US3033768A - Electrolytic apparatus and process for producing aluminum - Google Patents

Electrolytic apparatus and process for producing aluminum Download PDF

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Publication number
US3033768A
US3033768A US557551A US55755156A US3033768A US 3033768 A US3033768 A US 3033768A US 557551 A US557551 A US 557551A US 55755156 A US55755156 A US 55755156A US 3033768 A US3033768 A US 3033768A
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Prior art keywords
carbon
electrode block
block
carbon electrode
lowering
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Expired - Lifetime
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US557551A
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English (en)
Inventor
Helling Werner
Lay Hans
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Vereinigte Aluminium Werke AG
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Vereinigte Aluminium Werke AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/02—Details
    • H05B3/03—Electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
    • C25C3/12—Anodes
    • C25C3/125—Anodes based on carbon

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an arrangement and process for producing aluminum, and more particularly it relates to an arrangement and process for producing aluminum in an electrolytic cell utilizing pro-burned continuous carbon block anodes.
  • carbon block anodes are vertically suspended and immersed with their lower portion in a molten bath of aluminum-containing electrolyte.
  • the temperature of this molten bath is about 1,000 C.
  • the lower portions of the carbon anode which are immersed in the molten bath of electrolyte are continuously consumed, and consequently the carbon anode has to be mechanically lowered in order to keep the lower surface of the anode in the prescribed distance from the cathode formed by the bottom of the cell.
  • the carbon anodes are supplied wtih electrical current by means of copper or aluminum conductors which are at least partly flexible so as to follow the downward movement of the carbon anode.
  • elongated iron members terminate in elongated iron members which are'fastened to and extend partly into the carbon anode.
  • the elongated iron contact members may be fastened to pre-burned anodes in various ways, for instance, by screwing the elongated iron member into the anode, or by pouring or tamping material in the space between the elongated iron member and the carbon anode. Regardless how the elongated iron contact members are connected with the carbon anode, the same move downwardly together with the anode and have to be withdrawn from the anode before they are lowered to the upper surface level of the molten electro lyte.
  • the entire dis-continuous anode is removed from the bath when the same has been lowered to such an extent that the iron member comes close to the upper surface of the molten electrolyte.
  • the iron contact members are preferably extended into the carbon anodes from side faces thereof. The innermost portions of the iron contact members, i.e. the portions which extend farthest into the carbon anode, are exposed to considerably elevated temperatures. A great number of iron contact members are required for the aluminum production and it is important to reuse the same in order to prevent excessive costs.
  • Reuse of the iron contact members is limited by corrosion effects which occur on their surface primarily when the same are exposed to very high temperatures, and especially when the same are exposed to high temperatures and to the action of carbon and sulphur from the surrounding carbon anode. It is then necessary to remove the corroded surface layers from the iron contact member before the same can be reused, since the presence of the corroded surface layers prevents proper transmission of electric current to the anode.
  • the thickness of the corroded surface layers depends on the temperature to which the iron contact member is exposed and also on the degree to which it is exposed to the action of sulphur and sulphur compounds.
  • the removal of the corroded surface layers is expensive and reduces the diameter of the elongated iron contact member, so that consequently the same can be reused "ice only a limited number of times.
  • the materials which are used for making continuous anodes consist overwhelmingly of carbon and always also contain sulphur.- It is not possible to make continuous carbon anodes of materials which will not deleteriously affect the elongated iron contact members.
  • the present invention consists in a carbon block arrangement for use in an electrolytic cell comprising, in combination, a carbon block having top and bottom faces and a pair of opposed side faces extending between the top and bottom faces, and a pair of elongated electrically conductive members carried by the block nearer to thetop than the bottom face thereof and respectively extending partly into the block at the opposed side faces thereof, the elongated members respectively having inner ends located within the block respectivelyat distances from the bottom face thereof greater than one-half the distance of the inner ends from the opposed side faces, respectively, plus between 0 and 30 millimeters.
  • the present invention also comprises in a process for producing aluminum in an electrolytic cell from a molten aluminum-containing electrolyte, the steps of partly immersing in an electrolytic bath of molten aluminumnum-coating electrolyte a carbon block having at least one pair of elongated electrically conductive members extending partly into the same at opposed side faces thereof, respectively, lowering the block as it is con sumed, and removing the elongated members from the block before the elongated members reach a predeter: mined temperature between about 700 C.
  • the present invention also comprises as a new composition of matter an intimate mixture essentially consistingof between and 86% by weight of at least one finely divided substance belonging to the group consisting of carbon black, graphite, coke and aluminum, and of between 14 and 25% by weight of at least one binder liquid belonging to the group consisting, of molasses, concentrated sulfite liquors and phenol-resol resins, the mixture containing less than 0.5% sulphur and being adapted to gas-tightly cover iron members and to prevent corrosion thereof.
  • the combined structLllQ'Of at least two'superimp'osedcarbon block anodes is a lowered within the electrolytic cell.
  • the molten bath ofelectrolyte into which the carbon block is partly submerged is greater than one-half of the horizontal distance from the inner end of the elongated iron contact member within the carbon block to the side face of the carbon block through which the elongated contact'member extendsinto the same, plus between 0 and 30 millimeters.
  • the vertical distance from the innermost end of the iron contact member within the carbon anode to the surface plane of the hot molten electrolyte must be at least half as great as the horizontal distance from the innermost end of the iron contact memher to the side face of the carbon block, but preferably the vertical distance exceeds a length of one-half of the horizontal distance by up to about 30 millimeters and most preferably by 20 millimeters.
  • the elongated iron contact members are inserted into thecarbon anode block in pairs from opposite side faces thereof so that in each one of two opposite side faces at least one iron contact member is inserted; However, especially in connection with larger carbon blocks frequently two or three elongated iron contact members are 7 which is less than one-half of the distance. between the elongated iron contact member and the bottom face of the carbon block, and most preferably the distance from the top face is kept between one-quarter and'one-third of the entire height of the side face of the carbon" block.
  • the portion of the elongated iron contact membars which is extended into the carbon block is of cylin- 3,038,768 o v I drical shape and has a circular cross section with a diameter of between 70 millimeters and 180 millimeters. Excellent results have been obtained with cylindrical elongated iron contact members having a diameter of about 100 millimeters.
  • the elongated iron contact members are inserted into the carbon block anode in horizontal direction or inclined at angles of between 0 and 30 with a plane in which thetop face-of the carbon block anode is located. To position the elongated contact members within the carbon block under a slight'downwardly inclined angle greatly facilitates both the insertion and the removal of the elongated contact members.
  • the length of the part of the elongated iron contact member which is inserted into the carbon anode, measured along its axis is preferably kept between 150 millimeters and 400 millimeters. It depends, of course, also on the overall size of the carbon block in which the contact member is to be inserted.
  • a critical minimum relationship exists between the horizontal distance from the innermost end of the elongated iron contact member to the side face of the carbon anode through which the contact member-extends into the same, and the vertical distance from the innermost end of the iron contact member to the bottom face of the carbon anode, respectively the upper surface plane of the molten electrolyte into which the lowerportion of the carbon anode is submerged.
  • the inner end, or the innermost end of the elongated iron contact member is to be understood as the point at which the axis of the elongated iron contact member intersects the surface portion thereof which is farthest inside the carbon block anode.
  • the inner portion of the elongated contact member which is exposed to the highest temperatures has reached a temperature of. between 700 and 750, or as soon as the vertical distance from the inner end of the member to the surface plane of the molten bath of electrolyte has been reduced to the above defined critical length in relation to the horizontal distance from the inner end of the elongated iron contact member to the, side face of the, carbon anode, the elongated iron contact member is disconnected from the source of electric current and is pulled out of the carbon block anode.
  • the pulling out of the iron contact member is accomplished with customary tools such as prongs, well known in the art.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view, partially in cross section, of a carbon block arrangement according to. the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a graphic illustration of the relationship between minimum vertical distance of the inner end of the iron elongated member from either the bottom face of the carbon anode block, or the upper surface plane of the molten electrolyte bath when the carbon block is partly immersed into the same, and the horizontal distance of the inner end of the elongated iron contact member from the side face of the carbon block through which the contact member extends into the same.
  • FIG. 1 a portion of the electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum is shown including the cathode 6 forming the bottom of the cell and the molten bath of aluminumcontaining electrolyte 5 filling the lower portion of the cell.
  • Two superimposed carbon block anodes 2 are shown which are electrically conductive cemented to each other by means of layer 8.
  • Elongated iron contact members 1 are partially extending into the carbon block anodes. The part of contact members 1 which extends inside the carbon block anode is indicated by reference 1a.
  • Membets 3 serve for transmitting electric current to elongated iron contact members 1 and also for suspending of the carbon anode block in the electrolytic cell, so as to permit the lowering of the carbon block into the molten bath of electrolyte at the same rate at which the immersed portion of the carbon block anode is consumed.
  • the inner end of the elongated contact member i.e., the point at which the axis of the elongated member 1 intersects the surface portion 11 thereof which is farthest inside the carbon block, is indicated by reference numeral 9.
  • Elongated contact members 1 extend into the carbon block anode 2 through opposed side faces 12.
  • the horizontal distance from the inner end 9 of elongated contact member 1 to side face 12 is indicated by reference numeral 10.
  • the vertical distance from the inner end 9 of elongated contact member 1 to the surface plane of molten electrolyte 5 is indicated by reference numeral 7, and the vertical distance from the inner end 9 of elongated con-.
  • the gas-tight layer has a thickness of between 3 and 25 millimeters. Excellent results were obtained with a gas-tight layer having a thickness of 10 millimeters.
  • the gas-tight layer according to the present invention is indicated in FIG. 1 of the drawings by reference numeral 4. Y
  • Example 1 21 parts by weight of molasses, 5 parts by weight of granulated carbon black having a particle size ,of between 0.0001 and 0.1 millimeter, and 0.2 part by weight of the sodium salt of isopropyl naphthalene sulphonic acid are homogenized in an emulsifying apparatus for about 30 minutes at about 50 C. The mixture is then cooled to about 20 C.
  • the sulphur content of all of the mixtures formed according to Examples 111 is less than 0.5%.
  • a method of electrolytically producing aluminum from a molten aluminum-containing electrolyte the steps of supplying current to, holding and lowering a first carbon electrode block into said aluminum-containing molten electrolyte only by engaging the side faces thereof and without obstructing the top face of said first carbon electrode block; superposing upon said unobstructed top face of said first carbon electrode block an upper preburnt carbon electrode block with a layer of unburnt carbonizable binder material between and contacting the thus superposed carbon electrode.
  • a method of electrolytically producing aluminum from a molten aluminum-containing electrolyte the steps of supplying current to, holding and lowering a first carbon electrode block into said aluminum containing molten electrolyte only by engaging opposite side faces of said first carbon electrode block with at least one pair of holding members extending through said opposite side faces, respectively, into said first carbon electrode block, without obstructing the top face of said firstcarbon electrode block; superposing upon said unobstructed top face of said first carbon electrode block an upper preburnt carbon electrode block with a layer'of unburnt carbonizable binder material between and contacting the thus superposed carbon electrode blocks, continuing the lowering of said first carbon electrode block, whereby during such lowering of said first carbon electrode block said layer of unburnt carbonizable material will harden when it reaches within said furnace a zone sufiiciently hot to carbonize and harden said carbonizable material so that said first and said upper carbon electrode blocks will be firmly adhered to each other; supplying current to, holding and lowering
  • an electrode arrangement comprising a lower electrode block having an upper face and opposite side faces; an upper electrode block having a lower and a pair of opposite side faces and superposed with said lower face thereof upon said upper face of said lower electrode block and with a layer of binder material between said upper face of said lower electrode block and said lower face of said upper electrode block; first combined holding and current conducting means including a pair of spaced holding means located only on said opposite side faces respectively of said lower electrode block, leaving the top face of said lower electrode block unobstructed; second combined holding and current conducting means including a pair of spaced holding means located only on said opposite side faces of said upper electrode block, leaving the top face of said upper electrode block unobstructed; and combined suspending and lowering means secured to said spaced holding means of at least one of said combined holding and current conducting means for suspending therefrom and lowering during operation of said furnace the respective electrode block.
  • an electrode arrangement comprising a lower electrode block having an upper face and opposite side faces; an upper electrode block having a lower and a pair of opposite side faces and superposed with said lower face thereof upon said upper face of said lower electrode block and with a layer of binder material between said upper face of said lower electrode block and said lower face of said upper electrode block; first combined holding and current conducting means including a pair of spaced holding means located only on said opposite side faces respectively of said lower electrode block extending partly into the same, leaving the top face of said lower electrode block unobstructed; second combined holding and current conducting means including a pair of spaced holding means located only on said opposite side faces of said upper electrode block extending partly into the same, leaving the top face of said upper electrode block unobstructed; and combined suspending and lowering means secured to said spaced holding means of at least one of said combined holding and current conducting means for suspending therefrom and lowering during operation of said furnace the respective electrode block.
  • an electrode arrangement comprising a lower electrode block having an upper face and opposite side faces; an upper electrode block having a lower and a pair of opposite side faces and superposed with said lower face thereof upon said upper face of said lower electrode block and with a layer of binder material between said upper face of said lower electrode block and said lower face of said upper electrode block; first combined holding and current conducting means including a pair of spaced holding means located only on said opposite side faces respectively of said lower electrode block composed essentially of iron and extending partly into the same, leaving the top face of said lower electrode block unobstructed; second combined holding and current conducting.
  • an electrode arrangement comprising a lower electrode block having an upper face and opposite side faces; an upper electrode block having a lower and a pair of opposite side faces and superposed with said lower face thereof upon said upper face of said lower electrode block and with a layer of binder material between said upper face of said lower electrode block and said lower face of said upper electrode block; first combined holding and current conducting means including a plurality of pairs of spaced holding means located only on said opposite side faces a plurality of pairs of spaced holding means located only on said opposite side faces of said upper electrode block,
  • an electrode arrangement comprising a lower electrode block having an upper face and opposite side faces; an upper electrode block having a lower and a pair of opposite side faces and superposed with said lower face thereof upon said upper face of said lower electrode block and with a layer of-binder material between said upper face of said lower electrode block and said lower face of said upper electrode block; first combined holding and current con ducting means including a pair of spaced holding means located only on said opposite side faces respectively of said lower electrode block extending partly into the same under an inclination of between and 30 to the horizontal, leaving the top face of said lower electrode block unobstructed; second combined holding and current conducting means including a pair of spaced holding means located only on said opposite side faces of said upper electrode block extending partly into the same under an inclination of between 0 and 30 to the horizontal, leaving the top face of said upper electrode block unobstructed; and combined suspending and lowering means secured to said spaced holding means of at least one of said combined holding and current conducting means for suspending therefrom and lowering during
  • an electrode arrangement comprising a lower electrode block having an'upper face and opposite side faces; an upper electrode block having a lower and a pair of opposite side faces and superposed with said lower face thereof upon said upper face of said lower electrode block and with a 12 r layer of binder material between said upper face ofisaid lower electrode block and said lower face of said upper electrodebloclc, first combined holding and current con-.
  • ducting means including a pair of spacedholdingmeans located only on said opposite side faces respectively of said lower electrode block extending partly into the.
  • second combined holding and current conducting means including a pair of spaced holding means located only on said opposite side faces of said upper electrode block extending partly into the same, the length of the portion of said holding means, respectively, extending into said elec trode block being of the magnitude of ,about 12% of the distance between said opposite, side faces of said electrode block measured in axial direction of said portion of said holding means, leaving the top face of said upper electrode block unobstructed; and combined suspending and lowering means secured to said spaced holding means of at least one of said combined holding and current conducting means for suspending therefrom and lowering during operation of said furnace the respective electrode block.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
US557551A 1955-01-07 1956-01-05 Electrolytic apparatus and process for producing aluminum Expired - Lifetime US3033768A (en)

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CH (1) CH340345A (de)
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0056708A1 (de) * 1981-01-14 1982-07-28 Martin Marietta Corporation Zapfenbekleidungen für Anoden in Elektrolysezellen
CN106191926A (zh) * 2016-08-31 2016-12-07 张廷安 一种连续阳极炭块及其加工方法
CN106283119A (zh) * 2016-08-31 2017-01-04 张廷安 一种用于智能电解槽的连续阳极装置及其使用方法
CN115305509A (zh) * 2022-07-08 2022-11-08 中国铝业股份有限公司 一种铝电解用预焙阳极及其制备方法

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH344219A (de) * 1956-01-24 1960-01-31 Aluminium Ind Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung einer selbstbackenden, kontinuierlichen Anode für Aluminiumelektrolyseöfen und nach diesem Verfahren hergestellte Anode
FR1183034A (fr) * 1957-06-18 1959-07-02 Pechiney Nouveau type d'anodes pour cellules d'électrolyse

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB262722A (en) * 1925-12-09 1927-06-09 Norske Elektrokemisk Ind As Improvements in or relating to electrodes for electric furnaces
CH121661A (de) * 1925-09-30 1927-07-16 Norske Elektrokemisk Ind As Stromzuführungseinrichtung bei Elektroden für elektrische Öfen.
US1733866A (en) * 1925-12-01 1929-10-29 Crossley James Stanley Process of forming electrodes
US1757695A (en) * 1925-09-30 1930-05-06 Norske Elektrokemisk Ind As Electrode
GB368777A (en) * 1929-12-04 1932-03-04 Magnesium Production Company L Improvements in anodes for the electrolysis of molten salts
US2010608A (en) * 1931-08-11 1935-08-06 Nat Carbon Co Gas electrode
US2073356A (en) * 1933-04-18 1937-03-09 Norske Elektrokemisk Ind As Electrode suspension
FR1080982A (fr) * 1953-04-23 1954-12-15 Vaw Ver Aluminium Werke Ag Procédé pour faire fonctionner des électrodes continues, notamment pour l'électrolyse en bain de fusion, et blocs de charbon pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé
GB727784A (en) * 1953-08-28 1955-04-06 Vaw Ver Aluminium Werke Ag Continuously formed electrodes for electric furnaces
US2758694A (en) * 1956-08-14 rosenberg

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2758694A (en) * 1956-08-14 rosenberg
CH121661A (de) * 1925-09-30 1927-07-16 Norske Elektrokemisk Ind As Stromzuführungseinrichtung bei Elektroden für elektrische Öfen.
US1757695A (en) * 1925-09-30 1930-05-06 Norske Elektrokemisk Ind As Electrode
US1733866A (en) * 1925-12-01 1929-10-29 Crossley James Stanley Process of forming electrodes
GB262722A (en) * 1925-12-09 1927-06-09 Norske Elektrokemisk Ind As Improvements in or relating to electrodes for electric furnaces
GB368777A (en) * 1929-12-04 1932-03-04 Magnesium Production Company L Improvements in anodes for the electrolysis of molten salts
US2010608A (en) * 1931-08-11 1935-08-06 Nat Carbon Co Gas electrode
US2073356A (en) * 1933-04-18 1937-03-09 Norske Elektrokemisk Ind As Electrode suspension
FR1080982A (fr) * 1953-04-23 1954-12-15 Vaw Ver Aluminium Werke Ag Procédé pour faire fonctionner des électrodes continues, notamment pour l'électrolyse en bain de fusion, et blocs de charbon pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé
GB727784A (en) * 1953-08-28 1955-04-06 Vaw Ver Aluminium Werke Ag Continuously formed electrodes for electric furnaces

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0056708A1 (de) * 1981-01-14 1982-07-28 Martin Marietta Corporation Zapfenbekleidungen für Anoden in Elektrolysezellen
CN106191926A (zh) * 2016-08-31 2016-12-07 张廷安 一种连续阳极炭块及其加工方法
CN106283119A (zh) * 2016-08-31 2017-01-04 张廷安 一种用于智能电解槽的连续阳极装置及其使用方法
CN106191926B (zh) * 2016-08-31 2018-05-25 张廷安 一种连续阳极炭块及其加工方法
CN106283119B (zh) * 2016-08-31 2018-05-25 张廷安 一种用于智能电解槽的连续阳极装置及其使用方法
CN115305509A (zh) * 2022-07-08 2022-11-08 中国铝业股份有限公司 一种铝电解用预焙阳极及其制备方法

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CH340345A (de) 1959-08-15
GB786932A (en) 1957-11-27
FR1139983A (fr) 1957-07-09

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