US3054649A - Pore filled metal wear surfaces and method of pore filling the same - Google Patents

Pore filled metal wear surfaces and method of pore filling the same Download PDF

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Publication number
US3054649A
US3054649A US142711A US14271161A US3054649A US 3054649 A US3054649 A US 3054649A US 142711 A US142711 A US 142711A US 14271161 A US14271161 A US 14271161A US 3054649 A US3054649 A US 3054649A
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United States
Prior art keywords
chromium
recesses
filling
pore
cylinder
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Expired - Lifetime
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US142711A
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English (en)
Inventor
Walter C Arnold
Edward F Tinder
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Fairbanks Morse and Co
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Fairbanks Morse and Co
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Publication date
Application filed by Fairbanks Morse and Co filed Critical Fairbanks Morse and Co
Priority to US142711A priority Critical patent/US3054649A/en
Priority to GB30588/62A priority patent/GB994715A/en
Priority to CH1029862A priority patent/CH400670A/de
Priority to DK386262AA priority patent/DK103052C/da
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3054649A publication Critical patent/US3054649A/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J9/00—Piston-rings, e.g. non-metallic piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction
    • F16J9/12—Details
    • F16J9/22—Rings for preventing wear of grooves or like seatings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/18—Other cylinders
    • F02F1/20—Other cylinders characterised by constructional features providing for lubrication
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/24—Brasses; Bushes; Linings with different areas of the sliding surface consisting of different materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J10/00—Engine or like cylinders; Features of hollow, e.g. cylindrical, bodies in general
    • F16J10/02—Cylinders designed to receive moving pistons or plungers
    • F16J10/04—Running faces; Liners

Definitions

  • FIG.3 FORE FILLED METAL w SURFACES AND METHOD OF PORE FILLING THE SAME Filed Oct. 5, 1961 FIG.3
  • This invention relates to metal wear surfaces such as the bore surfaces of engine cylinders and the like, and to a method of improving such surfaces. While not limited thereto, the present invention concerns more particularly engine cylinders or cylinder liners having Wear surfaces of chromium.
  • a metal such as chromium characterized by frictional wear resistance markedly greater than that of cast iron.
  • chromium plating in the cylinder bore affords a working surface having a high degree of wear resistance to the piston and piston rings in frictional travel thereover.
  • the chromium surface is of a porous character having irregular recesses, as channels and pits or voids, which receive and retain lubricating oil. Such pores or irregular recesses thus give to the chromium surface the ability to wet or hold a film of oil.
  • the prime purpose of the present invention is to so improve the surface presented by the chromium plating in a cylinder or liner, as to permit the use of hard chromium for high wear resistance, while affording a wear surface permitting a degree of lubricating oil consumption control highly desirable in engine operation.
  • one object of the invention is to provide a chromium plated cylinder or liner wherein the pores or irregular recesses of the chrmium plating thereof are filled with an organic material securely bonded therein and characterized by oil wettability, lubricity, and the ability to withstand the temperature and pressure conditions obtaining in the engine cylinder combustion space during engine operation.
  • Another object is to provide a method or process of filling the pores or irregular recesses in a chromium wear surface, with an organic material having the characteristics referred to in the foregoing object.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 are enlarged sectional views showing the character of the cylinder chromium surface during different stages of pore filling in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows an actual photograph presenting a greatly enlarged view (substantially to 1 magnification) of a representative portion of a cylinder interior that has been treated by the process of the present invention.
  • an engine cylinder or liner having a plated bore surface of hard chromium affording a Wear surface of high wear resistance is treated in a manner and by the method hereinafter described, to attain a filled condition of the portion of the chromium plate. More particularly, the pore filled condition is provided at least over the chromium plate area traversed by the usual piston oil control ring or rings, and the material filling the pores is of predetermined character as hereinafter described, whereby to permit and assure the attainment of a desirable high degree of cylinder lubricating oil control by the piston oil control rings, as well as to afford other advantages hereinafter appearing.
  • Chromium surface pore filling with tin and other metals has not proved successful, this for a number of reasons including the difficulty of effective filing and bonding. Accordingly, the present invention contemplates a nonmetallic, or organic, filling material of highly comminuted or finely divided character, presenting very small size particles determined as not in excess of three (3) microns, to assure pore penetration and substantially complete filling of the chromium surface pores.
  • the filling material further must be capable of firm bonding to the pore surfaces as by a suitable thermosettable resin, and must possess the important characteristics of surface wettability by lubricating oil, inherent lubricity (low coefiicient of friction), and full capability of withstanding maximum temperature and pressure conditions of the order obtaining in the cylinder combustion space of high compression or diesel engines during engine operation.
  • the material most suitable to substantially complete pore filling and having the necessary characteristics above noted is a phenolic modified tetrafluoroethylene known in the trade as Emralon 310, being a commercial product of the Acheson Colloids Co., Port Huron, Michigan. This material is provided in liquid mixture form for ready application to the chromium surface, as by bonding or spraying thereon.
  • the prime constituents of the mixture are pigment and binder, the pigment being tetrafluoroethylene in particle form and having the size of the particles no larger than three (3) microns and averaging less than one (1) micron, and the binder being a phenolic resin of thermosettable character.
  • Formation of the liquid mixture is attained by adding 22 parts by weight of tetrafluoroethylene resin in a water emulsion, to 100 parts by weight of phenolic resin in a suitable solvent carrier as for example, a ketone solvent. Mixing must be conducted slowly and with sufficient agitation, to assure complete dispersion of the tetrafluoroethylene particles throughout the mixture.
  • the desired pore filled condition of the chromium wear surface is obtained by forming a coating of the filling mixture on the previously-cleaned surface to be treated, the coating being of a final thickness to assure filling of the pores or irregular recesses in the treated surface, thence curing the coating, and finally removing the coating portion above the treated surface, leaving the pores or irregular recesses filled with the cured material to a condition flush with the exposed chromium surface.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates in fragmentary enlarged section, a cast iron cylinder portion 9 having the chromium layer 10 plated thereon, and the coating 11 on the chromium layer and filling the pores 12 thereof.
  • FIG. 3 is a photograph, more particularly a photomicrograph of substantially one hundred to one magnification, providing a view of the liner bore surface portion.
  • the surface of the cast iron cylinder liner is shown in region A, While the surface of the chromium plating on the liner is shown in region B.
  • the irregular shaped areas in region B are the filled pores or recesses of the chromium layer.
  • an engine cylinder liner having its inner bore surface plated with chromium of high wear resistance character, the chromium layer having pores or irregular recesses therein opening to the exposed surface of the layer.
  • the liner is treated to clean the chromium surface and prepare the irregular recesses therein for the filling material. Initially in such treatment, the liner is completely immersed in an alkali bath for a period not less than about minutes and at a bath temperature not less than about 180 F.
  • the bath suitable for the purpose is a solution containing sodium hydroxide, trisodium phosphate, sodium carbonate and water.
  • the liner is given a first Wash by immersion for a period not less than about one minute, in water at a temperature not less than about 160 F., and then a second wash by immersion for a period not less than about two minutes in warm water at a temperature not more than about 90 -F.
  • the liner is given an electroetchant treatment by immersion in a bath of chromic acid solution at a temperature of not more than about 90 F.
  • the liner is the anode in an electrical circuit including a lead cathode in the liner bore, the circuit being energized from a suitable direct-current power source having a minimum voltageof 12 volts and a current capacity up to about 500 amperes. Circuit energization is maintained at about 400 amperes for a period not less than two minutes nor more than three minutes, resulting in a slight etch of the liner chromium plating and hence positive cleaning of the pores or irregular recesses thereof.
  • the liner With completion of the electroetchant step, the liner is immersed in Water at a temperature not less than 200 F., for a period not less than two minutes, and then is thoroughly dried. Drying to remove all moisture from the liner bore surface may be accomplished rapidly by air blasting using filtered air at suitable pressure, preferably not less than about 75 pounds per square inch (p.s.i.). Upon drying, the liner bore surface is given final preparation for coating, by spraying preferably with methanol, then removing all traces of the methanol as by air blast drying with filtered air at a pressure of 75 psi. or more.
  • the chromium Wear surface of the liner is now ready for coating to fill the pores thereof.
  • the tetrafluoroethylene mixture in liquid form as before noted is applied by spraying as by a conventional pressure spray gun employed in paint spraying and the like.
  • the spraying operation is conducted in stages in order to build up a coating of suflicient thickness to assure complete filling of substantially all pores or irregular recesses in the chromium plating.
  • the chromium surface is sprayed over the whole or such portion thereof selected for pore filling, at a rate to leave a relatively thin wet film thereon, as of the order of 0.0002 inch in thickness. Whereupon the applied film is allowed to air dry for a period not less than about five minutes.
  • Dry coating in the given thickness range has been found to be entirely adequate to the obtaining of complete filling of substantially all pores in the coated area of commercial chromium plating such as is provided in engine cylinder liners and the like.
  • the number of film layers within the range stated, to be applied to the chromi um plating of a given cylinder liner may .be readily determined from inspection of the chromium surface thereof. Where inspection of the area to be coated reveals relatively large area and perceptibly deep pores, then 18 to 20 film layers normally will assure complete pore filling. On the other hand, where on inspection the pores appear to be uniformly quite shallow in depth, 10 to 12 film layers normally should be adequate.
  • the liner Upon completion of the coating process, the liner is allowed to air dry for about two hours or more, and then placed in a suitable baking oven for curing the phenolic binder in the coating mixture. To properly cure the hinder, the liner is brought to a temperature within the range of 300 F. to 310 F. and then retained (at such temperature) in the oven for a period of between 60 and 75 minutes. At the end of the baking period, the liner is removed from the oven and allowed to air cool. Whereupon the coating on the chromium surface is removed as by a sharp scraping tool, to expose the chromium surface and to leave the chromium pores completely filled with the coating material to a level flush with the exposed chromium surface.
  • the resulting cured phenolic binder firmly bonds the tetrafiuoroethylene particles together as Well as firmly bonds the filling material to the surfaces of the chromium .plate pores or recesses.
  • the porous chromimum wear surface of a cylinder liner may be thus conditioned 'to have the pores or irregular recesses therein filled with the indicated Emralon 310 material, which thereby affords the several advantages hereinbefore stated. It will be apparent now that the invention is applicable to articles other than engine cylinders or liners, having wear surfaces of chromium or the like and where similar advantages are to be obtained by filling the pores of such wear surfaces. Also, it is to be recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed.
  • An engine cylinder provided with a piston ringengaging wear surface having a multiplicity of irregular recesses therein, and material filling said recesses, said material comprising finely divided non-metallic particles characterized by oil-wettability and a low coelficient of friction, having the particles bonded together and bonded to the surfaces of the recesses by a thermosetting resin binder.
  • the said finely divided non-metallic particles are further characterized by an average particle size less than one micron.
  • An engine cylinder provided with a piston ring-engaging wear surface having a multiplicity of irregular recesses therein, and material filling said recesses substantially flush with the wear surface, said material comprising finely divided non-metallic particles characterized by oil-,wettability, lubricity and an average particle size less than one micron, having the particles bonded together and bonded to the surfaces of the recesses by a thermosettting resin binder.
  • An engine cylinder comprising a base metal and a chromium layer thereon, the chromium layer providing a piston ring-engaging Wear surface and having a multiplicity of irregular recesses therein, and material filling said recesses, said material comprising finely divided nonmetallic particles characterized by oil-wettability and lubricity, having the particles bonded together and bonded to the surfaces of the recesses by a thermosetting resin binder.
  • An engine cylinder comprising a base metal and a chromium layer thereon, the chromium layer providing a piston ring-engaging wear surface and having a multi plicity of irregular recesses therein, and material filling said recesses substantially flush with the Wear surface, said material comprising finely divided non-metallic particles characterized by oil-wettability, lubricity and average particle size less than one micron, having the particles bonded together and bonded to the surfaces of the recesses by a thermosetting resin binder.
  • An article of manufacture providing a metal wear surface having irregular recesses therein, and material filling said recesses substantially flush with the Wear surface, said material comprising non-metallic solid particles characterized by a low coefficient of friction and average particle size less than one micron, having the particles bonded together and bonded to the surfaces of the recesses by a thermosetting resin binder.
  • An article of manufacture providing a chromium Wear surface having irregular recesses therein, and material filling said recesses substantially flush with the Wear surface, said material comprising non-metallic solid particles characterized by oil wettability, lubricity and average particle size less than one micron, having the particles bonded together and bonded to the surfaces of the recesses by a thermosetting resin binder.
  • An article of manufacture providing a chromium wear surface having irregular recesses therein, and material filling said recesses flush with the Wear surface, said material comprising finely divided particles of tetrafiuoroethylene having an average particle size of less than one micron, having the particles bonded together and bonded to the surfaces of the recesses by a thermosetting resin binder.
  • the method of treating an engine cylinder providing a piston ring-engaging Wear surface having irregular recesses therein, to aflford improved piston ring control of lubricating fluid on the wear surface comprising the steps of cleaning the wear surface and recesses therein, depositing on the wear surface a liquid coating mixture including finely divided non-metallic particles of lubricant fiuid-Wettable character and an uncured thermosettable resin bonding agent, to form a coating thereon and filling said recesses, baking the coating to cure the resin bonding agent and thereby bond the particles together and to the wear surface and the surfaces of the recesses therein, and removing the coating in extent sufficient to expose both the Wear surface and the coating material filling the recesses.
  • the method of treating an engine cylinder provid ing a piston ring-engaging chromium wear surface having irregular recesses therein, to afford improved piston ring control of lubricating fluid on the wear surface comprising the steps of cleaning the Wear surface and recesses therein, depositing on the wear surface and in the recesses thereof a liquid coating mixture including finely divided nonmetallic particles characterized by lubricant fluid wettability, lubricity and average particle size less than one micron, and an uncured thermosettable resin bonding agent, baking the coating to cure the resin binding agent and thereby bond the particles together and to the wear surface and the surfaces of the recesses therein, and removing the coating in extent sufficient to expose both the wear surface and the coating material filling the recesses.
  • the method of treating an engine cylinder providing a piston ring-engaging chromium wear surface having irregular recesses therein, to afford improved piston ring control of oil lubricant on the wear surface comprising the steps of immersing the cylinder in an alkali bath, washing the cylinder by immersion in Water, immersing the cylinder in an electroetchant chromic acid bath, wash ing the cylinder by immersion in Water, drying the cylinder, spraying the cylinder Wear surface with methanol, drying the cylinder Wear surface, depositing on the wear surface and in the recesses thereof a liquid coating mixture consisting essentially of finely divided tetrafiuoroethylene particles and an uncured thermosettable resin binding agent, drying the coated cylinder Wear surface, baking the coating to cure the binding agent and thereby bond the coating to the Wear surface and surfaces of the recesses, and thence removing the coating in extent sufiicient to expose both the Wear surface and the coating material filling the recesses.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
US142711A 1961-10-03 1961-10-03 Pore filled metal wear surfaces and method of pore filling the same Expired - Lifetime US3054649A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US142711A US3054649A (en) 1961-10-03 1961-10-03 Pore filled metal wear surfaces and method of pore filling the same
GB30588/62A GB994715A (en) 1961-10-03 1962-08-09 Pore filled metal wear surfaces of engine cylinders or cylinder liners and method ofproducing the same
CH1029862A CH400670A (de) 1961-10-03 1962-08-25 Zylinder für Verbrennungsmotoren und Verfahren zur Herstellung des Zylinders
DK386262AA DK103052C (da) 1961-10-03 1962-09-04 Motorcylinder med slidflade og fremgangsmåde til dannelse af slidfladen.

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US142711A US3054649A (en) 1961-10-03 1961-10-03 Pore filled metal wear surfaces and method of pore filling the same

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CH (1) CH400670A (de)
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GB (1) GB994715A (de)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3341348A (en) * 1963-12-11 1967-09-12 Chromium Corp Of America Release surfaces and processes
DE1546936B1 (de) * 1964-11-27 1970-11-19 Forestek Clarence Walter Verfahren zur Behandlung von Oberflaechen mit Perfluorkohlenstoffpolymeren
US3545831A (en) * 1967-11-24 1970-12-08 Schmidt Gmbh Karl Journal bearing
US3608535A (en) * 1968-11-06 1971-09-28 Outboard Marine Corp Sealant for wear-resistant coating
US4312900A (en) * 1980-06-09 1982-01-26 Ford Motor Company Method of treating sliding metal contact surfaces
DE4336920A1 (de) * 1992-11-12 1994-05-19 Ford Werke Ag Ventiltrieb mit niedriger Reibung
WO1995002025A1 (en) * 1993-07-06 1995-01-19 Ford Motor Company Limited Thermoset polymer/solid lubricant coating system
US20040001656A1 (en) * 2002-03-27 2004-01-01 Noriyuki Yoshimura Sintered bearing and production method therefor

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3148265A1 (de) * 1981-12-05 1983-06-09 Rheinmetall GmbH, 4000 Düsseldorf Waffenrohrlagerung
GB2147083A (en) * 1983-09-21 1985-05-01 William Stroud Cylinder construction for jack
RU2169281C2 (ru) * 1997-11-24 2001-06-20 Открытое акционерное общество "Уфимское моторостроительное производственное объединение" Способ изготовления узла гильза-цилиндр
DE19919725A1 (de) * 1999-04-30 2000-11-02 Mahle Gmbh Kolbenmotor mit einem Zylinder aus Leichtmetall
IT1403119B1 (it) * 2010-12-16 2013-10-04 Interpump Engineering Srl Pompa con guida pistone

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2846943A (en) * 1954-08-23 1958-08-12 Fmc Corp Apparatus for separating liquid and solid material
CA563863A (en) * 1958-09-30 D. Fleming James Coated piston

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA563863A (en) * 1958-09-30 D. Fleming James Coated piston
US2846943A (en) * 1954-08-23 1958-08-12 Fmc Corp Apparatus for separating liquid and solid material

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3341348A (en) * 1963-12-11 1967-09-12 Chromium Corp Of America Release surfaces and processes
DE1546936B1 (de) * 1964-11-27 1970-11-19 Forestek Clarence Walter Verfahren zur Behandlung von Oberflaechen mit Perfluorkohlenstoffpolymeren
US3545831A (en) * 1967-11-24 1970-12-08 Schmidt Gmbh Karl Journal bearing
US3608535A (en) * 1968-11-06 1971-09-28 Outboard Marine Corp Sealant for wear-resistant coating
US4312900A (en) * 1980-06-09 1982-01-26 Ford Motor Company Method of treating sliding metal contact surfaces
DE4336920A1 (de) * 1992-11-12 1994-05-19 Ford Werke Ag Ventiltrieb mit niedriger Reibung
DE4336920C2 (de) * 1992-11-12 1999-09-09 Ford Werke Ag Ventiltrieb mit niedriger Reibung
WO1995002025A1 (en) * 1993-07-06 1995-01-19 Ford Motor Company Limited Thermoset polymer/solid lubricant coating system
US20040001656A1 (en) * 2002-03-27 2004-01-01 Noriyuki Yoshimura Sintered bearing and production method therefor
US6951423B2 (en) * 2002-03-27 2005-10-04 Minebea Co., Ltd. Sintered bearing and production method therefor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DK103052C (da) 1965-11-08
GB994715A (en) 1965-06-10
CH400670A (de) 1965-10-15

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