US2089680A - High-pressure and high-temperature lubricant - Google Patents

High-pressure and high-temperature lubricant Download PDF

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US2089680A
US2089680A US740004A US74000434A US2089680A US 2089680 A US2089680 A US 2089680A US 740004 A US740004 A US 740004A US 74000434 A US74000434 A US 74000434A US 2089680 A US2089680 A US 2089680A
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particles
lubricant
oil
load
vehicle
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Victor R Abrams
Carroll A Hochwalt
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SULFO Corp OF AMERICA
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SULFO CORP OF AMERICA
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Priority to GB21977/35A priority patent/GB465510A/en
Priority to FR793602D priority patent/FR793602A/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M1/00—Liquid compositions essentially based on mineral lubricating oils or fatty oils; Their use as lubricants
    • C10M1/08—Liquid compositions essentially based on mineral lubricating oils or fatty oils; Their use as lubricants with additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
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    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/18—Natural waxes, e.g. ceresin, ozocerite, bees wax, carnauba; Degras
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    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
    • C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M2207/125—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids
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    • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
    • C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M2207/129—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of thirty or more carbon atoms
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    • C10M2207/16—Naphthenic acids
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    • C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
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    • C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
    • C10M2207/404—Fatty vegetable or animal oils obtained from genetically modified species
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    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
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    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
    • C10M2209/082—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type monocarboxylic
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    • C10M2209/12—Polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, biopolymers
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    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/02—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds
    • C10M2219/024—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds of esters, e.g. fats
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    • C10M2221/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions of monomers involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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    • C10M2221/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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    • C10M2221/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2221/041—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds involving sulfurisation of macromolecular compounds, e.g. polyolefins
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Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods of lubrication and lubricants adapted for high-pressure and for high-temperature use; and a particular object of the invention is to provide a mode of lubrication and type of lubricant having exceptional Value in the extreme-pressure range.
  • Fluid-film lubrication occurs when the viscosity of a uid medium interposed between the bearing surfaces is sufficient to prevent metal to metal rubbing.
  • the maximum pressure per unit area which can be withstood by such lms is directly dependent upon the existing viscosity of the medium in the zone of greatest pressure; and hence is limited thereby.
  • Mineral oil lubricants have an upper limit of vload-carrying capacity of about 6,000 lbs. per
  • Boundary-layer lubrication occurs when the lubricant or lubricant base is of such a nature as to be adsorbed -at the metallic bearing surfaces, producing a minute lubricant layer which resists rupture due to the tenacity with which it is held to the metallic surfaces and to its resistance to internal shear. This characteristic of a lubricant is often referred to as greasiness.
  • Oleic acid is an example of a lubricant base which is often added to mineral oils for the purpose of enabling the oil to lubn'cate at lhigher pressures, and it is supposed that its effectiveness is due to the formation of a boundary or surface layer of oleic acid molecules oriented and held perpendicularly to the metallic surface.
  • Various polar substances have been proposed and used.
  • the present upper limit of stable load-carrying capacity of practical lubricants of this type is about 15,000 lbs. per sq. inch under extreme conditions of temperature and total load, and since a great deal of development Work has been done and the raising of the limit by as much as 5,000 pounds regarded as a marked achievment, it is doubtful if a much higher order of magnitude is possible.
  • Contamination-nlm lubrication is s imilar to boundary-layer lubrication, and occurs when the lubricant contains or yields a substance which combines chemically with the bearing metal to form a lm which contaminates the bearing surfaces and thus prevents welding or seizing, and which preferably offers a high resistance to rupture.
  • Chlorinated and sulfurized oils, containing chlorine or sulphur in available reactive form are examples of this type of lubricant.
  • a disadvantage of this type is that substantial corrosion and wear of the bearing surfaces is produced at high pressures and temperatures, with the result that even though quite high unit area bearing pressures can be sustained momentarily, the high rate of wear at extreme-pressures makes them generally unsuitable for such use.
  • Graphite and talc are examples of this type of lubricant material. While solid particles are capable of producing satisfactory lubrication at quite high pressures, there are certain practical disadvantages which render lubricants of this type undesirable for many uses. specifications for free-wheeling transmission lubricants forbid the presence of fillers, such as talc and graphite (S. A. E. Handbook, 1933 Ed., page 436):
  • lubricants exhibit several of the above-mentioned lubrication functions in combination.
  • a good example of this is a suspension of flowers of sulfur in a liquid vehicle, such as is described in Patent No. 1,913,300, issued June 6, 1933, to V. R. Abrams.
  • the liquid vehicle will be suiiiciently viscous to sustain the load by fluid-film lubrication, and the sulfur particles may also exert solid-particle lubrication.
  • the type of lubricant which' we have developed is exceptional'in that it is characterized by having a stable load-carrying capacity in excess of about 30,000 pounds per square inch which in some cases may be as high as 75,000 pounds per square inch, or higher; without producing appreciable bearing wear, both under ordinary and extreme lubricating conditions.
  • 'I'he load-carrying capacity given as illustrative represents a concant compositions.
  • the fundamental conception which we have, and which is the basic idea back of our invention, is that of employing as the primary lubricant media finely divided non-colloidal particles (by which is meant particles of greater than colloidal size) of organic material which at high temperatures possess a substantial viscosity and capability of highly viscous or plastic ow under pressure. These particles may either be solid at room temperature or capable of highly viscous or plastic flow, the essential thing being the foregoing characteristics at high temperatures, namely, a high resistance to ilow under pressure. Very finely divided particles, approaching colloidal size, or particles large enough to be visible to the naked eye, and those of intermediate size, may all be used.
  • the particles may be of such kind as to be insoluble in the vehicle and non-melting at high temperatures closely approaching or equal to the decomposition point of the particles.
  • the lubricant particles serve as yieldable flowable cushions between the bearing surfaces and because of their relatively high degree of viscosity, or plasticity, are able to withstand high compressive and shear forces and thus prevent metal to metal rubbing and seizure.
  • the reason that lubricants of the fluidlm type commonly fail at only moderately high unit area pressures is due to the low viscosity possessed by the particular lubricant at the high local temperatures 'existing in the zone of greatest pressure, rather than to the fact that uidfilm lubrication is inherently impossible at great pressures.
  • the lubricant particles which we use areA characterized by being yieldable and flowable and yet possessing a high resistance to iiow under pressure at high temperatures, and thus are able to exist in a highly viscous or plastic state between bearing surfaces under extreme-pressures and thereby support the load.
  • these lubricant particles are likewise effective because of their characteristic of high viscosity or plasticity under high temperatures;
  • the mode of lubrication effected by the type of particles employed by us somewhat resembles huid-film lubrication but differs from methods heretofore used. Under very light loads the mode of lubrication may diverge somewhat toward that of solid-particle lubrication if the .particular particles are highly resistant to flow, but the particles will still possess the property of forming a yieldable flowable load supporting layer between bearing surfaces and hence will not give true solid particle lubrication.
  • the vehicle is not relied upon for high-pressure lubrication, although it may exert a useful lubrication function in low pressure zones between the bearing surfaces, it may be chosen without particular regard to its lubricating quality.
  • the principal consideration is that of the flash-point of the oil, and the oil should preferably be chosen so'that the temperature in the immediate vicinity of the bearing to be lubricated will not be above the ash-point.
  • the vehicle should also have a sufhciently low volatility so thatundue evaporation will not take place.
  • the following list of substances illustrates the wide variety of organic materials which can be employed to form lubricant particles for use in mineral oil vehicles in accordance with our invention. These materials can be produced so as to be insoluble, or relatively insoluble, in mineral oil at elevated temperatures, and are highly viscous or plastic at high temperatures and pressures so -as to provide the previously described cushioning and iluid-lm eiect between bearing surfaces.
  • Uilm-Tung, linseed, and soya bean oils can be polymerized by heat alone to the point of insolubility in mineral oil.
  • Castor oil can be polymerized by heating with a polymerization catalyst such as AlCls, and can be oxidized-polymerized by heating and blowing with air or oxygen.
  • Tung and linseed oils (and mixtures thereof) and soya bean and corn oils mixed with tung or linseed oil can be readily oxidized at room tem.
  • the oil may first be polymerized and then oxidized, or may be simultaneously oxidized and polymerized, as by blowing and agitating at elevated temperatures.
  • Vulcanized producir- Raw rubber can all be vulcanized, as with sulfur monochloride (szClz), to form suitable masses.
  • the products should preferably be freed of the generated hydrochloric acid which has not passed olf, and any residual S2Cl2, since these substances will produce corrosion and wear.
  • the pure vulcanized products of this type do not appear to cause appreciable bearing wear, although vulcanized mineral oil does, Art gum, which is a vulcanized corn oil, is a well known and inexpensive product which may be utilized.
  • Hydrocarbon products -Insoluble asphalts, such as' blown or oxidized asphalt; and insoluble higher polymers of hydrocarbons, such asoxidized petroleiun resins.
  • Insoluble high-melting soaps Aluminum soap of polymerized tung oil, is a soap which is insoluble and highly viscous at high temperatures and is to be distinguished from the ordinary soaps which dissolve in oil, or melt, at high temperatures.
  • the synthetically produced products such as polymerized, oxidized and vulcanized oils, etc., may be termed reactively-thickened materials rendered insoluble and of high viscosity or plasticity at high temperatures.
  • 'I'he products which are produced synthetically may be introduced in finely divided form in the chosen vehicle in any of several ways. They may be formed directly without the presence of the Vehicle, and then ground up and distributed in the vehicle; the raw materials may be placed in the vehicle and the product formed in situ under suicient agitation to produce nely divided particles distributed therein; or the raw materials may be placed in a liquid carrying medium, the product formed in situ in nely divided form, and the particles removed and distributed in the chosen lubricant vehicle.
  • vas regards the production of the synthetic products is that the treatment must be carried Yil) to the point where the product is insoluble in the chosen vehicle.
  • the treatment must be carried Yil to the point where the product is insoluble in the chosen vehicle.
  • the oxidized product initially formed is relatively soluble in the mineral oil, but continuation of the treatment soon produces a product )which is suiilciently insoluble to cause the formation of insoluble particles.
  • a lubricant product comprised of a mobile vehicle and insoluble non-colloidal lubricant particles distributed therein, which is stable and free from settling. That is, when a thick grease or paste is not desired, a more or less freely flowing product ,in which the lubricant particles are stably sussubstantially in contact with each other, a certain finite minimum force is required to produce continued relative displacement or movement of theparticles.
  • a mobile carrying medium contains a sufficient number of these particles, so that they are substantially in contact with each other, a certain finite minimum force is also necessary to produce continued relative motion of the particles, or to produce continued motion of other particles or bodies present. Hence a minimum force is required to produce flow or to cause a body introduced into the gel mass settle to the bottom.
  • gelcosity is used to designate this property ofdiscontinuous gelatinous masses
  • gelcose particles are, therefore, either true gel particles or particles which are similar to gel particles and have a gel nature in other words, the particles found in a discontinuous gelatinous" mass.
  • a gelcous discontinuous gelatinous mass which may be of smooth texture and freely flowing, is comprised of at least two materials,A
  • the gelcous mass may, therefore, be spoken of broadly as a discontinuous gelatinous mass composed of elastic particles substantially in contact with each other and,I having the interspaces containing a liquid.
  • Gelcous mixtures have been made up which indefinitely resist settling of the particles contained therein, both as to the gelcose particles and as to non-gelcose particles distributed therethrough. This is due to the fact that the force exerted upon each particle by gravity is insumcient to produce continuous motion through the surrounding particles, resulting in an equilibrium condition in which the particles are stably suspended, notwithstanding that the mixture may be freely flowing and pour readily from a container in the manner of a light oil. Broadly speaking, suspended non-gelcose particles present may be said to be supported by the gelcose particles.
  • the relative gelcosity or suspending power of mobile media may be easily determined by using a light metal plate or vane suspended in a vertical plane by a ne wire or fibre secured to a iixed support.
  • the wire should be surrounded by a 30 fixed tube or sleeve to prevent sway.
  • the vane is placed in the medium and the latter rotated a certain amount, as by turning the receptacle, whereupon the Vane will swing about its axis and then return toward its initial rest position, due to the restoring force exerted by the wire.
  • the vane will not return completely but will come to rest in a displaced position, the greater the displacement the greater the force needed to cause continuous movement within the medium and, hence, the greater the gelcosity or suspending power. If the medium is mobile but continuous, the vane will slowly return to the initial position even .though the medium is highly viscous; while a highly gelcous medium will cause a large displacement even though quite freely owing'in consistency.
  • particles of a non-gelcose nature must be present in very large concentration to produce any noticeable displacement, whereas particles of a gel nature cause a deiinite displacement even when produced by a relatively small concentration of the material which is solvated, swelled or surrounded by adsorbed liquid, to form them.
  • the particles are gelcose and the relative gelcosity imparted by various kinds and concentrations of gelcose particles.
  • Gelcose lubricant particles may be made from the following in accordance with our invention: Oxidized, polymerized or vulcanized tung oil, and combinations thereof; vulcanized corn oil; vulcanized linseed oil; vulcanized rubber; and mixtures thereof. These are given by way of illustration and we are not limited thereto. From all of these materials freely-flowing lubricants comprised of lubricant particles stably suspended in a liquid vehicle may be prepared.
  • the iirst method consists in preparing the material directly and subsequently grinding it in powdered form with a liquid capable of solvating or swelling it without dissolving it, and then distributing the gelcose particles in a suitable liquid Vehicle, which maybe the same or a different liquid substance.
  • 'Ihe second method used by us is to dissolve the raw material in unthickened form in a liquid in which the thickened form is insoluble and which is capable of imparting gelcosity to particles of the thickened material.
  • This liquid may or may not be the ultimate vehicle for the particles.
  • step's are involved-(a) dissolving the tungV oil in a solvent, (b) changing the state of the tung oil so that it comes out of solution, (c) dissolving, absorbing or otherwise causing some of the original solvent to be taken up by the tung oil in its new state so as to form a gel, and (d) breaking the gel up so as to produce a discontinuous gelatinous mass containing discrete gel particles.
  • a) dissolving the tungV oil in a solvent changing the state of the tung oil so that it comes out of solution
  • dissolving, absorbing or otherwise causing some of the original solvent to be taken up by the tung oil in its new state so as to form a gel and (d) breaking the gel up so as to produce a discontinuous gelatinous mass containing discrete gel particles.
  • Long continuation of the oxidation will eventually result in particles of less and less gelcosity, andY this is probably due to the tung oil becoming oxidized to a point where its capacity for taking up the solvent is
  • an auxiliary material may be used to produce gelcose particles for sustaining non-gelcose lubricant particles, or lubricant particles of a gelcose nature but not completely self-sustaining due to the low concentration in which used.
  • various soaps or waxes insoluble in the Vehicle at room temperatures may be used.
  • aluminum stearate or sodium oleate may be dissolved in a mineral oil, by heating together, allowed to cool to form a gel, and agitated to produce nely divided'gel particles. 'Ihe lubricant particles are distributed through the mixture and sustained by the gel particles.
  • Carnauba wax may be used very eiectively for this purpose, as described and claimed in our copending application, Serial No. 700,005, led August 15, 1934. Its use is illustrated in Example 4.
  • Gelcose lubricant particles retain gelcosity at high temperatures due to the fact that the lubricant material used is of a character which does not melt or dissolve at high temperatures.l This property is not possessed by the ordinary soap and wax gels, and these lose gelcosity at various moderately ele'vated temperatures. In most cases this does not impair their practical utility for suspending lubricant particles, for the reason that during use of the lubricant mixture there will be suicient agitation and circulation to prevent settling out of the lubricant particles and to maintain a uniform mixture, and upon standing during idling the gelcosity will be restored due to the lowering of the temperature.
  • suflcient gelcosity producing material should be employed initially; or as an alternative the mixture can be allowed to stand until substantial equilibrium has resulted and the serum layer then drawn oi.
  • the formation of a serum layer does not mean that the gelcose particles are not stably suspended, but that an excess of liquid is present. In other words, there is no settling to a compact mass, and the mixture can be easily made uniform by stirring.
  • the upper ball By applying ,upward pressure against the lower chuck, as by means of a hydraulic piston, the upper ball can be rotated against the lower balls under various loadings.
  • a cup mounted on the lower chuck and extending around the balls, is used as the con;- tainer for the lubricant to be tested.
  • the lower chuck is mounted on ball bearings so that it is free to turn, and by measuring the force required to hold it stationary, the torque produced by the rotation of the upper ball against the lower balls can be determined.
  • Steel balls manufactured for use in ball bearings are used. These can be readily obtained of a high uniformity as regards diameter, smoothness, and metal hardness. A new set of balls is used for each test. In the tests reported herein, the lower balls were each of carbon steel and inch diameter, while the upper ball was of chrome steel and 1/2 inch diameter. The upper ball was rotated at a speed to give a bearing contact velocity of 200 feet per minute.
  • the lubricant container, or cup, used in thev ,indication of behavior under severe service conditions was obtained.
  • the usual test procedure was to place a. new set of balls in the chucks, iill the ⁇ cup with the lubricant to be tested, start the upper or rotor ball rotating, raise the lower of stator balls until in bearing contact with the rotor ball, rapidly increase the total load up to the selected top value, hold the load for the desired length of test, and remove the load.
  • the torque indicator is watched for signs of seizure .between the bearings. 'I'he total load that can be useddepends upon the quality of the lubricant.
  • the balls are removed an examined for signs of corrosion and undue wear.
  • the central ball will be relatively free from signs of wear and the stator balls will each have a small smooth concave depression, or crater, with an elliptical boundary.
  • Each stator ball is placed under a measuring microscope and the dimensions of the boundary outline of the cratermeasured, and
  • the effective area of bearing wear is the projected area of the worn surface on a plane tangent to the ball at the original point of contact, and represents the area bearing the 1 component of total load per ball which is perpendicular to the ball at the original point of contact.
  • the sustained bearing pressure per unit area is obtained. This is equal to the result which would be obtained by integr-ating the component of pressure perpendicular to each point on the surface of the crater over the whole surface and dividing by the actual area of the crater surface.
  • the figures given for effective area of bearing wear are the average values per ball as determined from all three stator balls.
  • the unit area pressure which represents the load-carrying capacity of the lubricant at the end of the test, is obtained by dividing the load by the effective area of bearing wear.
  • the load per ball should be about 50 pounds per square inch or greater in order that substantially all of the load will be carried by the area of bearing wear, thus giving accurate results. If a much lower load is used, a substantial percentage of the load will be carried by the lubricant film in the annular region surrounding the area of wear. thus making the calculation of load-carrying capacity inaccurate.
  • the bearing area will increase so long asthe unit area pressure is above the stable load-carrying capacity oi the lubricant, until a point of equilibrium is established if the test is continued long enough, assuming that a nonabrasive non-corrosive lubricant is used.
  • a good lubricant which is not abrasive or corrosive in nature will have a stable load-carrying capacity as shown by a fteen minute test run.
  • Fig. 2 shows performance curves for oxidized tung oil, and for sulfurized mineral oil, indicating the individual and relative performances for various loadings, as described in Example 2.
  • Example 1 10% of tung oil was dissolved in 90% of a light petroleum neutral oil (28 Baum, Saybolt viscosity of 100 at 100 FJ. An oxidation catalyst consisting of cobalt naphthanate was added, in an amount of produce a 0.05% content of cobalt.
  • the test procedure was as previously described.
  • the load in each case was raised to a. 77 lbs. top value during a period of 30 seconds, and this load was then maintained constant for 15 minutes.
  • the area developed on the rotor balls was measured and the sustained bearing prsure per square inch, at the end of the test, computed.
  • the curve of Fig. 1 shows the pressure ,per square inch, sustained at the end of a fifteen minute test period, plotted against t'he oxidation time. It will be seen that the load-carrying capacity of the tung oil-mineral oil mixture slowly increases from about 8,5100 to 12,500 iba/in,2 during the rst 60 minutes of oxidation, following which a very sudden transition occurs, resulting in a ⁇ load-carrying capacity of 76,000 lbs./in.2 at the end of an additional thirty minutes, and from this point on rthe load-carrying capacity remains substantially constant.
  • Example 2 Anoxidized tung oil type of product was made up in accordance with our invention in the manner described in Example 1, except that the oxidation time was extended to about 6 hours. As 10% of tung oil was used, the product was quite gelcous in nature and but little serum separaiedfrom the solvated oxidized tung oil particles upon standing. The lubricant mixture was free ilowing in consistency. The agitation had been sufficient to make the mixture smooth in texture, that is, free from gel particles of large enough size to be detected by the eye. These particles were, however, plainly visible under a. microscope.
  • bearingI pressure curve shows a decrease from about 90,000 lbs./in.2 at the lightest load to about 76,000 lbs./in.2 at the heavy loads.
  • the curve approaches a horizontal line and at loads above 50 lbs. is substantially constant in value.
  • Curve I shows that 76,000 lbs./in.2 is a true value for the load-carrying capacity of the oxidized tung oil lubricant, since at above 50 lbs. load no appreciable decrease occurs upon further increase of cad.
  • Example 3 A solution of 25% of tung oil in 75% of a light petroleum neutral oil was oxidized in the presenceof a catalyst, in the manner previously described, for a period of 5 hours. At the end of two months standing the product was uniform and free from any serum layer, and appeared 5 stable and free from signs of the skin which is produced by oxidation during standing. It had the consistency of a light grease, but upon stirring quickly became freely flowing.
  • Eample 4 This example illustrates the use of lignin for the lubricant particles, in accordance with our invention, and also the employment of auxiliary material to impart gelcosity or suspending power to the lubricant mixture for supporting the lubricant particles in a mobile vehicle.
  • 'Ihe vehicle used was a light petroleum neutral oil (28 Baum, 100 vis. at 100 FJ. 71/% of carnauba wax was dissolved in a portion of the petroleum oil at 100 C., and the solution was then allowed to cool to below C., and stirred to produce a smooth gelcous mass which was freely flowing.
  • the mixture was diluted with additional petroleum oil to produce a wax content of 3%, after. which 5% of powdered lignin was introduced and the whole thoroughly stirred to produce a uniform product.
  • This lubricant remained uniform on standing, as the wax-oil gel particles"imparted suiiicient gelcosity to prevent settling of themselves and of the lignin particles.
  • the lignin particles in this lubricant mixture are not gelcose, and hence not self-sustaining, but do possess the general characteristics of our type of lubricant, namely, they are capable of highly viscous or plastic flow at high temperatures and make possible lubrication at a higher order of magnitude of unit area pressure than is possible with the vehicle alone.
  • Example 5 illustrates the use of gelcose equal volume of carbon tetrachloride, the latter serving merely as a diluent to prevent excessive heating during the subsequent reaction, and sulfur monochloride (S2012) in amount equal to 16%% by weight of the corn oil was then added. Vulcanization occurred and the product was a rubbery translucent mass. This was divided into small pieces and boiled in several washings of water to remove soluble material present, such as hydrochloric acid formed by the reaction, and to evaporate the carbon tetrachloride. The puried product was then dried to about 150.F. until again translucent and free from moisture.
  • S2012 sulfur monochloride
  • lubricants are of especial value may be mentioned the following, by way of illustration: The lubrication of roll-neck bearings in steel mills, where both high general temperatures and high pressures are a great problem; lubrication of thrust bearings of large turbines, dynamos, etc.; vthe lubrication of all bearingairrespective of pressures, located in high temperature regions such as in and near ovens and furnaces; and the lubrication in metal-cutting where the chips bear against the cutting tool with great pressure and/or where considerable heating results, as in turning, drilling,l milling and thread cutting. Many other advantageous applications of our lubricants will occur to those skilled in the art.
  • lubricant may, of course, be mixed with the present type of lubricant as circumstances may direct.
  • a noncorrosive lubricant especially adapted for low pressure use may be added to meet conditions calling both for the best low-pressure low-temperature and high-pressure and/or high-temperature composite lubricant.
  • a lubricant comprising a non-volatile mobile vehicle, and finely divided highly viscous particles of greater than colloidal size distributed therethrough as a lubricant ingredient and essentially composed of drying or senil-drying oil reactively-thickened to the point of insolubility in mineral oils at high temperatures, the vehicle being of a kind in which the particles are undissolved at both ordinary and high temperatures and the lubricant mixture being able to sustain extreme bearing pressures owing primarily to the presence of said particles in highly viscous form even at high temperatures of at least about 190 C.
  • a lubricant comprising a non-volatile mobile vehicle, and nely divided highly viscous particles of greater than colloidal size distributed therein as a lubricant ingredient and essentially composed of oxidized or oxidized-polymerized oil from the group consisting of tung, linseed, corn, soya bean and castor oils, the oil being reactivelythickened to the point of insolubility in mineral oils at high temperatures, the vehicle being of a kind in which the particles are undissolved at both ordinary and high temperatures and the lubricant mixture being able to sustain extreme bearing pressures owing primarily to the presence of said particles in highly viscous form at high temperatures.
  • a lubricant comprising a non-volatile mobile vehiclel and nely divided highly viscous particles of greater than colloidal size distributed therein as a lubricant ingredient and essentially composed of vulcanized oil from the group consisting of tung, linseed, corn, soya bean and castor oils, the oil being vulcanized to the point of insolubili'ty in mineral oils at high temperatures, the vehicle being of a kind in which the particles are undissolved at both ordinary and high temperatures and the lubricant mixture being free of corrosive material and able to sustain extreme bearing pressures owing primarily to the presence of said particles in highly viscous form at high temperatures.
  • a lubricant comprising a non-volatile petroleum oil vehicle, and finely divided highly viscous particles of greater than colloidal size distributed therethrough as a lubricant ingredient and essentially composed of drying or semi-drying oil reactively-thickened to the point of insolu- 25 bility in the vehicle at both ordinary and high temperatures, the lubricant mixture being able to sustain extreme bearing pressures owing primarily to the presence of said particles in highly viscous form even at high temperatures of at least about 190 C.
  • a lubricant comprising a non-volatile petroleum oil vehicle, and finely divided highly viscous particles of greater than colloidal size distributed therein as a lubricant ingredient and essentially composed of oxidized or oxidizedpolymerized oil from the group consisting of tung, linseed, corn, soya bean and castor oils, the oil being reactiVely-thickened to the point of insolubility in the vehicle at both ordinary and high ⁇ i0 temperatures, the lubricant mixture being free of corrosive material and able to sustain extreme bearing pressures owing primarily to the presence of said particles in highly viscous form at high temperatures.
  • a lubricant comprising a non-volatile petroleum oil vehicle and finely divided highly viscous particles of greater than colloidal size distributed therein as a lubricant ingredient and essentially composed of vulcanized oil from the 50 group consisting of tung, linseed, corn, soya bean and castor oils,'the oil being vulcanized to the point of insolubility in the vehicle at both ordinary and high temperatures, the lubricant mixture being free of corrosive material and able to sustain extreme bearing pressures owing primarily to the presence of said particles in highly viscous form at high temperatures.
  • a lubricant comprising a non-volatile petroleum oil vehicle and iinely divided highly viscous particles of greater than colloidal size of oxidized tung oil solvated with petroleum oil and insoluble in the vehicle, said particles being un- 7 5 ⁇ dissolved and highly viscous at high temperatures and serving as a lubricating ingredient capable of sustaining extreme bearing pressures.
  • a freely flowing lubricant comprising a petroleum oil vehicle and nely divided particles of greater than colloidal size of oxidized tung oil formed in situ and solvated by the vehicle so as to constitute therewith a freely flowing discontinuous gelatinous mass containing suspended lubricant gel particles, the particles beingr oxidized to the point of being undssolved and highly viscous in the vehicle at high temperatures and serving as a lubricant ingredient capable of sustaining extreme pressures.
  • a lubricant comprising a non-volatile mobile vehicle and iinely divided highly viscous particles of vulcanized corn oil of greater than colloidal size distributed therein as a lubricant ingredient, the corn oil being vulcanized to the point of insolubility in mineral oils at high temperatures, the vehicle being of a kind in which the particles are undissolved at both ordinary and high temperatures and the lubricant mixture being able to sustain extreme bearing pressures o'wing primarily to the presence of said particles in highly viscous form at high temperatures.
  • a lubricant comprising a non-volatile petroleum oil vehicle and finely divided highly viscous particles of greater than colloidal size of vulcanized corn cil solvated with petroleum oil and insoluble in the vehicle, said particles being undissolved and highly viscous at high temperatures and serving as a lubricating ingredient capable of sustaining extreme bearing. pressures.
  • a freely iiowing lubricant comprising a petroleum oil vehicle containing suspended nely divided particles of greater than colloidal size of vulcanized corn oil solvated by the vehicle and present in amount to serve as an extreme-pressure lubricating ingredient but not to prevent free ow, the particles being vulcanized to the -point of being undissolved and highly viscous in the vehicle at high temperature.
  • a lubricant comprising a non-volatile mobile vehicle and iinely divided particles of lignin of greater than colloidal size distributed therein as a lubricant ingredient, the vehicle being of a kind in which the particles are undissolved and highly viscous at high temperatures.
  • a lubricant comprising a non-volatile petroleum oil vehicle containing finely divided particles of lignin of greaterthan colloidal size present in suicient amount to serve as a lubricating ingredient.
  • a freely flowing lubricant comprising a non-volatile petroleum oil vehicle gelled with an elastic-gel-forming material so as to contain iinely divided elastic gel particles substantially in contact with each other and .having the interspaces containing oil, constituting a freely :liowing suspending medium, and finely divided particles of lignin of greater than colloidal size distributed through the mixture in amount to serve as a lubricating ingredient and yet be suspended by the gel particles.
  • Amethod of providing lubrication in a zone in which high temperature conditions prevail comprising supplying into the zone and maintaining thereln a lubricant containing a, nonvolatile mobile vehicle and containing finely divided highly viscous lubricating particles of greater than colloidal size essentially composed of oxidized or oxidized-polymerized oil from the group consisting of tung, linseed, corn, soya bean and castor oils, said particles being of a kind lti highly viscous and insoluble rin the vehicle even at high temperatures in excess of about 190 C.
  • a method of lubricating bearing surfaces and the like comprising applying to said surfaces a petroleum oil vehicle containing oxidized tung oil in the form of finely divided particles of greater than colloidal size present in amount to serve as a. lubricating ingredient, said particles being of a kind undissolved and highly viscous in the vehicle at high temperatures.
  • a method of lubricating bearing surfaces and the like comprising applying to said surfaces a petroleum oil vehicle containing vulcanized corn oil in the form of finely divided particles of greater than colloidal size present in sufficient amount to serve as a lubricating ingredient, said particles being'of a kind undissolved and highly viscous in the vehicle at high temperatures.
  • a method of providing eiective lubrication in a zone in which high temperature conditions prevail comprising supplying into said zone and maintaining therein a lubricant containing a non-volatile mobile vehicle and containing nely divided lignin particles of greater than colloidal size in amount to serve as a lubricating ingredient.
  • a method of lubricating bearing surfaces and the like comprising applying to said surfaces a petroleum oil vehicle containing finely divided lignin particles of greater than colloidal size in amount to serve as a lubricating ingredient.
  • VICTOR R ABRAMS. CARROLL A. HOCHWALT.

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  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
US740004A 1934-08-15 1934-08-15 High-pressure and high-temperature lubricant Expired - Lifetime US2089680A (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2417850A (en) * 1942-04-14 1947-03-25 Willis M Winslow Method and means for translating electrical impulses into mechanical force
WO2004007126A1 (fr) * 2002-06-11 2004-01-22 Maus S.P.A. Procede d'usinage de materiaux metalliques en alliage leger, notamment des roues en alliage d'aluminium, par tournage

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2417850A (en) * 1942-04-14 1947-03-25 Willis M Winslow Method and means for translating electrical impulses into mechanical force
WO2004007126A1 (fr) * 2002-06-11 2004-01-22 Maus S.P.A. Procede d'usinage de materiaux metalliques en alliage leger, notamment des roues en alliage d'aluminium, par tournage

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FR793602A (fr) 1936-01-28

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