US3615573A - Direct-positive composition containing individually and differently fogged silver halide emulsions - Google Patents

Direct-positive composition containing individually and differently fogged silver halide emulsions Download PDF

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US3615573A
US3615573A US759816A US3615573DA US3615573A US 3615573 A US3615573 A US 3615573A US 759816 A US759816 A US 759816A US 3615573D A US3615573D A US 3615573DA US 3615573 A US3615573 A US 3615573A
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silver halide
fogged
direct
positive
emulsions
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Albert C Smith Jr
Bernard D Illingsworth
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Eastman Kodak Co
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
    • G03C1/485—Direct positive emulsions
    • G03C1/48515—Direct positive emulsions prefogged
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
    • Y10S430/141—Direct positive material

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  • Battist ABSTRACT This invention relates to direct-positive, photographic compositions. In one aspect, this invention relates to direct-positive, chemically fogged silver halide compositions having extended exposure latitude. In another aspect, this invention relates to direct-positive, silver halide compositions having the ability to produce discrete, high-contrast steps over the exposure range of the photographic composition.
  • PATENTEnum 26 I971 sum 1 or 3 x k GEWQ LOG.
  • FIG 3 Awmr c. SMITH,JR BERNARD 0.
  • [LL/NGSWORTH INVIL'NTORS A T TOR/VEY DIRECT-POSITIVE COMPOSITION CONTAINING INDIVIDUALLY AND DIFFERENTLY FOGGED SILVER HALIDE EMULSIONS ln the prior art it is generally known that negative-working silver halide compositions can be extended in exposure latitude by incorporating emulsions of various grain size in a photographic element, either in admixture or in separate layers.
  • sensitizing dyes in a portion of the sensitive emulsion, such as in one of the layers of a multilayer element.
  • the silver halide grains are selectively fogged with chemical compounds. More preferably, they are reduction and gold fogged.
  • the direct-positive compositions are blue-sensitive, chemically fogged, silver halide emulsions.
  • the silver halide composi tions comprise grains having internal centers which promote the deposition of 'photolytic silver with a fogged silver halide cover or outer region thereon and preferably a halogen-conducting compound contiguous therewith.
  • the direct-positive compositions comprise fogged silver halide grains and an organic compound which acceptselectrons.
  • the direct-positive compositions comprise silver halide grains selectively fogged to provide from two to four distinct, highcontrast steps on a Density vs. Log. Exposure curve.
  • the direct-positive compositions utilized according to this invention are preferably fogged with chemical fogging agents.
  • the silver halide composition is chemically fogged by the addition thereto of a reducing agent, such as thiourea dioxide and a compound of a metal more electropositive than silver, such as a gold salt e.g., potassium chloroaurate as described in British Pat. No.
  • Typical reducing agents that are useful in providing such emulsions include stannous salts, e.g., stannous chloride, hydrazine, sulfur compounds such as thiourea dioxide, certain phosphonium salts such as tetra(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride, amine boranes such as disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3,361,564, and the like.
  • Typical useful metal compounds that are more electropositive than silver include gold, rhodium, platinum, palladium, iridium, etc., preferably in the form of soluble salts thereof, e.g., potassium chloroaurate, auric chloride, (NHmPdCI, and the like.
  • reducing agent and metal compound e.g., metal salt
  • concentrations of reducing agent and metal compound can be varied over a considerable range.
  • good results are obtained using about 0.05 to 40 mg. reducing agent per mole of silver halide, and 0.05 to 15.0 mg. metal compound per mole of silver halide. Best results are obtained at lower concentration levels of both reducing agent and metal compound.
  • fogged refers to emulsions containing silver halide grains which produce a density of at least 0.5 when developed, without exposure, for 5 minutes at 68 F. in developer A having the composition set forth below, when the emulsion is coated at a silver coverage of 50 mg. to 500 mg. per square foot.
  • extended exposure latitude in direct-positive emulsions is achieved by utilizing in a singlephotographic element a plurality of said fogged silver halide, direct-print compositions which have been fogged to different fog levels.
  • the respective silver halide grains which have been fogged to different levels are incorporated in admixture in a single layer; however, they can also be in superposed layers.
  • a high-contrast curve such as represented by FIG. 1 can be obtained upon develop ment. If a large number of aliquot portions of the emulsion are fogged to incrementally higher levels and then utilized in a single-photographic element, a substantially smooth extended latitude curve such as shown in FIG. 2 can be obtained.
  • the silver halide grains are selectively fogged to provide an admixture which will provide discrete, high-contrast steps in the exposure curve as represented by H6. 3.
  • a photographic element according to this invention comprising an emulsion having silver halide grains fogged selectively to several levels can be utilized to produce a very desirable continuous tone image. Photographic elements of this type are preferred for obtaining optimum reproduction of every tone level of the scene being reproduced.
  • the silver halide emulsion comprises silver halide grains fogged to from two to four discrete step levels similar to the three step curve indicated in H6. 3.
  • Photographic elements comprising compositions of this type are very useful in systems involving the transmission of graphic information from one point to another by transducing the optical information into some fonn of time-varying signals and, ultimately, reconstituting a spatial optical display. Systems of this type are described in Source Coding of Image Information by Bartleson and Witzel, Photographic Science and Engineering, vol. ll, No. 4, 1967.
  • compositions having stepped curves can be advantageously used in the reproduction of posters. Good detail can be achieved in the highlight areas as well as obtaining good detail and reproduction of weak background areas. Compositions of this type are useful in processes such as the Leica Person Process" described in Photo. Dealers Assoc. J. 1936, 31-35.
  • the direct-positive compositions of this invention are blue-sensitive compositions.
  • blue-sensitive means that the direct-positive compositions will provide a reversal image when exposed with light in the 350 to 500 millimicron range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • the silver halide compositions can also be spectrally sensitized to form reversal images when exposed in other regions of the spectrum such as in the green and red regions. However, they all have the property of being capable of forming a reversal image when exposed with light in the blue region of the visible spectrum.
  • these emulsions have high photographic speed compared to compositions such as conventional Herschel reversal emulsions.
  • Typical direct-positive silver halide compositions which can be characterized by the above tests and which are useful in this invention are: (l) emulsions comprising silver halide grains having internal centers which promote the deposition of photolytic silver and an outer region or shell of a fogged insoluble silver salt and preferably a halogen-conducting compound in said emulsion or (2) an emulsion which comprises fogged silver halide grains and an organic compound which accepts electrons, said grains being such that a test portion thereof, when coated as a photographic silver halide emulsion on a support to give a maximum density of at least about 0.5 upon processing for 5 minutes at about 68 F in developer A, has a maximum density which is atleast about 30 percent greater than the maximum density of an identical coated test portion which is processed for 6 minutes at about 68 F. in developer A after being bleached for about 10 minutes at about 68 F. in a bleach composition of:
  • potassium cyanide 50.00 mg. acetic acid (glacial) 3.47 cc. sodium acetate 1 1.49 g. potassium bromide 1 19.00 mg. water to 1.00 liter.
  • This invention can be practiced with direct-positive emulsions of the type in which a silver halide grain has a water-insoluble silver salt center and an outer shell composed of a fogged water-insoluble silver salt that develops to silver without exposure.
  • emulsions can be prepared in various ways, such as those described in Berriman US. Pat. No. 3,367,778 issued Feb. 6, 1968.
  • the shell of the grains in such emulsions may be prepared by precipitating over the core grains a light-sensitive, water-insoluble silver salt that can be fogged and which fog is removable by bleaching.
  • the shell is of sufficient thickness to prevent access of the developer used in processing the emulsions of the invention to the core.
  • the silver salt shell is surface fogged to make it developable to metallic silver with conventional surface image-developing compositions.
  • the silver salt of the shell is sufficiently fogged to produce a density of at least about 0.5 when developed for 6 minutes at 68 F in developer B below when the emulsion is coated at a silver coverage of 100 mg. per square foot.
  • fogging can be effected by chemically sensitizing to fog-with the sensitizing agents described for chemically sensitizing the core emulsion, high-intensity light and the like fogging means well-known to those skilled in the art. While the core need not be sensitized to fog, the shell is fogged.
  • Fogging by means of a reduction sensitizer, a noble metal salt such as gold salt plus a reduction sensitizer, a sulfur sensitizer, high pH and low pAg silver halide precipitating conditions, and the like can be suitably utilized.
  • the shell portion of the subject grains can also be coated prior to fogging.
  • the core emulsion is first chemically or physi cally treated by methods previously described in the prior art to produce centers which promote the deposition of photolytic silver, i.e., latent image nucleating centers.
  • centers can be obtained by various techniques as described in the Berriman patent referred to above.
  • Silver salt cores containing centers attributable to a metal of group VIII of the periodic table, e.g., palladium, iridium or platinum and the like, are especially useful since these centers also appear to function as electron acceptors. Chemical sensitization techniques of the type described by Antoine Hautot and Henri Sauvenier in Science et Industries Photographiques, vol.
  • Such chemical sensitization includes three major classes, namely, gold or noble metal sensitization, sulfur sensitization, such as by a labile sulfur compound, and reduction sensitization, e.g., treatment of the silver halide with a strong reducing agent which introduces small specks of metallic silver into the silver salt crystal or grain.
  • the silver halide emulsions can comprise silver halide grains having centers which promote the deposition of photolytic silver which are either sufiiciently small or sufficiently buried within the crystal as to be not accessible to initiate development to a visible image.
  • Silver halide grains of this type can be provided by either using very low concentrations of the sensitizing agent throughout the precipitation or adding the sensitizing agent to the precipitation medium during the initial part of the precipitation whereby the concentration of the sensitizing agent will be lowered significantly by occlusion of the agent in the grains so that continued precipitation would result in lowered concentration of centers for promoting deposition of photolytic silver in the outer regions of each grain.
  • the practice of this invention is particularly suitable for high-speed direct-positive emulsions comprising fogged silver halide grains and a compound which accepts electrons, as described and claimed in lllingsworth Pat. application, Ser. No. 619,909 and titled Photographic Reversal Materials lll.”
  • the fogged silver halide grains of such emulsions are such that a test portion thereof, when coated as a photographic silver halide emulsion on a support to give a maximum density of at least about 1 upon processing for 6 minutes at about 68 F in developer A, has a maximum density which is at least about 30 percent greater than the maximum density of an identical coated test portion which is processed for 6 minutes at about 68 F in developer A after being bleached for about 10 minutes at about 68 F in a bleach composition of:
  • potassium cyanide 50.00 mg. acetic acid (glacial) 3.47 cc. sodium acetate 11.49 g. potassium bromide l 19.00 mg. water to 1.00 I.
  • the grains of such emulsions will lose at least about 25 percent and generally at least about 40 percent of their fog when bleached for 10 minutes at 68 F in a potassium cyanide bleach composition as described herein.
  • This fog loss can be illustrated by coating the silver halide grains as a photographic silver halide emulsion on a support to give a maximum density of at least 1.0 upon processing for 6 minutes at about 68 F in developer A and comparing the density of such a coating with an identical coating which is processed for 6 minutes at 68 F in developer A after being bleached for about 10 minutes at 68 F in the potassium cyanide bleach composition.
  • the maximum density of the unbleached coating will be at least 30 percent greater, generally at least 60 percent greater, than the maximum density of the bleached coating.
  • the silver halides employed in the preparation of the photographic emulsions useful in this invention include any of the photographic silver halides as exemplified by silver chloride, silver bromide, silver bromoiodide, silver chlorobromide, silver chlorobromoiodide, and the like.
  • Emulsion blends e.g., blends of silver chloride and silver chlorobromide, can be used.
  • the core of the silver halide grain can be composed of silver halide of different composition than that in the outer shell of the grain.
  • Silver halide grains having an average grain size less than about 2 microns, preferably less than about 0.5 micron, give particularly good results.
  • the silver halide grains can be regular and can be any suitable shape such as cubic or octahedral, as described and claimed in lllingsworth Pat. application Ser. No. 619,948 and titled Direct Positive Photographic Emulsions l.
  • Such grains advantageously have a rather uniform diameter frequency distribution, as described and claimed in lllingsworth Pat. application Ser. No. 619,936 titled Photographic Reversal Emulsions ll.
  • at least 95 percent by weight, of the photographic silver halide grains can have a diameter which is within about 40 percent, preferably within about 30 percent of the mean grain diameter.
  • Mean grain diameter i.e., average grain size
  • the fogged silver halide grains in these direct-positive photographic emulsions of this invention produce a density of at least 0.5 when developed without exposure for 5 minutes at 68 F in developer A when such an emulsion is coated at a coverage of 50 to about 500 mg. of silver per square foot of support.
  • the photographic silver halides can be coated at silver coverages in the range of about 50 to 500 milligrams of silver per square foot.
  • electron acceptors and halogen conductors are present in the direct-positive emulsions.
  • halogen acceptors When the grains of the silver halide emulsion are substantially free of internal sites for the deposition of photolytic silver, it is essential that an electron acceptor be present in the emulsion if it is to be reversed by blue light.
  • the electron acceptors or halogen conductors which give particularly good results in the practice of this invention can be characterized in terms of their polarographic half-wave potentials, i.e., their oxidation reduction potentials determined by polarography.
  • the electron acceptors useful herein have an anodic polarographic potential and a cathodic polarographic potential which, when added together, give a positive sum.
  • the halogen conductors useful herein have an anodic polarographic potential less than 0.85 and a cathodic polarographic potential which is more negative than --l .0.
  • Preferred halogen conductors have an anodic polarographic potential less than 0.62 and a cathodic polarographic potential which is more negative than 1 .3.
  • Cathodic measurements can be made with a 1X10" molar solution of the electron acceptor in a solvent, for example, methanol which is 0.05 molar in lithium chloride using a dropping mercury electrode with the polarographic half-wave potential for the most positive cathodic wave being designated E
  • Anodic measurements can be made with lXlO molar aqueous solvent solution, for example, methanolic solutions of the electron acceptor which are 0.05 molar in sodium acetate and 0.005- molar in acetic acid using a carbon paste of pyrolytic graphite electrode, with the voltammetric half-peak potential for the most negative anodic response being designated E,
  • the reference electrode can be an aqueous silver-silver chloride (saturated potassium chloride) electrode at C.
  • Electrochemical measurements of this type are known in the art and are described in New Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry, by Delahay, lnterscience Publishers, New York, 1954; Polarography, by Kolthofi and Lingane, 2nd Edition, Interscience Publishers, New York, NY. 1952; Analytical Chemistry, 36, 2426 (1964) by Elving; and Analytical Chemistry, 30, 1576 (1958) by Adams. Signs are given according to IUPAC, Sweden Convention 1953.
  • these electron acceptors used herein also provide spectral sensitization such that the ratio of minus blue relative speed to blue relative speed of the emulsion is greater than 7, and preferably greater than 10, when exposed to a tungsten light source through Wratten No. l6 and No. 35 plus 38A filters respectively.
  • Such electron acceptors can be termed spectrally sensitizing electron acceptors.”
  • electron acceptors can be used which do not spectrally sensitize the emulsion.
  • An especially useful class of electron acceptors which can be used in the direct-positive photographic silver halide emulsions and processes of this invention are cyanine dyes, such as the imidazo[4,5-b] quinoxaline dyes. Dyes of this class are described in Brooker and Van Lare Belgian Pat. No. 660,253 issued Mar. 15, 1965. in these dyes, the imidazol 4,5-b1quinoxaline nucleus is attached, through the two-carbon atom thereof, to the methine chain. Typical good electron-acceptor dyes used in direct-positive emulsions are disclosed in lllingsworth and Spencer Belgian Pat. No. 695,364 granted Sept. 11, 1967.
  • a preferred class of halogen-conducting compounds useful in this invention is characterized by an anodic half-wave potential which is less than 0.62 and a cathodic half-wave potential which is more negative than -l .3.
  • a preferred class of halogen conductors that can be used in thepractice of this invention comprises the spectral sensitizing merocyanine dyes having the formula:
  • A represents the atoms necessary to complete an acid heterocyclic nucleus, e.g., rhodanine, 2 -thiohydantoin and the like
  • B represents the atoms necessary to complete a basic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic nucleus, e.g., benzothiazole, naphthothiazole, benzoxazole and the like
  • each L represents a methine linkage, e.g.,
  • n is an integer from 0 to 2, i.e., 0, l or 2.
  • Typical halogenconducting compounds are disclosed in Wise, Belgian Pat. No. 695,36l granted Sept. ll, l967.
  • the electron acceptors, halogen conductors, bromide and iodide salts are advantageously incorporated in the washed, finished silver halide emulsion and should, of course, be uniformly distributed throughout the emulsion.
  • the methods of incorporating such addenda in emulsions are relatively simple and well known to those skilled in the art of emulsion making. For example, it is convenient to add them from solutions in appropriate solvents, in which case the solvent selected should be completely free from any deleterious effect on the ultimate light-sensitive materials.
  • the type of silver halide emulsions that can be sensitized with these dyes include any of those prepared with hydrophilic colloids that are known to be satisfactory for dispersing silver halides, for example, emulsions comprising natural materials such as gelatin, albumin, agar-agar, gum arabic, alginic acid, etc., and hydrophilic synthetic resins such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose ethers, partially hydrolyzed cellulose acetate, and the like.
  • the binding agents for the emulsion layer can also contain dispersed polymerized vinyl compounds, such as disclosed, for example, in US. Pat. Nos. 3,142,568, 3,193,386, 3,062,674 and 3,220,844, and include the water-insoluble polymers of alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, acrylic acid, sulfoalkyl acrylates or methacrylates and the like.
  • sample A is fogged by heating with 0.375 mg./mole of silver of thiourea dioxide for 60 minutes at 650 C, adding 2.0 mg./mole of silver of potassium chloroaurate and continued heating for 40 minutes at 65 C.
  • sample B is fogged by heating with 2.0 m g./mole of silver of thiourea dioxide at 65 C. for 60 minutes, adding 4.0 mg./mole of silver of potassium chloroaurate and continued heating for 52 minutes at 65 C.
  • sample C is fogged by heating with 1.0 mg./mole of silver of thiourea dioxide for 60 minutes at 65 C. and continued heating with 2.0 mg./mole of silver of potassium chloroaurate for 20 minutes at 65 C. l mg. of -m-nitrobenzylidenerhodanine/mole of silver halide is added to each emulsion as an electron acceptor.
  • a sample of each emulsion is coated on a film support at a coverage of 100 mg. of silver and 250 mg. of gelatin/ft
  • a sample of each coating is exposed on and intensity scale sensitometer and processed for 6 minutes in an Elon-hydroquinone developer with the following results:
  • EXAMPLE 2 A pure silver chloride emulsion is prepared using the general method described in example 1 of Berriman US. Pat. No. 3,367,778. The pH of the emulsion is adjusted to 6.5 and the pAg to 7.35. To separate aliquots of the emulsion is added thiourea dioxide at 0.4 mg./mole (part A), 1.0 mg./mole (part B) and 3.0 mg./mole (part C). The emulsions, are heated to 65 C. and held for 1 hour prior to cooling to 40 C. This produces emulsions with very high-contrast reversal images with about 0.4 log E speed difference between A and B and between B and C. The speed relationship is A B C.
  • the heattreated emulsion fractions are mixed in various portions, spectrally sensitized with 200 mg. of 3 -carboxymethyl-5 [(3 methyl-2 -(3 )-thiazolinylidene) isopropylidene] rhodanine per silver mole and coated on a paper support.
  • a direct-positive photographic element comprising a sup- 36 port and coated thereon at least two chemically fogged,
  • a direct-positive, photographic element according to claim 1 comprising three individual silver halide emulsions which have been individually fogged to substantially different fog levels whereby a Density vs. Log of Exposure curve will exhibit three discrete steps in said curve.
  • each of said fogged emulsions individually has a grain size distribution wherein at least percent, by weight, of the silver halide grains of said emulsions have a size which is within 40 percent of the mean grain size.
  • a direct-positive, photographic element wherein said fogged, silver halide emulsions comprise an organic electron acceptor which has an anodic polarographic potential and a cathodic polarographic potential which, when added together, give a positive sum.
  • a direct-positive, photographic element according to claim 1 wherein said chemically fogged, silver halide emulsions are blue-sensitive whereby it will provide a reversal image when exposed to blue light, developed, fixed and washed.
  • a direct-positive element according to claim 1 wherein a sufficient number of individually fogged, silver halide emulsions are present in said element to provide extended exposure latitude in said photographic element.
  • each of said separate silver halide emulsions has an average constituent grain of substantially the same size and which is less than 2 microns.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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  • Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
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JP (1) JPS5347003B1 (fr)
BE (1) BE738576A (fr)
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DE (1) DE1945449B2 (fr)
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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2402284A1 (de) * 1973-01-25 1974-08-01 Agfa Gevaert Ag Photographisches mehrschichtenmaterial
US3942986A (en) * 1973-06-08 1976-03-09 Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. Photographic element comprising a fogged, direct-positive heterodispersed silver halide emulsion and a fogged, direct-positive monodispersed silver halide
US4023972A (en) * 1973-06-18 1977-05-17 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Method of preparing a blend of fogged, direct-positive silver halide emulsions of different average grain sizes
US4370411A (en) * 1980-09-11 1983-01-25 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Method for producing a long scale direct-positive photographic emulsion
US4378427A (en) * 1980-09-11 1983-03-29 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Method for producing a long scale direct-positive photographic emulsion
US4444874A (en) * 1982-09-15 1984-04-24 Eastman Kodak Company Photographic elements containing direct-positive emulsions and processes for their use
US4444865A (en) * 1981-11-12 1984-04-24 Eastman Kodak Company Blended grain direct-positive emulsions and photographic elements and processes for their use
USRE32097E (en) * 1981-11-12 1986-03-25 Eastman Kodak Company Blended grain direct-positive emulsions and photographic elements and processes for their use
USRE32149E (en) * 1982-09-15 1986-05-20 Eastman Kodak Company Photographic elements containing direct-positive emulsions and processes for their use
US5523197A (en) * 1994-05-06 1996-06-04 Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. Multilayer direct-positive photographic material and process for preparing the same

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2224837C3 (de) * 1972-05-20 1986-05-07 Agfa-Gevaert Ag, 5090 Leverkusen Direktpositives photographisches Aufzeichnungsmaterial
DE3138166A1 (de) * 1981-09-25 1983-04-14 Irbit Holding AG, 1701 Fribourg Schaumstoffschneidverfahren

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2402284A1 (de) * 1973-01-25 1974-08-01 Agfa Gevaert Ag Photographisches mehrschichtenmaterial
US3942986A (en) * 1973-06-08 1976-03-09 Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. Photographic element comprising a fogged, direct-positive heterodispersed silver halide emulsion and a fogged, direct-positive monodispersed silver halide
US4023972A (en) * 1973-06-18 1977-05-17 Agfa-Gevaert N.V. Method of preparing a blend of fogged, direct-positive silver halide emulsions of different average grain sizes
US4370411A (en) * 1980-09-11 1983-01-25 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Method for producing a long scale direct-positive photographic emulsion
US4378427A (en) * 1980-09-11 1983-03-29 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Method for producing a long scale direct-positive photographic emulsion
US4444865A (en) * 1981-11-12 1984-04-24 Eastman Kodak Company Blended grain direct-positive emulsions and photographic elements and processes for their use
USRE32097E (en) * 1981-11-12 1986-03-25 Eastman Kodak Company Blended grain direct-positive emulsions and photographic elements and processes for their use
US4444874A (en) * 1982-09-15 1984-04-24 Eastman Kodak Company Photographic elements containing direct-positive emulsions and processes for their use
USRE32149E (en) * 1982-09-15 1986-05-20 Eastman Kodak Company Photographic elements containing direct-positive emulsions and processes for their use
US5523197A (en) * 1994-05-06 1996-06-04 Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. Multilayer direct-positive photographic material and process for preparing the same

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BE738576A (fr) 1970-02-16
FR2017656A1 (fr) 1970-05-22
CH520349A (fr) 1972-03-15
DE1945449A1 (de) 1970-03-19
JPS5347003B1 (fr) 1978-12-18
DE1945449B2 (de) 1975-07-17
GB1269260A (en) 1972-04-06

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