US2986071A - Photographic objectives - Google Patents

Photographic objectives Download PDF

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US2986071A
US2986071A US564704A US56470456A US2986071A US 2986071 A US2986071 A US 2986071A US 564704 A US564704 A US 564704A US 56470456 A US56470456 A US 56470456A US 2986071 A US2986071 A US 2986071A
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lens
index
field
collective
components
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James G Baker
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Applied Biosystems Inc
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Perkin Elmer Corp
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Priority to CH357212D priority patent/CH357212A/de
Priority to DEP17907A priority patent/DE1154288B/de
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below

Definitions

  • D Length of IO waves of sodium light.
  • the stop lies 0.
  • 47 from the vertex of R toward the vertex of R the back focal distance.
  • the surface R ls aspheric is of such 0 shape that at 0.32 radians off-axis, the thickness reaches a maximum; at 0.42 radians off-axis, the thickness is approximately equal to the thickness at the optical axis.
  • the maximum variation in thickness is approximately 0.0!! of the focal length.
  • FIG. 3. a... i 5%. 84m gal/36; 6M4:
  • This invention relates to photographic objectives of the Gauss type, which comprise a pair of meniscus components of net divergent effect lying between collective components and concave to each other on opposite sides of a central stop. More particularly, the invention is concerned with a novel objective of the kind stated, which is characterized by unusual excellence in its correction both for the lower order aberrations and for oblique spherical aberration and higher order astigmatism.
  • the new objective is especially adapted to meet the requirements of modern night aerial photography for an objective of medium focal length, speed, and coverage as typified by a 12" f/2.5 lens covering a 55 degree total field, and examples of the objective in that form will, accordingly, be illustrated and described in detail for purposes of explanation.
  • Gauss objectives are capable of providing a large well-corrected field for both visual and photographic purposes and that various modifications of such objectives permit correction according to the uses to which the objectives are to be put.
  • these objectives have deficiencies limiting their speed and coverage and a notable example of such a deficiency is the appearance of spherical aberration at considerable off-axis angles, which is referred to as oblique spherical aberration and is merely the reappearance of the on-axis spherical aberration amenable to control.
  • Oblique spherical aberration generally varies as the square of the field angle off-axis and as the cube of the relative aperture, so that, in a Gauss lens, which covers a large angular field at high speed, serious difficulties arising from oblique spherical aberration can be anticipated and such difficulties are intensified, if the focal lengths required are appreciably greater than those generally used for ordinary photography.
  • Gauss objectives Another deficiency in Gauss objectives is the tendency of the higher order astigmatism to deteriorate rapidly with an increase in field angle. This tendency is so pronounced that unusual corrective means for control of the aberration must be utilized in lenses for the purposes for which the new objectives are employed.
  • the normal oblique spherical aberration of such an objective having flattened curves around the central stop causes a considerable extension in the tangential direction in the image of a point-source for only a moderate extension in the skew direction, while such objectives having a large central air space and the required steeper curves have less oblique spherical aberration in the tangential direction and more in the skew.
  • the rate of change in the aberration over the field is comparatively small, so that the objectives yield off-axis images of excellent quality.
  • the oblique spherical aberration in the skew direction must be further reduced, while the correction of that aberration in the tangential direction is maintained.
  • the present invention is directed to the provision of a novel objective of the Gauss type, which is superior in performance to the objectives of the patents and in which a number of expedients have been employed in a new combination to achieve the desired result.
  • the objective comprises a pair of outer components of net collective effect, which may be simple elements or compound components, and a pair of inner meniscus components of net dispersive effect lying concave to each other and each composed of two or more elements.
  • the surfaces around the central stop are of relatively weak curvature and materials of medium to high index of refraction are employed for the positive elements of both components with the result that the lens speed is maintained despite the shallow curves.
  • the dioptric powers of the respective outer collective components and of the concave surfaces adjacent the central stop are all kept within specified limits and, when the outer collective components are cemented, the index differences across the cemented surfaces are restricted.
  • Various other expedients employed in the new objective to insure its extraordinarily excellent performance will be pointed out in the detailed description to follow.
  • FIG. 1 and 2 are diagrammatic views of two different lenses embodying the invention with tables of data for the lenses;
  • Figs. 1A and 2A are fragmentary views on an enlarged scale showing the use of aspheric curvature on two of the1 surfaces of the lenses of Figs. 1 and 2, respectively;
  • Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic view of a modification of the lens of Fig. l, with which a field flattener is used, and a table of data for the modified system.
  • the form of the new objective illustrated in Fig. 1 has been found to be optimum for a 12" f/2.5 night lcns covering a 55 degree field and it is of the Gauss construction.
  • the lens includes outer collective components in the form of cemented doublets, of which the one in front or on the long conjugate side is made up of an outer collective element I and an inner dispersive element 11, while the doublet at the rear or on the short conjugate side is made up of an inner dispersive element VII and an outer collective element Vlll.
  • the collective components surround negative meniscus components, which are concave toward each other around the central stop and are each made of a pair of separated meniscus elements instead of cemented doublets, as is common in prior Gauss lenses.
  • the front meniscus component consists of an outer positive element III and an inner dispersive element IV, while the rear meniscus component consists of an inner dispersive element V and an outer collective element VI.
  • the corrective action for oblique spherical aberration has been obtained by the use of cemented doublets as the outer collective components, although simple elements with aspheric surfaces could also be employed for the purpose.
  • the positive elements I, III, VI, and VIII of the lens are made of rare earth glasses, although the principles of the invention may be employed in lenses, in which materials of lower index of refraction are used for the positive elements.
  • the improvement gained by the use of the rare earth glasses lies primarily in the added perfection of correction for a given speed, focal length, and coverage.
  • the lens system of Fig. 2 is closely similar to that of Fig. l with respect to the nature of the components and the elements thereof, but differs from the Fig. 1 system in that the glasses employed are of medium to high index and rare earth glasses are not employed.
  • the corrections of the Fig. 2 lens are different from those of the lens of Fig. l and are not markedly inferior.
  • a gain of even 20% in performance achieved by the use of the rare earth glasses of the Fig. 1 construction may justify use of such materials.
  • the invention is based on the use of materials of medium to high index for the collective components and the objectives of Figs. 1 and 2 are typical emodiments of the invention, in which the materials for those components lie within the upper part of the practical index range. If a partial sacrifice of lens speed is permissible. objectives embodying the invention and utilizing the older types of optical glass of medium to low index may be constructed to give a performance otherwise comparable to those of the lenses of Figs. 1 and 2.
  • the tangential pencils as a rule suffer greater aberrations and a wider range of aberrations over the field that the skew pencils, since the angles of refraction reach maximum value in the meridional plane at practically every surface. Also. the more any given radius of curvature departs from being concentric around the image of the stop in its own medium, the wider the difference between the tangential and skew refractions, which difference is dependent upon the magnitude of the angles of incidence and refraction of the chief rays of the pencils. On the other hand, the corrections for the tangential rays are more responsive than the skew corrections to compensating refractions.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 have relatively shallow curves compared to prior objectives, and, while shallower curves than those used in the two objectives could be adopted, the use of such shallower curves might result in a system of excessive overall length.
  • Materials of high index ordinarily have a greater absorption of light than low index glasses and, if such high index materials are to be used, economy of light requires that the bulk of the optical system be minimized.
  • the systems of Figs. 1 and 2 are, accordingly, relatively compact for the purpose of keeping the total length of the path through glass to a minimum in compromise with the state of correction.
  • Another advantage of a compact optical system is that it generally involves less vignetting at great offaxis angles, since the various bundles of light generally lie within small solid angles with relation to the entrance pupil.
  • a compact lens is moreover preferable for general use.
  • the converging pencils of light require a greater curvature of the cemented surface in order to obtain the desired corrective action and, because of the greater curvature for high inclination, less index difference is desirable.
  • the element VII should have the lower index and the preferred range for the index difference across the surface defined by the radius R has been found to lie between 0.01 and 0.06. It should be noted that, in outer collective components more elaborate than cemented doublets, the index differences mentioned apply to the cemented surfaces curved away from the stop, since the curvatures of other surfaces curved around the central stop are insensitive and of no great corrective action for the purposes of this invention.
  • the average index for the outer collective components should be as high as practicable, although excellent objectives embodying the invention can be Obtained provided the average index is at least 1.58. As materials having an index in excess of 1.80 are at present notably yellow and, therefore, undesirable, a range of 1.58 to 1.80 may be assigned for the average index of both the front and rear collective components.
  • the term average index as here used is intended to refer to the arithmetical mean of the indices of all the elements of a component, so that, if the component is compound and with or without aspheric surfaces, its average index is the arithmetical mean of the indices of the elements. If the component is a single element, the index of the element is regarded as its average index. while. if the component is a cemented triplet, for example. the average index is the arithmetical mean of the three indices,
  • the front negative meniscus component should have at least one negative element with an index, which is less than the average index of the front collective component by 0.02 to 0.15.
  • the rear negative meniscus component should have at least one negative element with an index, which is less than the average index of the rear collective component by 0.05 to 0.20.
  • the indices of the positive elements of the negative meniscus components can be high without introducing excessive astigmatism, since the elements are of meniscus form.
  • the highest index of any of the positive elements within the negative meniscus components should be greater than the average index of either the front or the rear collective component and the highest index of the positive elements within either negative meniscus component should exceed the lowest index of the negative elements within that component by from 0.03 to 0.25.
  • This favorable distribution of indices must be kept within bounds in order to avoid an unbalance within the system and an upper limit of 1.85 may be placed upon the indices of the positive elements of the negative meniscus components.
  • element VI of the lens of Fig. l is made of a glass of index 1.8.
  • the range of power of the thin-lens equivalent of the front collective component is from 0.45 to 0.75 in terms of the power of the entire system taken as unity.
  • the range of power for the rear collective component is 0.75 to 1.10 on the same basis, the range being determined primarily by requirements for correction of distortion and coma,
  • Another useful limitation defining the structure of the collective components is based on the general degree of bending of the individual components.
  • a definite meniscus tendency is required and such tendency can best be insured by limiting the dioptric power of the innermost air glass refracting surface, that is, the surface defined by the radius R to the range from 0.2 to 0.8, the power being defined in terms of the power of the entire system taken as unity.
  • the rear collective component can be only weakly meniscus and more generally is weakly biconvex. These characteristics of the component may be defined by specifying that the limit of power of the inner air glass surface lies in the range from 0.3 to +0.4 of the power of the entire system taken as unit. In referring to the power of an individual lens surface, I intend that the term is to be considered in its usual dioptric sense.
  • the powers of the negative meniscus components are essentially defined, so that consideration of the bendings only remains.
  • Such bendings can best be described by reference to the dioptric powers of the concave surfaces around the central stop and, because of the convergence of bundles of pencils from the long conjugate side, the negative power of the front concave surface is appreciably greater than the power of the rear surface.
  • the lens power of the front concave surface adjacent the central stop that is, the surface defined by the radius R should lie within the range from l.7 to -2.8.
  • the preferred lens power for the rear concave surface adjacent to the central stop that is, the surface defined by radius R lies between -l.0 and 1.90.
  • a favorable correction for coma can be readily obtained, when the absolute power of the front concave surface in objectives of the invention is greater than that of the rear concave surface.
  • a further feature of objectives of the invention which must be kept within specified limits, is the length of the central air space containing the stop.
  • an air space within the range of 0.14 F to 0.28 F is to be preferred, F being the focal length of the system. If a shorter air space is employed, the tangential oblique spherical aberration tends to become uncontrolled, while, if the air space is greater than the top limit stated, a considerable loss of overall lens power results and this demands a general steepening of the curves with consequent aberrations.
  • aspheric corrections may be regarded as the addition of a very weak lens element superimposed on a selected lens surface and such an element may be of either positive or negative effect on the particular ray, as required in common with the other design properties of the system.
  • the effectiveness of the aspheric correction utilized in this manner arises from its nearly complete independence of the other parameters already heavily burdened in controlling overall performance. If an objective of the invention is properly designed, the aspheric corrections mentioned can be kept in reserve to be used with the other factors set forth for the purpose of obtaining excellent off-axis images in the extreme corners of the format. In practice, it is far more desirable to employ turned-down edges than turned-up edges, since the former are more easily made, but edges of either sort may be required.
  • the depth of the aspheric corrections at the extreme margin of the clear aperture varies with the specific system and may be only part of the length of a wave of sodium light at wavelength 5893 angstroms.
  • the aspheric corrections should have a depth equal to the length of at least five such waves.
  • depth I mean the distance at the margin of the aperture in a direction parallel to the optical axis between the basic spherical surface and the superimposed aspheric surface.
  • the dotted lines L on the element II indicate a turned-down edge (greatly exaggerated) on the surface defined by the radius R which makes that surface aspheric.
  • the dotted lines L; on element VII similarly indicate a turned-down edged (greatly exaggerated) on the surface defined by radius R.
  • the turning down of the edges provides aspheric corrections at the margins of the clear aperture and, in the lens of Fig. 1, such corrections have an axial depth D equal to the length of approximately ten waves of sodium light.
  • the dotted lines L and L indicate turned-down edges on the surfaces defined by the radii R and R12. respectively, and the turning down of the edges provide aspheric corrections having an axial depth D equal to the length of approximately ten waves of sodium light.
  • R indicates the radius of curvature for the optical surfaces
  • v indicates the reciprocal dispersion of the optical elements
  • the Glass Types are conventional international code numbers, the first three numerals indicating the index of refraction (less 1) and the next three numerals indicating the reciprocal dispersion (without the decimal point).
  • the stop hes 0.101 from the Vertex of R toward the Vertex of R S the back focal distance.
  • an auxiliary field flattener can be placed near the focal plane of an objective to aid in eliminating the zonal field curvature without at the same time affecting the optical corrections significantly, particularly if the latter are balanced with the field flattener in place.
  • Such a field flattening lens can also be used to reduce the Petzval sum of the third order of approximation and this then requires that some weak negative dioptric power be given to the lens.
  • An aspheric deformation can be added to the field flattener to complete the task of flattening the field.
  • the lens illustrated in Fig. 3 is that shown in Fig. l employed with an auxiliary field-flattener for the purpose of eliminating the residual zonal field curvature.
  • the example of Fig. 3 is typical, but, without departing from the spirit of the invention, the distance of the field flattening lens from the focal surface can be varied or the spherical and aspheric portions of the lens surface can be distributed wholly or in part between the front and the back of the lens. Also, it is possible to utilize a compound lens with spherical or aspheric surfaces in such a' position near the focal plane as to achieve improved correction for field-flatness and elimination of chromatic distortion and residual lateral color.
  • the field flattener In general, the field flattener must be quite close to the focal plane in order that the field flattening action may not affect other aberrations irreparably. Occasionally, it may be desirable to have the last surface of the field flattener adjacent the focal plane actually in contact with the plane and, when the back side of the field flattener is flat and coincident with the focal plane, it may serve as a reference plane against which a photographic emulsion or a reticle may be placed. More often, the field flattener will be purposely spaced a short distance from the focal plane to keep dust and defects of polish from appearing on the optical image or to allow space for the use of a focal plane shutter, a calibration plate, a filter, etc.
  • the location of the field flattener may be defined by specifying that its rear surface lies on the long conjugate side of the focal plane by a distance varying from F to 0.15 F.
  • the field flattener may be a very weak spherical or aspheric lens used in the design of the main system as a final correction on a performance found satisfactory except for residual field curvature, or the field flattener may have an appreciable negative lens power for the purpose of helping to correct the basic Petzval curvature of field. If a field flattening lens has a variation in thickness at any point which exceeds a value equal, for example, to 0.04 F, the lens loses its essential character as a field flattener and becomes a strong element of the lens system.
  • the maximum variation in focal displacement caused by variation in the thickness of the flattener is of the order of 0.015 F.
  • a field flattener limited in variation of thickness to a maximum of 0.04 F produces a corrective power on field curvature of the order of 1.5 mm., which is in the normal range of the residual field curvature of optical systems for general use. Therefore, in order that the effect of the field flattening lens employed with objectives of the invention may be confined to field flattening, the variation in thickness of the lens must lie within the range from approximately 0 to 0.04 F.
  • the lower limit of approximately 0 is used, because occasionally the aspheric correction on the field flattener may have an axial depth amounting to only a few waves of sodium light and, in the limit, the thickness of the field flattener may be used to efiect a final correction of small magnitude on distortion and astigmatism in the outer field.
  • the upper limit of the variation in thickness of the field flattener has been found to be 0.04 F, not all of this variation can properly be employed in the aspheric portion.
  • the aspheric correction on the field flattener is employed for removing field curvature in the higher order terms, whereas any basic lens power of the flattener is immediately useful for reducing the Petzval sum with an added effect on the higher order terms.
  • an upper limit of 0.02 F can be placed upon the aspheric variation of the field flattener, such limit referring to the maximum axial distance between the aspheric surface and a spherical surface with its center on the optical axis and passing through the vertex and the extreme extension of the aspheric surface.
  • the surface of R is aspheric and is of such a shape that at 0.32 radian ofi-axis, the thickness reaches a maximum; at 0.42 radian ofi-axis, the thickness is approximately equal to the thickness at the optical axis.
  • the maximum variation in thickness is approximately 0.011 of the focal length.
  • lens in Example I may be used, where necessary, without a field flattener, but a field flattener is employed if ideal results are to be obtained.
  • the lens may be used without the field flattener, it is so constructed that the astigmatic surfaces coincide over most of the field leaving only the zonal field curvature to be corrected.
  • An objective for photographic purposes corrected for spherical and chromatic aberrations including oblique spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, field curvature, and distortion, which comprises a pair of outer components of net collective effect and a pair of components of net negative effect and of meniscus form disposed between the outer components and with their concave surfaces opposed to each other on opposite sides of a the vertex of R toward the central sto both collective components having an average index 0 refraction from 1.58 to 1.80 and the front collective component being of miniscus form with its inner air surface concave and of a dioptric power from 0.2 to -O.8, the said front collective component having at least one cemented surface curved away from the stop with the largest index difference across such a surface lying within the range 0.03 to 0.08 and being caused by a decrease in index in the direction of light travel while the rear collective component has a front air surface of a dioptric power from 0.3 to 0.4.
  • said rear collective component having at least one cemented surface curved away from the stop, the negative meniscus components each including at least one positive and one negative element with the highest index of refraction of each positive element in each meniscus component exceeding the lowest index of refraction of each negative element of that component by at least 0.03 but less than 0.25, the
  • front negative meniscus component having a concave surface adjacent the stop of a dioptric power from l.7 to 2.8 and the dioptric power of a concave surface adjacent the stop of the rear negative meniscus component varying from L to 1.9 and having a numerical value less than that of said concave surface of the front negative meniscus component, all said dioptric powers being stated in terms of the net power of the entire objective taken as unity, the central air space separating said concave surfaces of the negative meniscus components having a length greater than 0.14 F and less than 0.28 F, F being the focal length of the objective.
  • the front negative meniscus component has at least one negative element of an index of refraction smaller than the average index of the front collective component by a quantity lying within the range 0.02 to 0.15.
  • the rear negative meniscus component has at least one negative element of an index of refraction smaller than the average index of the rear collective component by a quantity lying within the range 0.05 to 0.20.
  • An objective for photographic purposes corrected for spherical and chromatic aberrations including oblique spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, field curvature, and distortion, which comprises a pair of outer components of net collective effect and a pair of components of net negative effect and of meniscus form disposed between the outer components and with their concave surfaces opposed to each other on opposite sides of a cent r a1 stop, both collective components having an average index of refraction from 1.58 to 1.80 and the front collective component being of meniscus form with its inner air surface concave and of a dioptric power from 0.2 to 0.8, while the rear collective component has a front air surface of a dioptric power from 0.3 to 0.4, said rear collective component having at least one cemented surface curved away from the stop, the negative meniscus components each including at least one positive and one negative element with the highest index of refraction of each positive element in each meniscus component exceeding the lowest index of refraction of each negative element of that component by at least 0.03 but
  • R radius of curvature for theoptical surfaces
  • r axial thickness of optical elements
  • n index of refraction of the glass at the sodium line
  • v reciprocal dispersion of the optical elements.
  • the surface R is aspheric and is of such a shape that at 0.32 radian off-axis, the thickness reaches a maximum; at 0.42 radian off-axis, the thickness is approximately equal to the thickness at the optical axis.
  • the maximum variation in thickness is approximately 0.011 of the focal length
  • n index of refraction of the glass at the sodium line

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US564704A 1956-02-10 1956-02-10 Photographic objectives Expired - Lifetime US2986071A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US564704A US2986071A (en) 1956-02-10 1956-02-10 Photographic objectives
CH357212D CH357212A (de) 1956-02-10 1957-02-06 Photographisches Gauss-Objektiv
DEP17907A DE1154288B (de) 1956-02-10 1957-02-06 Gauss-Objektiv

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3447858A (en) * 1964-07-15 1969-06-03 Asahi Optical Co Ltd Photographic objective of large diameter and back focal length comprising six lenses
US3459468A (en) * 1964-04-25 1969-08-05 Leitz Ernst Gmbh Two-aspherical-surfaced,high speed photographic objective lens
US5920434A (en) * 1997-09-29 1999-07-06 Fuji Photo Optical Co., Ltd. Color-image-reading Gaussian lens
EP1489451A1 (de) * 2003-06-20 2004-12-22 Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH Hoch geöffnetes Projektionsobjektiv
CN110375962A (zh) * 2019-08-15 2019-10-25 中科院南京天文仪器有限公司 基于前置集束照明用于标定光学系统焦面的装置及方法
US20210263286A1 (en) * 2020-02-21 2021-08-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Optical system and image pickup apparatus having the same

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US1779257A (en) * 1927-10-12 1930-10-21 Lee Horace William Lens
GB427008A (en) * 1934-12-21 1935-04-12 Horace William Lee Improvements in lenses for photography and the like
US2100291A (en) * 1934-07-18 1937-11-23 Kapella Ltd Lens
US2100290A (en) * 1934-06-15 1937-11-23 Kapella Ltd Lens
US2289779A (en) * 1940-05-17 1942-07-14 Eastman Kodak Co Photographic objective
US2550685A (en) * 1945-10-25 1951-05-01 Garutso Inc Optical objective balance assembly
US2559881A (en) * 1949-01-21 1951-07-10 Eastman Kodak Co Optical system comprising a positive member and a weak auxiliary member
US2600207A (en) * 1949-04-04 1952-06-10 Taylor Taylor & Hobson Ltd Four component optical objectives having four internal contact surfaces
US2622478A (en) * 1950-01-09 1952-12-23 Leitz Ernst Gmbh Photographic objective lens system
US2683396A (en) * 1951-04-30 1954-07-13 Schneider Co Optische Werke Optical objective system of the gauss type comprising five airspaced members

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US2532751A (en) * 1949-09-29 1950-12-05 Perkin Elmer Corp Highly corrected objective having two inner divergent meniscus components between collective components
US2671380A (en) * 1952-06-14 1954-03-09 Perkin Elmer Corp Photographic optical objective lens system

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1779257A (en) * 1927-10-12 1930-10-21 Lee Horace William Lens
US2100290A (en) * 1934-06-15 1937-11-23 Kapella Ltd Lens
US2100291A (en) * 1934-07-18 1937-11-23 Kapella Ltd Lens
GB427008A (en) * 1934-12-21 1935-04-12 Horace William Lee Improvements in lenses for photography and the like
US2289779A (en) * 1940-05-17 1942-07-14 Eastman Kodak Co Photographic objective
US2550685A (en) * 1945-10-25 1951-05-01 Garutso Inc Optical objective balance assembly
US2559881A (en) * 1949-01-21 1951-07-10 Eastman Kodak Co Optical system comprising a positive member and a weak auxiliary member
US2600207A (en) * 1949-04-04 1952-06-10 Taylor Taylor & Hobson Ltd Four component optical objectives having four internal contact surfaces
US2622478A (en) * 1950-01-09 1952-12-23 Leitz Ernst Gmbh Photographic objective lens system
US2683396A (en) * 1951-04-30 1954-07-13 Schneider Co Optische Werke Optical objective system of the gauss type comprising five airspaced members

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3459468A (en) * 1964-04-25 1969-08-05 Leitz Ernst Gmbh Two-aspherical-surfaced,high speed photographic objective lens
US3447858A (en) * 1964-07-15 1969-06-03 Asahi Optical Co Ltd Photographic objective of large diameter and back focal length comprising six lenses
US5920434A (en) * 1997-09-29 1999-07-06 Fuji Photo Optical Co., Ltd. Color-image-reading Gaussian lens
EP1489451A1 (de) * 2003-06-20 2004-12-22 Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH Hoch geöffnetes Projektionsobjektiv
CN110375962A (zh) * 2019-08-15 2019-10-25 中科院南京天文仪器有限公司 基于前置集束照明用于标定光学系统焦面的装置及方法
CN110375962B (zh) * 2019-08-15 2024-05-31 中科院南京天文仪器有限公司 基于前置集束照明用于标定光学系统焦面的装置及方法
US20210263286A1 (en) * 2020-02-21 2021-08-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Optical system and image pickup apparatus having the same
KR20210106898A (ko) * 2020-02-21 2021-08-31 캐논 가부시끼가이샤 광학계, 및 이를 갖는 촬상 장치
US11835692B2 (en) * 2020-02-21 2023-12-05 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Optical system and image pickup apparatus having the same

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DE1154288B (de) 1963-09-12
CH357212A (de) 1961-09-30

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