Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/48—Medical, disinfecting agents, disinfecting, antibacterial, germicidal or antimicrobial compositions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N35/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical
  • A01N35/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical containing aliphatically bound aldehyde or keto groups, or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof, e.g. acetals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2/00—Disinfection or sterilisation of materials or objects, in general; Accessories therefor
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2/00—Disinfection or sterilisation of materials or objects, in general; Accessories therefor
  • A61L2/02—Disinfection or sterilisation of materials or objects, in general; Accessories therefor using physical processes
  • A61L2/025—Ultrasonic waves
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
  • C11D1/72—Ethers of polyoxyalkylene glycols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C11D3/2072—Aldehydes-ketones
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D2111/00—Cleaning compositions characterised by the objects to be cleaned; Cleaning compositions characterised by non-standard cleaning or washing processes
  • C11D2111/40—Specific cleaning or washing processes
  • C11D2111/46—Specific cleaning or washing processes applying energy, e.g. irradiation

Definitions

• ABSTRACT A method for disinfecting or sterilizing medical, surgical, dental instruments or other objects in liquid phase with improved sporicidal compositions.
• the method is based upon the synergistic effects observed when combining nonionic and anionic surfactants with aqueous or alcoholic glutaraldehyde solutions.
• the method can be used also with ultrasonic irradiation over a wide frequency range (10 to 850 kHz). Two types of particularly effective synergistic sporicidal compositions are also described.
• This invention relates to a method for disinfecting or sterilizing objects in liquid phase with improved chemosterilizer compositions.
• the method object of our invention is based upon the synergistic sporicidal effects observed when using relatively moderate temperatures combined or not combined with ultrasonic irradiation in specially formulated sporicidal compositions.
• the latter are based upon active combinations of glutaraldehyde with nonionic surfactants such as ethoxylates'or isomeric linear alcohols (C to C or anionic alkyl aryl sulfonates.
• the method object of the present invention enables reducing from hours to minutes the time requirements for surface disinfection or sterilization of heat sensitive materials.
• Formaldehyde isone of the oldest chemosterilizers employed for the destruction of spores, and, although 1 percent to 2 percent solutions have been used, a relatively long period of time (up to hours) is required to destroy Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores. A somewhat shorter time is needed if one uses higher concentrations of formaldehyde (around 8 percent) in isopropyl alcohol.
• This solution, called Formalin has several drawbacks. The irritating fumes of formaldehyde limit its usefulness, and its toxicity for tissue requires that disinfected materials be thoroughly rinsed with sterile water before use.
• Alkalanized glutaraldehyde solutions known commercially under the trade name CIDEX are the only widely used for practical applications today. They consist of a 2 percent aqueous glutaraldehyde solution buffered by suitable alkalinating agents (generally 0.3 percent sodium bicarbonate) to pH of 7.5 to 8.5. In the acid state at room temperature the glutaraldehyde solution is stable for long periods of time when stored in a closed container. However, when rendered alkaline, the glutaraldehyde gradually undergoes polymerization and loses its activity. Above pH 9 the polymerization proceeds very rapidly. In the 7.5 to 8.5 pH range polymerization is slower, but it is acknowledged by the manufacturer himself that sporicidal activity disappears after 2 weeks.
• suitable alkalinating agents generally 0.3 percent sodium bicarbonate
• Bacterial spores are much more resistant to adverse effects of heat, radiation and chemicals than their corresponding vegetative cells. The resistance of spores differs within the microbial population and species variation is common.
• Bacillus subtilis Bacillus stea'rothermopilus, Bacillus pumilus, Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium tetani.
• a bacterial spore is typically about one micro diameter and consists essentially of a small cell, often called the core or spore protoplast, surrounded by a number of specialized layers.
• the principal layers are the thick cortex and the multilayered coats and, around spores of certain species, a further loose and thin layer called exosporium.
• alkylating agents such as ethylene oxide, B propiolactone, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde as well as other aldehydes attack the sulfhydryl (SH), hydroxyl (OH), amino (NH and carboxy groups present in spore cell proteins.
• alkylating agents such as ethylene oxide, B propiolactone, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde as well as other aldehydes attack the sulfhydryl (SH), hydroxyl (OH), amino (NH and carboxy groups present in spore cell proteins.
• T. J. Munton and A. D. Russell J. Appl. Bact., 1970
• the chemical sites for glutaraldehyde action could involve NH groups, including cross linking reactions between these groups (D. Hopwood, Histochemie, 1968). According to these authors, however, the suggested mechanism does not exclude sites of action with other chemical groups.
• the nonionic linear alcohol ethoxylates decrease the surface tension and increase the wettability at the spore/liquid interface in such a manner that they promote a faster absorbtion rate of glutaraldehyde molecules.
• anionic alkyl aryl sulfonates mixed with nonionic polyoxethylene alcohol ethers.
• sporicidal compositions object of the present invention in combination with ultrasonic irradiation extremely high killing rates are observed.
• murein or peptidoglycan
• Murein is present, in lesser amounts, in the walls of all bacteria. It is a large, cross-linked, net-like molecule exhibiting several unusual features.
• This polymer is acidic, and in spores may exist as a layer tightly contracted by some positively charged molecules.
• contractile pressure exerted by this structure may squeeze the central core sufficiently to maintain it in a state so dry as to confer heat resistance.
• Ultrasonic irradiation is one of the most efficient techniques (KY Sergeeva, Sov. Phys. Acoust., March 1966) to shake up polymer lattices and produce a fast depolymerization.
• This technique is said to be quite efficient over a wide frequency range both at low (G. Schmid, et al., Kolloid L, 1951) and high frequency (M. A. K. Mostafa, J. Polym. Sci. 1958).
• murein depolymerization or a partial destruction of the tight cross-linked lattice would enable the aldehyde groups to penetrate and combine faster with the active spore sites.
• Nonionic and anionic surfactants will indeed accelerate the penetration through the loosened polymer lattice.
• High intensity ultrasonic energy could also play an important role through other secondary but important mechanisms.
• the proteinaceous outer coats of spores contain a disulphide-rich protein with some properties close to those of keratins. Since keratin-like proteins are typically strong, inert towards chemical reagents and resistant to enzymes they constitute an ideal protective barrier for spores. High intensity ultrasonics, however, could physically degrade keratin (J. H. Bradbury, Nature, 1960) and thus promote a faster penetration of active glutaraldehyde molecules.
• spores Two more components characteristic of spores are high levels of calcium (often 2 percent of the spores dry weight) and dipicolinic acid (DPA) which may account for over 10 percent of a spores dry weight. Under acoustic turbulence ion exchange (Ca depletion) can take place while the heterocyclic DPA molecule could also be broken (I. E. Elpiner and A. V. Sokolskaya, Sov. Phys. Acoust. March 1963). In short, ultrasonic energy could either accelerate the physical diffusion of molecules or active radicals to reaction sites inside the spores, produce chemical bond breakages of critical spore components (including site modification) or both.
• DPA dipicolinic acid
• a novel aqueous bactericidal, virucidal and sporicidal composition of the present invention is prepared with 2 percent glutaraldehyde (Union Carbide grade) and 0.2 percent of a nonionic surface active agent which is a mixture of ethoxylates of isomeric linear alcohols.
• the linear alkyl hydrophobic portion of the surfactant being a mixture of C to C linear chains.
• the hydrophylic portion being a polyoxyethylene chain (9 to 13 oxyethylene groups) randomly attached to the linear aliphatic chain through an ether linkage as shown in the following formula:
• the nonionic surfactant used in the formulation object of the present invention had the following characteristics: Molecular weight 728, Cloud point (1 percent aqueous solution) 90C, Pour point 17C, 100 percent solubility in water at 25C, Apparent specific gravity 20/20C; 1.023, density 8.49 lb/gal at 30C, viscosity 48 CKS at 40C, flashpoint 460F. (ASTM method D).
• the anionic surfactant blend with nonionic polyoxethylene alcohol ethers used in the second formulation object of the present invention had the following characteristics: Specific gravity 1.02, density 8.5- lb/gal, clear liquid soluble in hot or cold water, pH comprised between 6' and 8, freezing point -10C.
• the spores against which the solutions have been tested were vacuum dried strains of Clostridium Sporogenes (ATCC 7955), Bacillus globigii, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus stearolhermophilus and Bacillus Subtilis.
• Tests were conducted in specially designed ultrasonic stainless steel tanks (Wave Energy Systems series CTG 160) with a 2 gallon capacity.
• One gallon of spore suspension was used in each test.
• the acoustic output in liquid phase could vary from 10 to watts per liter of spore suspension.
• the experimental irradiation frequency was either 10 kHz or 27 k'Hz ,(i '1 kHz);
• At high frequency 850 kHz 20 watts/liter to 5 watts/cc
• the spore solution was contained in a 2 gal glass beaker which was placed in a water filled container fitted at the bottom with a submersible transducer (glazed cobalt lead zirconate titanate).
• the temperature was thermostatically controlled to i 1C of the recited temperature.
• spores of Bacillus subtilis were used in all the reported experiments.
• the preparation of clean spores was accomplished with the G. Sierra and A. Bowman technique (Journ. Appl. Microbiology, 17: 372-378, 1969).
• the spores were pasteurized (C, 15 min) and stored at 4C as concentrated suspensions in deionized water and used within one week.
• the standardization of the spore suspensions was carried out as described by G. Sierra (Can. Journ. Microbiology, 13: 489-501, 1967).
• Glutaraldehyde and glutaraldehyde/surfactant solutions were freshly prepared in deionized water for each experiment. Concentrated stock solution of the buffers or sodium bicarbonate were added'separately to pasteurized spore suspensions. The pH values reported here are those of a complete system after all additions and were read with a Beckman Zeromatic ll pH meter, the calibration of which was checked before each assay was run-Stirring was continuous, and the pH was read after allowing the electrode potential to stabilize.
• Nonionic surfactant concentration 0.2% Glutaraldehyde Minimum time in minutes T mp r re: 55C Concentration for 100% kill I 2 30 no ultrasound Dfluem PH fi g; F862 5 30 no ultrasound km 2 10 with ultrasound and nonionic surfactant (0.2%) Deionized water 6 l0 2 20 no ultrasound but with Deionized water 8 (with buffer) l0 nonionic surfactant (0,2 7) Deionized water 10 (with buffer) l2 Water and isopropyl alcohol (667:) 6.5 10
• a method for disinfecting or sterilizing medical, Deionized water 25 H dental, surgical instruments or other ob ects in liquid Deionized water 5 10 phase at a temperature of at least 15 C comprising contacting said object with a sporicidal composition comprising from about 0.1 percent by weight to about percent by weight of glutaraldehyde and from about 0.01 percent by weight to about 1 percent by weight of a nonionic surface active agent which is a mixture of ethoxylates of isomeric linear alcohols having the following formula:
• n 9 to 13 and x is 9 to 13.
• a method of disinfecting or sterilizing a contaminated object in liquid phase at a temperature of at least 15C comprising contacting said object with an aqueous sporicidal solution comprising from about 0.1 percent by weight to about 5 percent by weight of glutaraldehyde and from about 0.01 percent by weight to about 1 percent by weight of a nonionic surface active agent which is a mixture of ethoxylates of isomeric linear alcohols having the following formula:
• n 9 to 13 and x is 9 to 13, while simultaneously subjecting said solution to sonic or ultrasonic fields having a frequency of from about 10 kHz to about 850 kHz and an acoustic energy density of about 1 watt per liter to about 5 watts per cubic centimeter inside the irradiated liquid phase.

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Cited By (65)

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Citations (7)

• 1972
  • 1972-09-18 CH CH1363072A patent/CH564947A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1972-09-18 FR FR7233008A patent/FR2199470B1/fr not_active Expired
• 1973
  • 1973-05-17 US US361148A patent/US3912450A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime

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