US3444307A - Cooling system for superconductive or cryogenic structures - Google Patents

Cooling system for superconductive or cryogenic structures Download PDF

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Publication number
US3444307A
US3444307A US624761A US3444307DA US3444307A US 3444307 A US3444307 A US 3444307A US 624761 A US624761 A US 624761A US 3444307D A US3444307D A US 3444307DA US 3444307 A US3444307 A US 3444307A
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United States
Prior art keywords
wicks
superconductive
wick
cryogenic
cable
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US624761A
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English (en)
Inventor
Wilhelm Kafka
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Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
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Siemens Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
    • H01B12/16—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by cooling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/2876—Cooling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F36/00—Transformers with superconductive windings or with windings operating at cryogenic temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F6/00—Superconducting magnets; Superconducting coils
    • H01F6/06—Coils, e.g. winding, insulating, terminating or casing arrangements therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N60/00—Superconducting devices
    • H10N60/30—Devices switchable between superconducting and normal states
    • H10N60/35—Cryotrons
    • H10N60/355—Power cryotrons
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S505/00—Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process
    • Y10S505/825—Apparatus per se, device per se, or process of making or operating same
    • Y10S505/884—Conductor
    • Y10S505/885—Cooling, or feeding, circulating, or distributing fluid; in superconductive apparatus

Definitions

  • the system includes an enclosure means for holding a liquid refrigerant, and a wick means extends into the enclosure means to engage a liquid refrigerant therein.
  • This wick means also extends into engagement with an electrically conductive means for conveying the liquid refrigerant thereto for cooling the same, and a passage means is situated adjacent the wick means to provide an escape path for liquid refrigerant which is at least partly vaporized.
  • the wick means has a mechanical strength great enough to enable it to simultaneously act as a spacer structure, and the wick means may be made of a bundle of cotton or of a bundle of twisted or braided fibers of metal or glass.
  • My invention relates to superconductive or cryogenic structures.
  • my invention relates to the cooling of such structures.
  • Such heat conduction can be facilitated by the insertion of good heat conductors, such as copper foils.
  • good heat conductors such as copper foils.
  • the inserted heat conductors cannot be made with a sufficient thickness, so that this type of cooling of the current conductors in the interior of a conductive package is highly inadequate.
  • the electrically conductive means are placed in engagement with a wick means which engages a liquid refrigerant in a suitable enclosure means and which by capillary action conveys the liquid refrigerant by suction to the electrically conductive means for cooling the latter. Also, in accordance with my invention, there is situated adjacent the wick means a passage means which provides an escape path for liquid refrigerant which is at least partly vaporized.
  • a further object of my invention is to provide a wick structure which has a sufliciently great mechanical strength to enable this wick structure to act at the same time as a v United States Patent spacer structure.
  • the wick means can be composed of a bundle of fine glass fibers, metal fibers, or of a porous tape.
  • the wicks are composed, for example, of bundles or tapes, braided or twisted fibers, made of glass, silk, cotton, and the like, or they may be composed of fine wires. It is also possible to use tapes composed of a porous mass.
  • FIG. 1 is a fragmentary schematic axial section of a superconductive or cryogenic conducting coil having axially arranged wicks;
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary transverse section of the structure of FIG. 1 taken along the line IIII in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a fragmentary schematic axial section of the secondary coil of a cryogenic transformer having radially arranged wicks;
  • FIG. 4 is a fragmentary transverse section of the structure of FIG. 3 taken along the line IVIV in FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a fragmentary partly sectional illustration of a superconductive coil having axially arranged Wicks
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic fragmentary axial section of a coil having disc windings and axially arranged wicks;
  • FIG. 7 is a fragmentary longitudinal section schematically illustrating a superconductive cable having the structure of the invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a fragmentary schematic transverse section of the structure of FIG. 7;
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic longitudinal illustration of a wick-cooled cryotron
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic transverse section taken along line X-X of FIG. 9 in the direction of the arrows.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic transverse section taken along line XI-XI of FIG. 9 in the direction of the arrows.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 respectively illustrate different views of a wound coil which has no end flanges.
  • the wire 1 of each winding layer is prevented from slipping by means of tapes 2 which are inserted between the winding layers and which surround the latter at their ends.
  • These tapes 2 are made of a material which has capillary action and which conveys liquid refrigerant from the ends 3 of the windings into the interior thereof.
  • the tapes 2 are, as is apparent from FIG. 2, circumferentially distributed about the windings, so that these tapes 2 define between themselves passages 4 forming a passage means through which the vapor present between the winding layers can easily reach the exterior surface of the windings.
  • the windings is situated in a heat-insulating housing 5 which communicates with tubes 6, only one of which is illustrated in FIG. 1, by means of which liquid refrigerant is supplied to the interior of the housing 5 and vapor is conducted away from the interior thereof.
  • a pump for the refrigerating medium becomes unnecessary.
  • the interior winding wires are cooled in a faultless manner at every part of the coil.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show in different views sections of a cryogenic transformer having a deeply refrigerated secondary coil 7 for feeding a superconductive or cryogenic conductive three-phase current cable, the secondary coil being provided with an unillustrated primary winding which is at a normal temperature.
  • the cryogenic conductive secondary coil is situated within a double-walled housing 8 which contains between its walls a heat insulation 9 (superinsulation).
  • the winding is made up of cables 10 of thin wire, these cables being wound in series in the sequence which is numerically indicated in FIG. 3 so that individual winding packages are provided. Between the cables of each package are Wicks 11 and 12 which extend both in the axial direction of the coil as well as radially with respect thereto.
  • wicks hold the windings in spaced relation with respect to each other so as to act as spacers.
  • groups of windings are supported in spaced relation with respect to each other by spacer elements 13.
  • a cylindrical chamber 14 for the liquid refrigerating medium, so that in this way the structure is provided with an enclosure means for the refrigerating medium.
  • the housing 5 of FIG. 1 provides an enclosure means for the refrigerating medium of this embodiment. In both cases the refrigerating medium is a liquid.
  • the cooling system of the invention which provides conveying of the liquid cooling medium by means of capillary action can be brought about, for example, in the manner shown in FIG. 5.
  • the coil housing 15 is insulated in its interior and is provided with fins 16 which support the'windings and at the same time define free chambers for the liquid helium.
  • the individual wire layers carry a silver paste 17 which presses into the tapered spaces defined between adjoining wires.
  • the adjoining wire layers are separated from each other by at least one insulating foil 18 and by wicks 19 which are circumferentially distributed around the winding layers.
  • the transition from one layer to the next is brought about by silver paste 20 or by woven tapes which are impregnated with silver paste. In this way a shunting of the adjoining layers is achieved.
  • This winding structure of FIG. 5 is achieved in the following manner. After the first wire winding layer has been made, the silver paste is applied and after setting of this paste an insulating tape which is almost as wide as the layer is applied on the latter.
  • This tape consists of an impermeable insulating foil such as, for example, polyethylene terephthalate, provided at its inner surface, in a direction transverse to the axis of the wire, with wicks which extend parallel to the coil axis. Thus, there remains between these wicks small passages through which vapor is withdrawn.
  • the free hollow space is filled with silver paste.
  • woven tapes which are also impregnated with paste.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a winding which is wound from tapes 21 in the form of double discs 22.
  • the tapes are insulated from each other or are separated from each other by semi-conductive layers.
  • wicks 24 Between adjoining double discs it is possible to arrange wicks 24.
  • the passage means defined between the wicks will in this case also extend radially.
  • a free chamber which forms an enclosure means for the liquid refrigerating medium.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 show in different cross sections a superconductive or cryogenic conductive cable for very high current intensities.
  • the cable is composed of a multiplicity of very fine wires 25 which, for example, are insulated from each other by lacquer or by glass silk which is spun around the individual wires, and these wires are twisted into the individual cable sections 26.
  • Thicker yarns or fibers 27 are wound around the individual cable sections,
  • these fibers 27 are made of an insulating material and define between themselves the passage means 28 through which the outwardly flowing gas can escape.
  • the elements 27 are helically wound around the cable sections 26 with the elements 27 on one cable section spaced from those on an adjoining cable section.
  • a free enclosure 29 for the refrigerating medium In the interior of the cable is a free enclosure 29 for the refrigerating medium, and within the chamber 29 there is a longitudinal flow of the refrigerating fluid from the supply location of the liquid refrigerant to the discharge location for the vapor, so that this chamber 29 forms not only an enclosure means for the liquid refrigerant but also a passage means for the escape of vapor.
  • all of the conductors can be situated in a concentric or twisted manner within a single heat-insulating body 30.
  • the penetration of the liquid helium into the interior of the cable sections can be improved by inserting during the manufacture of the cable, wicks 31 which extend perpendicularly with respect to the direction in which the conductors extend.
  • the wick-cooled cryotron which is illustrated in FIGS. 9-11 includes a sintered gate conductor 32 and wicks 33 which extend parallel to the elongated gate 32. These wicks consist of tightly twisted round glass fiber bundles which provide a capillary action between the individual glass fibers. The tapered spaces defined between adjoining glass fiber bundles act as gas passages.
  • the gate conductor, wicks, and passages are surrounded by an insulating tube or enclosure 34 which prevents impairment of the cooling system by penetration of casting resin into the interior intermediate spaces during casting of the cryotron into a body of casting resin 35.
  • the cross section of the cryotron is widened into a U-shaped configuration, as is apparent from FIG. 11.
  • the cables 36 of hard superconductors are inserted and fixed by solder 37.
  • solder 37 As a result of this widening, the distance between the glass fiber bundles 33 is also increased.
  • the helium bath contained in the superconductive cable extends into these widened intermediate spaces, so that the wicks terminate in the helium bath.
  • enclosure means for holding a liquid refrigerant, electrically conductive means for conducting an electric current, wick means extending into said enclosure means to engage a liquid refrigerant therein and also engaging said electrically conductive means for conveying the liquid refrigerant thereto by capillary action, so as to cool said electrically conductive means, and passage means situated adjacent said wick means for providing an escape path for liquid refrigerant which is at least partly vaporized.
  • wick means includes a bundle of cotton 4.
  • wick means is composed of a bundle of fine fibers consisting of glass.
  • said electrically conductive means is in the form of a coil having a given axial direction and distributed in a radal direction 5 about said axial direction, and said Wick means and passage means extending in at least one of said directions.
  • said electrically conductive means has the form of a plurality of individual cable sections combined into a single cable, and said wick means including a plurality of wicks respectively wound helically around said cable sections with the wicks which engage the individual cable sections being spaced from each other.
  • said electrically conductive means includes an elongated cryotron gate, and said wick means including a plurality of wicks extending longitudinally along said gate in a direction parallel thereto, and said wicks being spaced from each other.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
US624761A 1966-03-23 1967-03-21 Cooling system for superconductive or cryogenic structures Expired - Lifetime US3444307A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DES0102682 1966-03-23

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Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3603715A (en) * 1968-12-07 1971-09-07 Kabel Metallwerke Ghh Arrangement for supporting one or several superconductors in the interior of a cryogenic cable
US3604833A (en) * 1968-12-04 1971-09-14 Kabel Metallwerke Ghh Construction for cryogenic cables
US3639672A (en) * 1969-02-21 1972-02-01 Inst Plasmaphysik Gmbh Electrical conductor
US3708606A (en) * 1970-05-13 1973-01-02 Air Reduction Cryogenic system including variations of hollow superconducting wire
US3748615A (en) * 1968-05-07 1973-07-24 Siemens Ag Superconducting magnet coil
US3764725A (en) * 1971-02-01 1973-10-09 Max Planck Gesellschaft Electrical conductor for superconductive windings or switching paths
US3766502A (en) * 1970-05-15 1973-10-16 Commissariat Energie Atomique Cooling device for superconducting coils
US3828111A (en) * 1972-10-03 1974-08-06 Co Generale D Electricite Electrical connection, in particular, for connecting two cooled conductors disposed in a vacuum
US3983427A (en) * 1975-05-14 1976-09-28 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Superconducting winding with grooved spacing elements
US4912443A (en) * 1989-02-06 1990-03-27 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Superconducting magnetic energy storage inductor and method of manufacture
US4912444A (en) * 1989-02-06 1990-03-27 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Superconducting solenoid coil structure with internal cryogenic coolant passages
EP0408230A3 (en) * 1989-07-10 1991-11-27 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Semi-compacted litz-wire cable strands spaced for coolant flow about individual insulated strands
FR2704980A1 (fr) * 1993-05-05 1994-11-10 Gec Alsthom Electromec Interrupteur supraconducteur et application à un chargeur de bobine supraconductrice.
US5423185A (en) * 1993-07-06 1995-06-13 General Dynamics Corporation High efficiency reflective optical system
US6605886B2 (en) * 2001-07-31 2003-08-12 General Electric Company High temperature superconductor synchronous rotor coil support insulator
WO2013074407A1 (en) * 2011-11-17 2013-05-23 Varian Semiconductor Equipment Associates, Inc. Techniques for protecting a supercon-ducting (sc) tape
US20190267161A1 (en) * 2016-06-10 2019-08-29 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electric Conductor Comprising Multiple Filaments In A Matrix
WO2020016035A1 (en) * 2018-07-19 2020-01-23 Nv Bekaert Sa Superconductor with twisted structure
US20210287844A1 (en) * 2017-02-10 2021-09-16 Deere & Company Transformer with integrated cooling

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3066499A (en) * 1959-01-02 1962-12-04 Stewart Warner Corp Electronic cooling by wick boiling and evaporation

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3066499A (en) * 1959-01-02 1962-12-04 Stewart Warner Corp Electronic cooling by wick boiling and evaporation

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3748615A (en) * 1968-05-07 1973-07-24 Siemens Ag Superconducting magnet coil
US3604833A (en) * 1968-12-04 1971-09-14 Kabel Metallwerke Ghh Construction for cryogenic cables
US3603715A (en) * 1968-12-07 1971-09-07 Kabel Metallwerke Ghh Arrangement for supporting one or several superconductors in the interior of a cryogenic cable
US3639672A (en) * 1969-02-21 1972-02-01 Inst Plasmaphysik Gmbh Electrical conductor
US3708606A (en) * 1970-05-13 1973-01-02 Air Reduction Cryogenic system including variations of hollow superconducting wire
US3766502A (en) * 1970-05-15 1973-10-16 Commissariat Energie Atomique Cooling device for superconducting coils
US3764725A (en) * 1971-02-01 1973-10-09 Max Planck Gesellschaft Electrical conductor for superconductive windings or switching paths
US3828111A (en) * 1972-10-03 1974-08-06 Co Generale D Electricite Electrical connection, in particular, for connecting two cooled conductors disposed in a vacuum
US3983427A (en) * 1975-05-14 1976-09-28 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Superconducting winding with grooved spacing elements
US4912443A (en) * 1989-02-06 1990-03-27 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Superconducting magnetic energy storage inductor and method of manufacture
US4912444A (en) * 1989-02-06 1990-03-27 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Superconducting solenoid coil structure with internal cryogenic coolant passages
EP0408230A3 (en) * 1989-07-10 1991-11-27 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Semi-compacted litz-wire cable strands spaced for coolant flow about individual insulated strands
FR2704980A1 (fr) * 1993-05-05 1994-11-10 Gec Alsthom Electromec Interrupteur supraconducteur et application à un chargeur de bobine supraconductrice.
EP0629006A1 (de) * 1993-05-05 1994-12-14 Gec Alsthom Electromecanique Sa Supraleitender Schalter und Anwendung als Speisung einer supraleitenden Spule
US5545932A (en) * 1993-05-05 1996-08-13 Gec Alsthom Electromecanique Sa Superconducting switch and application to a charger for a superconducting coil
US5423185A (en) * 1993-07-06 1995-06-13 General Dynamics Corporation High efficiency reflective optical system
US6605886B2 (en) * 2001-07-31 2003-08-12 General Electric Company High temperature superconductor synchronous rotor coil support insulator
US9008740B2 (en) 2011-11-17 2015-04-14 Varian Semiconductor Equipment Associates, Inc. Techniques for protecting a superconducting (SC) tape
CN104040743A (zh) * 2011-11-17 2014-09-10 瓦里安半导体设备公司 保护超导物品的技术
WO2013074407A1 (en) * 2011-11-17 2013-05-23 Varian Semiconductor Equipment Associates, Inc. Techniques for protecting a supercon-ducting (sc) tape
CN104040743B (zh) * 2011-11-17 2017-05-10 瓦里安半导体设备公司 保护超导物品的技术
US20190267161A1 (en) * 2016-06-10 2019-08-29 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electric Conductor Comprising Multiple Filaments In A Matrix
US20210287844A1 (en) * 2017-02-10 2021-09-16 Deere & Company Transformer with integrated cooling
US12125629B2 (en) * 2017-02-10 2024-10-22 Deere & Company Transformer with integrated cooling
WO2020016035A1 (en) * 2018-07-19 2020-01-23 Nv Bekaert Sa Superconductor with twisted structure
CN112470239A (zh) * 2018-07-19 2021-03-09 贝卡尔特公司 具有绞捻结构的超导体
US11881352B2 (en) 2018-07-19 2024-01-23 Nv Bekaert Sa Superconductor with twisted structure

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AT266986B (de) 1968-12-10
CH458467A (de) 1968-06-30

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