US2666144A - Electroradiography - Google Patents

Electroradiography Download PDF

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Publication number
US2666144A
US2666144A US142024A US14202450A US2666144A US 2666144 A US2666144 A US 2666144A US 142024 A US142024 A US 142024A US 14202450 A US14202450 A US 14202450A US 2666144 A US2666144 A US 2666144A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
plate
image
charged
electroradiography
images
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US142024A
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English (en)
Inventor
Roland M Schaffert
Robert C Mcmaster
William E Bixby
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Battelle Development Corp
Original Assignee
Battelle Development Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Battelle Development Corp filed Critical Battelle Development Corp
Priority to US142024A priority Critical patent/US2666144A/en
Priority to GB13800/51A priority patent/GB721944A/en
Priority to CH300623D priority patent/CH300623A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2666144A publication Critical patent/US2666144A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/22—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20
    • G03G15/26—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20 in which the charge pattern is obtained by projection of the entire image, i.e. whole-frame projection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/054—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern using X-rays, e.g. electroradiography
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/06—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
    • G03G15/08—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording-members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat or to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G03G5/08—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic
    • G03G5/082—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic and not being incorporated in a bonding material, e.g. vacuum deposited
    • G03G5/08207—Selenium-based
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
    • Y10S430/144—Hydrogen peroxide treatment
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
    • Y10S430/167—X-ray
    • Y10S430/168—X-ray exposure process

Definitions

  • FIGURE 1 ELECTRORADIOGRAPHY Filed Feb. 2, 1950 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 INVENTORS Roland M. Schuffert Roberr C. McMclster BY William E. Bixby M, ymm 13 J4, AGENTS.
  • This invention relates to electroradiography; an electrical method for preparingradiographic images produced by penetrating radiation.
  • a sensitive plate i'l' isbeing electrostatically charged by corona discharge from asensitizingwire. l2.
  • Such sensitizing or dischargewire I2 is shown supported by an insulating frame I3Lfixedto a 'supportingtable or bench 15. Also illustrated schematically is a high-voltage source 16 for en.- er'gizing the corona discharge wire 12;
  • Figure 3 illustrates two of" the waysxinwhich the-electrostatic imageproduced on plate M by an exposure processsuch as illustrated in Elgas illustrated in Figure 1.
  • Figure ishows a specimen used in tests to determine contrast sensitivity for the process.
  • specimen consisted of a metal sandwich made up of three layers of metal (alminum was used) 40, 4!, and 4.2.
  • middle layer ti were circular hol'esoi, varying diameters as indicated at, M, 45, 45, 41, and 4%.
  • part (b) of thefigure is a pictorial representation of the electroradiograph obtained when using such specimen and illustrating how the regions of lesser thickness are, indicated by white, or lighter colored areas, on the 'electroradiograph.
  • this invention relates to a dry, electrical method for producing images creatediby penetrating radiations.
  • This. plate consists of a conductive backing plate upon which a layer of semi-conductive material is coated.
  • the manner of preparation of suchlplates forms no parttof the present invention and will not he described here except to mention some materialsL which. are" satisfactory as coating materials. These include selenium, sulphur; anthracenamixtures of sulphur and anthracene; mix-- tures of selenium and sulphur and other materials sensitive to penetrating radiations.
  • the firsttstcp in the process of the present invention is to provide an electrostatic charge on the surface of the sensitive plate. is preferably accomplished by subjecting theplate to a corona discharge from thin wires or-needles Other methods. are
  • the'term penetrating radiation as herein employed relates to X-rays. gamma rays, Kir rays and any other penetrating electromagnetic wave radiation capable of exciting suitable semi-conductors to a state of increased conductivity.
  • the term may be further defined as radiation capable of penetrating a layer of matter, no matter how thin, which is opaque to ordinary visible light.
  • the object to be radiographed may be suspended in any desired manner above the sensitive surface, or otherwise positioned between the radiation source and the sensitive surface during the exposure step.
  • Arrangements may also be provided wherein the radiations pass; through a hole in the plate, strike the test object and are reflected back to the plate.
  • provision may be made for either the object and/or the radiation source veloper powder with a granular carrier material produces a good combination for developing the radiographic images.
  • Figure 3 illustrates two ways by which development may be achieved.
  • the visible image formed by the developing or dusting process may be inspected at once. However, a permanent copy of the image may be obtained in a few seconds and it is often desirable to obtain such a copy in addition to inond material.
  • the obtaining of. a copy may be accomplished in numerous ways.
  • an adhesive coated sheet may be pressed against the powder image bearing plate and transfer of the powder particles thus effected.
  • Chemical transfer methods involving solvents, etc. are also convenient.
  • a preferred method comprises contacting the image bearing plate with a sheet or material to which the image is to be transferred and subjecting such assembly to a corona type discharge which will spray electrostatic charges onto the transfer material.
  • electrostatic action the powder image is transferred to the sec- This may be accomplished by the identical device shown in Figure 1.
  • the transferred image may be rendered permanent by fusing or by chemically fixing to the transfer ma- I terial.
  • electrostatic scanning methods may be adapted to reproduce the electrostatic image pattern created during the exposure step. This may be accomplished by passing a scanning head over the sensitive surface bearing the charge pattern, whereupon semiconductive materials are readily discharged
  • a charged seleniumcoated plate should be exposed to the penetrating radiations in darkness, while a charged anthracene-coated plate may be so exposed in the light.
  • the step of exposing the charged, sensitive surface to penetrating radiation through the ob- I ject being tested, or radiographed, will produce a condition on the sensitive surface wherein those areas which have been subjected to high intensities of the radiations will become discharged, while other areas will be only partially discharged, in accordance with the amount'of penetrating radiation which has struck there.
  • the next step in the process of the present invention is to develop this charge image and make it visible.
  • the development step in this process is preferably done by contacting the charge image with a suitable powder or other dry developer. This may be accomplished, for example, by flowing the developer powder back and forth across the charged surface. It will be found that the de veloper particles adhere to the charged areas on the plate. Various resinous powders have been found satisfactory for this developing process,
  • a m ture of dethe image may be reproduced on a screen in response to the signals from the scanning head.
  • Standard sieve show clearly wires of 0.0O3 l-inch diameter, spaced 0.0049-inch apart; while excellent images of ,200-mesh sieves establish the definition of the present electroradiographic method as at least I 200 lines per inch, which value is not intended to be limiting, but merely illustrative. This observed definition compares very favorably with scopic screen under laboratory observation conditions. These electroradiographs were obtained 'using a 20 second exposure to an industrial X-ray work and one per cent may be obtained under most conditions. In fluoroscopy, however, the
  • contrast sensitivity is of the order of 15 per cent. Even under optimum conditions industrial fluoroscopic images have seldom, if ever, shown contrast sensitivities better than six or seven per cent.
  • a preliminary estimate of the large area contrast sensitivity of electroradiography has been obtained by using the process to produce electroradiographs of sandwiches made up to thick sheets of aluminum containing an. internal aluminum layer of nominal thickness with several drilled holes. For example, images have been obtained with a metal sandwich it-inch thick having a series of holes of different diameters in the middle fir-inch section. These are revealed clearly in the electroradiograph (see Figure l). Similar holes present in a i s-inch thick layer of aluminum sandwiched between two /2-inch layers of aluminum sheet containing no holes were equally detectable.
  • Latitude may be defined as the ability to obtain a usable image with widely varying exposure, or with widely varying thicknesses of material in a single exposure.
  • Successful electroradiogra-phs of objects shown in Figure l have been made using X-ray voltages from 60 to 200 kilovolts peak.
  • Electroradiographic studies show increasing contrast with increasing exposure time, at least up to a definite optimum time. A decrease in background. density accompanies this effect. It is of interest that electroradiography produces direct positive images, whereas standard radiography on X-ray film gives negative images.
  • plates used in this process may be used repeatedly in the electroradiographic procedure. This requires only that any powder particles adhering to the plate be removed prior to repeating the steps of the process. Such cleaning may be readily effected by passing a granular material back and forth across the plate several times to pick up any adhering powder particles. Other cleaning procedures are also possible, of course.
  • the method of this invention may be used for other purposes than the production of electroradiographs of articles.
  • X-ray diffraction patterns, records of Xuay and other fields, or other patterns produced by the radiation source may be provided.
  • the device may be used as a simple radiation detector or integrator.
  • the method of electroradiography comprising the steps of charging the surface of a plate having a semiconductive selenium coating, exposins the charged plate to X-ray radiation while an object to be tested is positioned between the X- ray source and the charged selenium plate, dusting the surface of such exposed plate with a resinous material, transferring the image thus produced to a second surface, and fixing such transferred image to said second surface.
  • the method of electroradiography comprising the steps of charging the surface of a plate having a semiconductive selenium coating, exposing the charged plate to X-ray radiation while an object to be tested is positioned between the X-ray source and the charged selenium surface, dusting the surface of such exposed plate with a dry developer material, transferring the image thus produced to a second surface, and fixing such transferred image to said second surface.
  • the method of xeroradiography comprising the steps of charging the surface of a plate having a semiconductive selenium coating, exposing the charged plate to X-ray radiation while an object to be tested is positioned between the X-ray source and the charged selenium plate, and dusting the surface of such exposed plate with a dry developer material whereby such material is deposited on the plate to form an image in conformity with the electric charge remaining thereon.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
US142024A 1950-02-02 1950-02-02 Electroradiography Expired - Lifetime US2666144A (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US142024A US2666144A (en) 1950-02-02 1950-02-02 Electroradiography
GB13800/51A GB721944A (en) 1950-02-02 1951-06-11 Improvements in radiography
CH300623D CH300623A (fr) 1950-02-02 1951-07-19 Procédé d'électroradiographie.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US142024A US2666144A (en) 1950-02-02 1950-02-02 Electroradiography
GB13800/51A GB721944A (en) 1950-02-02 1951-06-11 Improvements in radiography

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CH (1) CH300623A (fr)
GB (1) GB721944A (fr)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2711481A (en) * 1954-06-09 1955-06-21 Haloid Co Xeroradiography method and device
US2802948A (en) * 1954-09-22 1957-08-13 Haloid Co Prevention of ion-caused undercutting in xeroradiography
US2804396A (en) * 1952-08-19 1957-08-27 Battelle Development Corp Process of preparing an X-ray sensitive member
US2809294A (en) * 1954-12-23 1957-10-08 Haloid Co Xeroradiographic plates or elements
US2817767A (en) * 1953-11-23 1957-12-24 Haloid Co Xerographic development
US2825814A (en) * 1953-07-16 1958-03-04 Haloid Co Xerographic image formation
US2856535A (en) * 1957-05-31 1958-10-14 Haloid Xerox Inc Increasing speed in xeroradiography
US2859350A (en) * 1954-05-20 1958-11-04 Haloid Xerox Inc Xeroradiography device
US2859352A (en) * 1955-06-23 1958-11-04 Rca Corp Electroradiography
US2879397A (en) * 1955-12-19 1959-03-24 Haloid Xerox Inc Image development
US3792266A (en) * 1961-05-17 1974-02-12 R Gundlach Thermographic recording using vaporizable material and colored particle development
US4019052A (en) * 1975-10-30 1977-04-19 U.S. Philips Corporation Electrophotographic x-ray device
EP0023155A1 (fr) * 1979-07-24 1981-01-28 Xerox Corporation Appareil automatique xéroradiographique
US4337303A (en) * 1980-08-11 1982-06-29 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Transfer, encapsulating, and fixing of toner images

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1280675B (de) * 1956-08-28 1968-10-17 Zindler Lumoprint Kg Einrichtung zur Entwicklung von Ladungsbildern
DE1217211B (de) * 1957-05-31 1966-05-18 Siemag Feinmech Werke Gmbh Einrichtung an xerografischen Geraeten zum Bepudern einer elektrofotografischen Stoffbahn
DE1094590B (de) * 1957-11-20 1960-12-08 Siemag Feinmech Werke Gmbh Einrichtung zur Bestaeubung elektrophotographischen Gutes

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2221776A (en) * 1938-09-08 1940-11-19 Chester F Carlson Electron photography
US2297691A (en) * 1939-04-04 1942-10-06 Chester F Carlson Electrophotography
US2585551A (en) * 1948-05-01 1952-02-12 Hofstadter Robert Means for detecting ionizing radiations

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2221776A (en) * 1938-09-08 1940-11-19 Chester F Carlson Electron photography
US2297691A (en) * 1939-04-04 1942-10-06 Chester F Carlson Electrophotography
US2585551A (en) * 1948-05-01 1952-02-12 Hofstadter Robert Means for detecting ionizing radiations

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2804396A (en) * 1952-08-19 1957-08-27 Battelle Development Corp Process of preparing an X-ray sensitive member
US2825814A (en) * 1953-07-16 1958-03-04 Haloid Co Xerographic image formation
US2817767A (en) * 1953-11-23 1957-12-24 Haloid Co Xerographic development
US2859350A (en) * 1954-05-20 1958-11-04 Haloid Xerox Inc Xeroradiography device
US2711481A (en) * 1954-06-09 1955-06-21 Haloid Co Xeroradiography method and device
US2802948A (en) * 1954-09-22 1957-08-13 Haloid Co Prevention of ion-caused undercutting in xeroradiography
US2809294A (en) * 1954-12-23 1957-10-08 Haloid Co Xeroradiographic plates or elements
US2859352A (en) * 1955-06-23 1958-11-04 Rca Corp Electroradiography
US2879397A (en) * 1955-12-19 1959-03-24 Haloid Xerox Inc Image development
US2856535A (en) * 1957-05-31 1958-10-14 Haloid Xerox Inc Increasing speed in xeroradiography
US3792266A (en) * 1961-05-17 1974-02-12 R Gundlach Thermographic recording using vaporizable material and colored particle development
US4019052A (en) * 1975-10-30 1977-04-19 U.S. Philips Corporation Electrophotographic x-ray device
EP0023155A1 (fr) * 1979-07-24 1981-01-28 Xerox Corporation Appareil automatique xéroradiographique
US4337303A (en) * 1980-08-11 1982-06-29 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Transfer, encapsulating, and fixing of toner images

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH300623A (fr) 1954-08-15
GB721944A (en) 1955-01-19

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