US3891990A - Imaging process using donor material - Google Patents

Imaging process using donor material Download PDF

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Publication number
US3891990A
US3891990A US374215A US37421573A US3891990A US 3891990 A US3891990 A US 3891990A US 374215 A US374215 A US 374215A US 37421573 A US37421573 A US 37421573A US 3891990 A US3891990 A US 3891990A
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United States
Prior art keywords
injecting
charge
insulating
injecting material
insulating member
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US374215A
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English (en)
Inventor
John B Wells
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Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Xerox Corp filed Critical Xerox Corp
Priority to US374215A priority Critical patent/US3891990A/en
Priority to CA194,680A priority patent/CA1036652A/fr
Priority to DE2412064A priority patent/DE2412064A1/de
Priority to JP49070728A priority patent/JPS5038542A/ja
Priority to GB2804574A priority patent/GB1459468A/en
Priority to FR7422480A priority patent/FR2235405B1/fr
Priority to NL7408735A priority patent/NL7408735A/xx
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3891990A publication Critical patent/US3891990A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/22—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20
    • G03G15/228—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20 the process involving the formation of a master, e.g. photocopy-printer machines
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/22—Processes involving a combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording-members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat or to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A duplicating process wherein a charge pattern is formed on the surface of an insulating member.
  • the insulating member is backed by a conductive member and is placed in an electroded system.
  • the opposing electrode is a conductive member having on its surface in imagewise configuration a layer of a material which upon application of electrical field alone will generate charge carriers.
  • An insulating layer is provided between the imagewise generating material and the insulating member.
  • Application of electrical field causes the formation of a charge pattern on the sur face of the insulating member corresponding to the imagewise charge carrier generating material.
  • the charge pattern may then be rendered visible using conventional techniques. The process is particularly applicable to the repetitive formation of images.
  • This invention relates to duplicating systems. More specifically, this invention concerns a duplicating system in which electrical charge patterns are formed.
  • an image duplicating system wherein a charge carrier generating and injecting material is placed in imagewise configuration on the surface of a conducting substrate material.
  • This member will hereafter be referred to as an injecting master.
  • An insulating liquid is coated on the injecting master.
  • An insulating charge pattern accepting member is placed in contact with the liquid.
  • An electrical field is then imposed between the conductive sub strate of the injecting master and a second electrode placed behind the insulating charge accepting member.
  • Application of field causes the charge carrier generating and injecting material to inject charge into and through the liquid to the insulating surface, forming a charge pattern thereon corresponding to the image formed on the injecting master.
  • the critical component of the present invention is the charge carrier generating and injecting material.
  • the preferred charge injecting material is a material capable of high generation and injection of charge car- 5 riers in response to electrical field. To facilitate handling of the dark injecting materials, they may be dispersed in a binder.
  • Preferred binders are those materials capable of accepting and transporting charge carriers generated by the injection material and themselves being capable of allowing injection into other materials.
  • No imagewise exposure is used in or required by the present process except where desired to form the original injecting master.
  • injection is intended to describe the present process mechanism in which application ofd.c. electrical field across a material causes that material to inject charge carriers into a medium which is within interaction range of the material.
  • Many of the materials which are capable of generating and injecting charge carriers are photoconductive when used in xerographic processes. It should be noted, however, that the present process does not rely on the use of light or other radiation to which the photoconductive materials respond.
  • Any suitable injecting material may be used in the present invention and these include organic as well as inorganic materials.
  • Typical organic materials include pigments such as quinacridones, carboxamides, carboxanalides, triazines, benzopyrrocolines, anthraquinones, azos, salts and lakes of compounds derived from 9-phenylxanthene, dioxazines, lakes of fluorescein dyes, substituted pyrene, bisazos, phthalocyanines and mixtures thereof.
  • Specific organic pigment materials are listed at columns 8 and 9 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,384,488 issued May 21, 1968, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • organic and inorganic materials include diethyl thiourea, allyl thiourea and those materials listed at column 9, line 67 through column 1 1, line 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,384,488, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • inorganic materials include cadmium sulfide, cadmium sulfoselenide, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, sulphur, selenium, mercuric sulfide, lead oxide, lead sulfide, cadmium selenide, titanium dioxide, indium trioxide and mixtures thereof. Mixtures of inorganic and organic materials may also be used.
  • binder Any suitable film-forming material may be used as a binder and includes materials such as thermoplastic or thermosetting resins.
  • Preferred binder materials are those capable of accepting and transporting charge carriers over a relatively long distance.
  • Typical materials include polymeric materials such as polyvinylcarbazole, poly-l-vinylpyrene, polymethylene pyrene and N-substituted polymeric acrylic acid amides of pyrene and mixtures thereof.
  • Typical non- 6O polymeric materials include carbazole; N-
  • benzopyrene lbromopyrene; l-ethylpyrene; 1- methylpyrene; perylene; Z-phenylindole; tetracene; picene; l,3,6,8tetraphenylpyrene; chrysene; fluorene; fluorenone; phenanthrene; triphenylene; 1,25,6- dibenzanthracene; l,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene; 2,3 benzopyrene; 2,3-benzochrysene; anthraquinone;
  • dibenzothiophene' dibenzothiophene', naphthalene; mixtures thereof and mixtures of non-polymeric and polymeric materials.
  • the insulating liquid may be of any suitable insulating material.
  • Typical insulating materials include decane, dodecane, tetradecane, kerosene, molten paraffin, molten beeswax or other molten thermoplastic material, mineral oil, silicone oils such as dimethyl polysiloxane, fluorinated hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof.
  • the insulating liquid must allow passage of charge carriers but be sufficiently insulating to prevent dissipation of the charge pattern formed on the insulating surface while the insulating surface is in contact with the liquid.
  • the substrate for the injecting master and the second electrode may comprise any suitable conductive material.
  • Typical transparent conductive materials include cellophane, conductively coated glass such as aluminum or tin oxide coated glass, or metallized transparent plastic materials such as polyester film.
  • Other typical conductive materials include metals and conductive rubber.
  • the insulating material on which the charge pattern is formed may be of any suitable material.
  • Typical insulating materials include paper, plastic coated paper, cellulose acetate, nitro cellulose, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and related fluorinated polyolefins, polyvinyl fluoride, polyurethane and polyethylene terephthalate. Again, it is necessary that the material be sufficiently insulating to retain a charge pattern formed on its surface.
  • a charge pattern is formed on the insulating surface, it may be developed or rendered visible in any conventional manner known to those skilled in, for example, xerography.
  • standard liquid development wherein finely divided particles of a toner material such as carbon black dispersed in an insulating liquid is placed in contact with the insulating member bearing the charge pattern the particles will be drawn to the areas of charge forming a visible image which can be fixed in place.
  • the insulating liquid is formed into a layer on the insulating charge bearing member of thickness in the range of from about 80 to about 125 millimicrons
  • the charge pattern or electrostatic image creates interference colors or light scattering patterns in the liquid which are visible.
  • the liquid may be a combination of a wax and solvent or a solid material which can be converted to a liquid material.
  • the charge pattern may be made visible by using a soft solid material which can be deformed by the pattern.
  • a further technique is to use a developer liquid which contains or is made up of a liquid crystal material.
  • liquid crystal materials to develop or make visible electrostatic charge patterns is well-known and dc pends, for example, on phase changes caused by the charge pattern or a change in optical polarization caused by the charge pattern which result in color or opacity differences in the liquid crystal material.
  • dc pends for example, on phase changes caused by the charge pattern or a change in optical polarization caused by the charge pattern which result in color or opacity differences in the liquid crystal material.
  • cholesteric and nematic liquid crystals is contemplated.
  • Patents showing the use of liquid crystals to develop or make visible electrical fields are, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,642,348 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,707,322, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • images may be made of virtually any material.
  • the particles used to develop the charge pattern may be dyed thermoplastic materials which are especially suitable for full color transparency or opaque image formation.
  • One advantage of using dyed thermoplastic materials is that brightly colored materials may be used which are readily fused to form a fixed final image.
  • two or more images may be made and transferred to a common receiver in register and fused thereon.
  • the particles may be chosen to be reflective glass beads, luminescent phosphors, resin coated ferromagnetic materials, pigments, reflective resin coated metal particles, microcapsules containing liquids or other materials, catalytic particles or particles otherwise specially formulated for specific end uses when in the form of shaped patterns.
  • the injecting master may be formed by any convenient method such as by painting the injecting material in image configuration onto a conductive substrate.
  • the material can be sprayed through a stencil, brushed through a stencil or applied by any other suitable mechanical means. For these processes it may be desirable to dissolve or suspend the injecting material in a volatile material with or without a binder.
  • injecting masters since many of the injecting materials respond to electrcial field and light, processes such as photoelectrophoresis as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,384,566 to H. E. Clark or manifold imaging as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,707,368 to W. G. Van Dorn may be used to form injecting masters. Conventional xerography may also be used to form an injection master by developing the electrostatic charge pattern using injecting material and transferring the injecting material to a conductive substrate. It is necessary only to provide an image of the injecting material on a conductive substrate and to provide a reasonable bond between the material and substrate so that the material does not become dislodged in use.
  • a thin layer of a non-conductive material to the conductive substrate before formation of the injecting master image thereon.
  • it must be relatively thin or be of a material which will not interfere with field application sufficiently to render the injecting material inoperative.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 are schematic representations of the charge pattern forming steps of the present invention. The spacings, sizes and shapes have been distorted for purposes of clarity.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of an imaging member suitable for practicing the present invention.
  • conductive electrode 1 has acnded to its surface in image configuration injecting material 2 forming an injecting master.
  • Injection material 2 may be particles dispersed in a binder, a single phase material or other material as explained above.
  • Coated over the surface of the injecting master is a layer of insulating liquid 3.
  • insulating member 4 in contact with the free surface of liquid 3 is insulating member 4 on which the charge pattern is formed.
  • Conductive electrode 5 is provided behind insulating member 4.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 should be taken as representing a small section of flat plates, drums, rollers, webs entrained over rollers or any suitable combination.
  • conductive electrode 1 may be a flat plate and electrode 5 may be a roller, or they could both be metallic webs.
  • Potential source 6 is connected to electrode 1 and to ground. The other side of potential source 6 is connected through switch 7 to electrode 5.
  • switch 7 is closed applying a potential difference between electrodes 1 and 5.
  • voltages of from 300 volts to 7000 volts d.c. or higher may be used. The allowable voltage depends on the thickness and nature of the liquid layer 3 used, the thickness and nature of the insulating member 4 and whether or not conductive layer 1 has a relatively insulating material over its surface.
  • the application of the potential difference causes injecting material 2 to generate charge carriers and inject charge carriers into liquid 3.
  • a charge pattern is formed on the surface of layer 4 represented here by negative charges 8 corresponding to the original image 2.
  • the spacing between the surface of injecting material 2 and the surface of member 4 should be preferably less than about one mil. In practice the member 4 is pressed into virtual contact with injecting master 1.
  • the charge pattern 8 may then be rendered visible by any of the techniques outlined above. Where desired electrode 5 may be replaced by a source of corona. Also, although electrode 1 is shown as biased negative in relation to electrode 5, electrode 5 may be biased negative with respect to electrode 1.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of an imaging member suitable for practicing the present invention.
  • the member shown in FIG. 3 is similar to that illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 with the exception that the former includes a thin layer of an insulating material 10 residing on conductive substrate 1.
  • the steps of forming a charge pattern are the same as those described above.
  • EXAMPLE 1 Approximately one part of metal-free phthalocyanine is suspended in a solution of about five parts of polyvinylcarbazole in 50 parts by weight toluene. The suspension is ball milled until the phthalocyanine particles are uniformly suspended and have an average particle size of about l-2 microns. This suspension is coated onto the conductive surface of a conductive metal plate in image configuration so that when dry, the image is approximately 10 microns thick. This image is used as the injection master in Examples I and ll. Because this particular injecting material is light sensitive, the charge pattern forming steps are performed in the dark only to show that the light sensitivity of the injecting material is not being utilized.
  • the injection master is coated with about a 2 micron layer of Sohio Odorless Solvent 3454, a mixture of kerosene fractions.
  • a source of high potential is connected to a roller electrode which has a l inch diameter steel core and on its surface a three quarter inch layer of polyurethane having a resistivity of about 1 X 10 ohmcm forming a total diameter or about 2.5 inches.
  • a paper sheet is placed over the polyurethane surface to receive the charge pattern.
  • the other lead of the source of high potential is connected to the conductive image bearing plate and to ground.
  • the roller With a potential of 5000 volts applied, the roller being negative with respect to the grounded injection master, the roller is caused to traverse the mineral oil at a rate of about 2 inches/second. On completion of roller traverse, a charge pattern is formed on the paper surface. The charge pattern is then made visible by utilizing conventional liquid development techniques.
  • EXAMPLE [ii) A mixture of one part of metal-free phthalocyanine and ten parts of melamine formaldehyde resin are milled in about 50 parts by weight Sohio 3454 until particle size is reduced to about 12 microns. The mixture is coated imagewise onto a conductive metal flat substrate to a thickness dry of about 10 microns. The layer is heated to remove solvent and adhere the phthalocyanine and resin to the substrate. This image is used as in Example I with comparable results.
  • Example Ill The experiment of Example Ill is repeated using mineral oil as the insulating liquid between the injection master and paper sheet providing comparable results.
  • EXAMPLE V An injection master is prepared by coating a conductive plate imagewise with a mixture of one part of polyvinylcarbazole and 10 parts by weight toluene to provide a dry thickness of about 10 microns. The solvent is removed providing a polyvinylcarbazole image on the substrate. The injection master thus formed is used as in Example I with comparable results.
  • the material may be placed on an insulating web.
  • the process has been shown to be operable with a web of 3 mil Mylar, a polyester available from duPont, placed between the conductive substrate and the injecting material.
  • this embodiment requires the removal of accumulated charge from the insulating web which may be accomplished, for example, by the use of a corona discharge.
  • a method for forming charge patterns which comprises the steps of:
  • a. providing in imagewise configuration a layer of an injecting material on a conductive substrate to form an injecting master, said injecting material being capable of generating and injecting charge carriers in response to electrical field alone;
  • said injecting material comprises a charge carrier generating and injecting material dispersed in a binder.
  • said injecting material comprises a charge carrier generating and injecting material in solid solution in a binder.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electrophotography Using Other Than Carlson'S Method (AREA)
  • Printing Methods (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
US374215A 1973-06-27 1973-06-27 Imaging process using donor material Expired - Lifetime US3891990A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US374215A US3891990A (en) 1973-06-27 1973-06-27 Imaging process using donor material
CA194,680A CA1036652A (fr) 1973-06-27 1974-03-12 Procede de formation d'image avec substance donneuse
DE2412064A DE2412064A1 (de) 1973-06-27 1974-03-13 Kopierverfahren
JP49070728A JPS5038542A (fr) 1973-06-27 1974-06-20
GB2804574A GB1459468A (en) 1973-06-27 1974-06-25 Imaging process
FR7422480A FR2235405B1 (fr) 1973-06-27 1974-06-27
NL7408735A NL7408735A (fr) 1973-06-27 1974-06-27

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US374215A US3891990A (en) 1973-06-27 1973-06-27 Imaging process using donor material

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US3891990A true US3891990A (en) 1975-06-24

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US (1) US3891990A (fr)
JP (1) JPS5038542A (fr)
CA (1) CA1036652A (fr)
DE (1) DE2412064A1 (fr)
FR (1) FR2235405B1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1459468A (fr)
NL (1) NL7408735A (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3989364A (en) * 1974-02-22 1976-11-02 Hitachi, Ltd. Electrophotographic copying apparatus
US4206017A (en) * 1977-07-22 1980-06-03 Laboratoires De Physicochimie Appliquee Issec Electrographic recording process, means and apparatus
US4461821A (en) * 1981-10-15 1984-07-24 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Photoconductive compositions and electrophotographic photosensitive materials comprising an organic photoconductor and a thiourea compound
EP0342968A3 (fr) * 1988-05-17 1993-01-27 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Procédé d'enregistrement et de reproduction d'information, appareil pour celui-ci et milieu d'enregistrement
US5304438A (en) * 1989-06-16 1994-04-19 Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd. Charge image recording medium
US5981123A (en) * 1988-05-17 1999-11-09 Dai Nippon Printing Co. Ltd. Electrostatic information recording medium and electrostatic information recording and reproducing method

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3271145A (en) * 1963-12-23 1966-09-06 Eastman Kodak Co Process for producing an electrostatic charge image
US3439174A (en) * 1966-03-07 1969-04-15 Alvin A Snaper Electrolytic image transducer
US3653063A (en) * 1967-12-28 1972-03-28 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd Electronic printing device comprising an array of tunnel cathodes
US3653890A (en) * 1967-10-25 1972-04-04 Konishiroku Photo Ind Screen electrophotographic charge induction process

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3271145A (en) * 1963-12-23 1966-09-06 Eastman Kodak Co Process for producing an electrostatic charge image
US3439174A (en) * 1966-03-07 1969-04-15 Alvin A Snaper Electrolytic image transducer
US3653890A (en) * 1967-10-25 1972-04-04 Konishiroku Photo Ind Screen electrophotographic charge induction process
US3653063A (en) * 1967-12-28 1972-03-28 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd Electronic printing device comprising an array of tunnel cathodes

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3989364A (en) * 1974-02-22 1976-11-02 Hitachi, Ltd. Electrophotographic copying apparatus
US4206017A (en) * 1977-07-22 1980-06-03 Laboratoires De Physicochimie Appliquee Issec Electrographic recording process, means and apparatus
US4461821A (en) * 1981-10-15 1984-07-24 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Photoconductive compositions and electrophotographic photosensitive materials comprising an organic photoconductor and a thiourea compound
EP0342968A3 (fr) * 1988-05-17 1993-01-27 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Procédé d'enregistrement et de reproduction d'information, appareil pour celui-ci et milieu d'enregistrement
EP0714093A3 (fr) * 1988-05-17 1996-06-05 Dainippon Printing Co Ltd
US5981123A (en) * 1988-05-17 1999-11-09 Dai Nippon Printing Co. Ltd. Electrostatic information recording medium and electrostatic information recording and reproducing method
US5304438A (en) * 1989-06-16 1994-04-19 Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd. Charge image recording medium

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2235405A1 (fr) 1975-01-24
DE2412064A1 (de) 1975-01-16
JPS5038542A (fr) 1975-04-10
NL7408735A (fr) 1974-12-31
FR2235405B1 (fr) 1977-03-11
GB1459468A (en) 1976-12-22
CA1036652A (fr) 1978-08-15

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