26—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24
    • B01J31/34—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24 of chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C11/00—Aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons
    • C07C11/02—Alkenes
    • C07C11/107—Alkenes with six carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
    • C07C2/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
    • C07C2/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation
    • C07C2/06—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation of alkenes, i.e. acyclic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C07C2/08—Catalytic processes
    • C07C2/26—Catalytic processes with hydrides or organic compounds
    • C07C2/32—Catalytic processes with hydrides or organic compounds as complexes, e.g. acetyl-acetonates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
    • C07C2/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
    • C07C2/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation
    • C07C2/06—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation of alkenes, i.e. acyclic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C07C2/08—Catalytic processes
    • C07C2/26—Catalytic processes with hydrides or organic compounds
    • C07C2/36—Catalytic processes with hydrides or organic compounds as phosphines, arsines, stilbines or bismuthines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/20—Olefin oligomerisation or telomerisation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/60—Complexes comprising metals of Group VI (VIA or VIB) as the central metal
    • B01J2531/62—Chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • C07C2531/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • C07C2531/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
    • C07C2531/14—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • C07C2531/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • C07C2531/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • C07C2531/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • C07C2531/22—Organic complexes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • C07C2531/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • C07C2531/24—Phosphines

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to systems and methods for catalyst activation, and more specifically, to integrated systems and methods for catalyst activation in ethylene reactions.
  • Ethylene reactions may include, but are not limited to, oligomerization and polymerization reactions.
  • Catalyst systems and processes for the oligomerization of ethylene, in particular for the selective trimerization of ethylene to 1-hexene, have been previously described.
  • Existing catalyst compositions typically include a chromium source, a ligand, a solvent and an activator.
  • the ligand and the chromium source are mixed together in a solvent and are activated by an activator prior to use.
  • Embodiments of the present invention solve many of the problems and/or overcome many of the drawbacks and disadvantages of the prior art by providing systems and methods for catalyst activation in ethylene reactions.
  • Ethylene reactions include, but are not limited to, oligomerization and polymerization reactions.
  • Embodiments of the present invention include systems and methods for catalyst activation in ethylene reactions.
  • the systems and methods include pre-mixing at least one ligand and at least one chromium source in at least one solvent to form a pre-mixed composition; activating the pre-mixed composition with an activator to form an activated composition; and supplying the pre-activated composition to a reactor.
  • FIG. 1 shows an exemplary system for pre-activating a catalyst according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 shows a graph of ethylene uptake over time based on stirring times as per Example 1, according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 shows a graph of reaction temperature over time as per Example 1, according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 shows a graph of ethylene uptake over time based on a modified system as per Example 2, according to an embodiment.
  • Ethylene reactions may include, but are not limited to, oligomerization reactions and polymerization reactions. Specific reactions may include trimerization reactions, dimerization reactions, tetramerization reactions, Schulz-Flory distribution oligomerizations, and others.
  • Certain embodiments described herein may be directed to a selective ethylene reaction, such as a 1-hexene ethylene trimerization process, using a preformation composition.
  • the preformation composition may include various components.
  • the preformation composition may include (1) a ligand, (2) a chromium source, (3) a solvent, and (4) an activator.
  • a catalyst modifier is preferably present.
  • each of these components of the preformation composition may have one or more constituents.
  • the chromium source may be multiple sources of chromium used together to supply the desired amount of chromium.
  • the ligand may be one or more compounds.
  • the ligand may be ((phenyl) 2 PN(isopropyl)P(phenyl)NH(isopropyl)) (PHPNH).
  • the ligand may have a general structure R 1 R 2 P—N(R 3 )—P(R 4 )—N(R 5 )—H, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, (substituted) amino, trialkylsilyl, (substituted) phosphino, C 1 -C 15 -alkyl and/or alkenyl and/or alkynyl, aryl and substituted aryl.
  • the ligand may be Ph 2 PN(iPr)P(Ph)N(iPr)H.
  • the ligand is a PNPNH compound, which as used herein has the general structure R 1 R 2 P—N(R 3 )—P(R 4 )—N(R 5 )—H, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted tri(C 1-6 -alkyl)silyl, preferably trimethylsilyl, substituted or unsubstituted phosphino, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 10 -alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 20 -aryl, or any cyclic derivative wherein at least one of the P or N atoms is a member of a ring system, the ring system being formed from one or more constituent compounds of the PNPNH compound by substitution, i.e.
  • Suitable cyclic derivatives can be as follows:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 20 -aryl, more preferably unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl or unsubstituted C 6 -C 10 -aryl.
  • the chromium compound may be include organic or inorganic salts, coordination complexes, and organometallic complexes of Cr(II) or Cr(III).
  • the chromium compound is CrCl 3 (THF) 3 , Cr(III)acetylacetonate, Cr(III)octanoate, chromium hexacarbonyl, Cr(III)-2-ethylhexanoate, benzene(tricarbonyl)-chromium or Cr(III)chloride.
  • THF Cr(III)acetylacetonate
  • Cr(III)octanoate chromium hexacarbonyl
  • Cr(III)-2-ethylhexanoate benzene(tricarbonyl)-chromium or Cr(III)chloride.
  • a combination of different chromium compounds can be used.
  • examples of the solvent include one or more of an aromatic or aliphatic solvent or combinations thereof, preferably toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, cumenene, xylenes, mesitylene, C 4 -C 15 paraffins, cyclohexane, C 4 -C 12 olefins, such as butene, hexene, heptene, octene, or ethers or multiethers, such as diethylether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, di(C 1 -C 8 -alkyl)ethers, more preferably an aromatic solvent, most preferably toluene.
  • an aromatic or aliphatic solvent or combinations thereof preferably toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, cumenene, xylenes, mesitylene, C 4 -C 15 paraffins, cyclohexane, C 4 -C 12
  • the activator may be triethylaluminum.
  • the activator may be one or more of a tri(C 1 -C 6 -)alkyl aluminum, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aluminum sesquichloride, di(C 1 -C 6 -)alkyl aluminum chloride, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aluminum dichloride, wherein alkyl is preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl, a methylaluminoxane (MAO) or combinations thereof.
  • MAO methylaluminoxane
  • a modifier can also be present in the catalyst composition, for example an ammonium or phosphonium salt of the type [H 4 E]X, [H 3 ER]X, [H 2 ER 2 ]X, [HER 3 ]X, or [ER 4 ]X wherein E is N or P, X is Cl, Br or I, and each R is independently substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 22 -alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 10 -cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 22 -acyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 30 -aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 22 -alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 22 -alkynyl or the corresponding bridging di-, tri- or multiunits, or ammonium or phosphonium salts based on cyclic amines or
  • each R is independently substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 18 -alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 18 -acyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 18 -aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 18 -alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 22 -alkynyl; or more preferably C 1 -C 14 -alkyl, C 2 -C 14 -acyl, or phenyl or naphthyl.
  • the modifier is dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride or tetraphenylphosphonium chloride. The modifier can modify the activator, and serve as a chlorine source.
  • a pre-activation step is used to improve catalyst performance.
  • the pre-activation step may be combined with the use of a higher concentrated solution, i.e., using less solvent, to further improve catalyst performance.
  • Concentration may be from approximately 0.001% to approximately 10%, more preferably from approximately 0.001% to approximately 5%, and more preferably from 0.001% to approximately 1%.
  • a ligand and a chromium source are mixed together in a solvent in a pre-activation step and then activated by an activator prior to use.
  • a ligand such as PNPNH
  • a chromium source such as chromium chloride and chromium acetyl acetonate
  • a solvent such as toluene
  • an activator such as triethylaluminum
  • the catalyst modifier can be added with the ligand and/or the chromium source, or with the activator.
  • (1) a pre-activation step, and (2) a modified concentration of the solution, i.e., less toluene, may improve catalyst performance significantly.
  • the catalyst activity may be more than doubled when all components were mixed externally and stirred prior to transfer to the reactor.
  • pre-activation time may decrease activity again.
  • the pre-activation time should not exceed approximately 3 to approximately 5 hours.
  • the overall activity may decrease with prolonged activation time allotment.
  • the ligand and chromium source are mixed together in the solvent.
  • the components may be continuously or intermittently stirred.
  • the mixed components are continuously stirred.
  • the components may be added in sequence to a mixing device at ambient or other conditions.
  • Mixing may take place for between approximately 1 minute and approximately 18 hours, more preferably, between approximately 10 minutes and approximately 8 hours, and more preferably between approximately 15 minutes and approximately 5 hours.
  • a system 101 may provide for pre-activation of a preformation composition.
  • a preformation unit 103 may prepare a preformation composition for the oligomerization of ethylene.
  • the preformation unit 103 may receive ligand 105 , chromium 107 and solvent 109 .
  • the preformation unit 103 may then receive an activator 111 .
  • the preformation unit 103 may include a stirrer 113 for mixing the preformation composition prior to delivering the preformation composition to a reactor 115 .
  • Each line into the preformation unit may, optionally, each having dosing pumps and/or valves. Preferably, inert conditions may be used.
  • the system is integrated with an apparatus for the oligomerization of ethylene, more preferably for an apparatus for the trimerization of ethylene to 1-hexene, wherein reactor 115 is suitable for the oligomerization or the trimerization and is fitted with an outlet for the oligomeric product or the 1-hexene (not shown).
  • reactor 115 is suitable for the oligomerization or the trimerization and is fitted with an outlet for the oligomeric product or the 1-hexene (not shown).
  • Other components of such apparatuses are known in the art.
  • a 300 ml pressure reactor was equipped with a dip tube, thermowell, gas entrainment stirrer, cooling coil, control units for temperature, pressure, and stirrer speed.
  • the components of the pressure reactor were each connected to a data acquisition system.
  • the pressure reactor was inertized with dry nitrogen and filled with 100 ml anhydrous toluene.
  • This catalyst solution was stirred for various times prior to being transferred to the reactor under constant nitrogen flow, along with 1.7 ml of a 1.9 mol/l solution of triethylaluminum (TEA) in toluene.
  • TAA triethylaluminum
  • the reactor was sealed, pressurized with 30 bar dry ethylene, and heated to 40° C. While stirring at 1200 rpm, the ethylene consumption was monitored by the data acquisition system and an electronic balance by constantly weighing the ethylene pressure cylinder. After 120 min residence time, the reaction in the liquid phase was quenched by transferring the liquid inventory by means of ethylene pressure to a glass vessel filled with approximately 100 ml water. The entire gas phase from the reactor's head space was quantified by calibrated gas meter and was then collected quantitatively in a purged and evacuated gas bag.
  • FIG. 4 is shown a standard run (60 kg product) and two curves with an unoptimized, longer (bottom curve) and an optimized, shorter (middle curve) pre-activation time for the chromium compound and the ligand, illustrating that the unoptimized, longer activation time leads to reduced activity at the same concentration of chromium and the other catalyst components.
  • the top and the bottom lines had the same activation time, but an increased concentration of chromium (0.1 mmol for the top line, 0.025 for the middle line), which indicates that the improved production is not a concentration effect but primarily a pre-activation effect.
  • a method for improving catalyst performance preferably for improving catalyst performance in an oligomerization of ethylene, more preferably for improving catalyst performance in a trimerization of ethylene to 1-hexene, the method comprising pre-mixing at least one ligand and at least one chromium source in at least one solvent to form a pre-mixed composition; activating the pre-mixed composition with an activator to form an activated composition; and supplying the pre-activated composition to a reactor.
  • chromium source is selected from the group consisting of: chromium chloride, chromium acetyl acetonate, and combinations thereof.
  • a method for improving catalyst performance in an oligomerization of ethylene more preferably for improving catalyst performance in a trimerization of ethylene to 1-hexene, the method comprising: pre-mixing ((phenyl) 2 PN(isopropyl) P(phenyl)NH(isopropyl)) and at least one chromium source in toluene to form a pre-mixed composition; activating the pre-mixed composition with an activator to form an activated composition; and supplying the pre-activated composition to a reactor.
  • chromium source is selected from the group consisting of: chromium chloride, chromium acetyl acetonate, and combinations thereof.
  • a system for improving catalyst performance preferably for improving catalyst performance in an oligomerization of ethylene, more preferably for improving catalyst performance in a trimerization of ethylene to 1-hexene, the system comprising: a pre-mixing chamber for receiving inputs of one or more ligands, one or more chromium sources, one or more solvents, and one or more activators; one or more stirrers; and a reaction vessel in fluid communication with the pre-mixing chamber for receiving a pre-activated preformation composition.
  • chromium source is selected from the group consisting of: chromium chloride, chromium acetyl acetonate, and combinations thereof.
  • the invention can alternatively comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of, any appropriate components herein disclosed.
  • the invention can additionally, or alternatively, be formulated so as to be devoid, or substantially free, of any components, materials, ingredients, adjuvants or species used in the prior art compositions or that are otherwise not necessary to the achievement of the function and/or objectives of the present invention.
  • alkyl means a branched or straight chain, saturated, monovalent hydrocarbon group, e.g., methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, and n-butyl.
  • Alkylene means a straight or branched chain, saturated, divalent hydrocarbon group (e.g., methylene (—CH 2 —) or propylene (—(CH 2 ) 3 —)).
  • Alkynyl means a straight or branched chain, monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (e.g., ethynyl).
  • Alkoxy means an alkyl group linked via an oxygen (i.e., alkyl-O—), for example methoxy, ethoxy, and sec-butyloxy.
  • Cycloalkyl means a monovalent cyclic hydrocarbon group of the formula —C n H 2n-x wherein x is the number of cyclization(s).
  • Aryl means a monovalent, monocyclic or polycyclic, aromatic group (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl).
  • halo means a group or compound including one more halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I) substituents, which can be the same or different.
  • hetero means a group or compound that includes at least one ring member that is a heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently N, O, S, or P.
  • “Substituted” means that the compound or group is substituted with at least one (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) substituents instead of hydrogen, where each substituent is independently nitro (—NO 2 ), cyano (—CN), hydroxy (—OH), halogen, thiol (—SH), thiocyano (—SCN), C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, C 1-9 alkoxy, C 1-6 haloalkoxy, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 5-18 cycloalkenyl, C 6-12 aryl, C 7-13 arylalkylene (e.g, benzyl), C 7-12 alkylarylene (e.g, toluyl), C 4-12 heterocycloalkyl, C 3-12 heteroaryl, C 1-6 alkyl sulfonyl (—S( ⁇ O) 2 -alkyl), C 6-12 ary

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US20230364574A1 (en) * 2020-09-23 2023-11-16 Basell Polyolefine Gmbh Vessel system for pre activating a solid catalyst and method thereof

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WO2021045641A1 (en) * 2019-09-06 2021-03-11 Public Joint Stock Company "Sibur Holding" Method for preparing catalytic system for olefin oligomerization

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RU2647238C2 (ru) 2018-03-14
WO2015101959A2 (en) 2015-07-09
RU2016125168A (ru) 2018-02-13
KR20160106575A (ko) 2016-09-12
CA2933131A1 (en) 2015-07-09
MX2016008867A (es) 2016-09-29
WO2015101959A3 (en) 2015-11-26
JP2017504480A (ja) 2017-02-09
EP3092074A2 (en) 2016-11-16
CN108264444A (zh) 2018-07-10
JP6328268B2 (ja) 2018-05-23

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