US4258109A - Solid state cells - Google Patents

Solid state cells Download PDF

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Publication number
US4258109A
US4258109A US05/790,724 US79072477A US4258109A US 4258109 A US4258109 A US 4258109A US 79072477 A US79072477 A US 79072477A US 4258109 A US4258109 A US 4258109A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
solid state
conductive
cathode active
cell
cathode
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US05/790,724
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English (en)
Inventor
Charles C. Liang
Ashok V. Joshi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
PR MALLORY & Co Inc INDIANAPOLIS IN A CORP OF DE
Duracell Inc USA
Original Assignee
Duracell International Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Duracell International Inc filed Critical Duracell International Inc
Priority to US05/790,724 priority Critical patent/US4258109A/en
Priority to CA300,032A priority patent/CA1095118A/fr
Priority to DE2817708A priority patent/DE2817708C2/de
Priority to CH432278A priority patent/CH639799A5/de
Priority to NL7804331A priority patent/NL7804331A/xx
Priority to FR7811995A priority patent/FR2389244B1/fr
Priority to SE7804644A priority patent/SE7804644L/xx
Priority to DK176978A priority patent/DK176978A/da
Priority to JP4863178A priority patent/JPS53133727A/ja
Priority to GB16389/78A priority patent/GB1599794A/en
Priority to BE2056903A priority patent/BE866317A/fr
Assigned to P.R. MALLORY & CO., INC., INDIANAPOLIS, IN. A CORP. OF DE. reassignment P.R. MALLORY & CO., INC., INDIANAPOLIS, IN. A CORP. OF DE. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: JOSH, ASHOK V., LIANG CHARLES CHI
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US4258109A publication Critical patent/US4258109A/en
Assigned to DURACELL INC., A CORP. OF DEL. reassignment DURACELL INC., A CORP. OF DEL. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: DURACELL INTERNATIONAL INC.,
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M6/18—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • This invention relates to high energy density cells utilizing solid electrolytes, solid active metal anodes and novel solid cathodes, and more particularly to such cells in which the cathodes contain an active material which is both ionically and electronically conductive.
  • a cell should have a high voltage, a high energy density, and a high current capability.
  • Prior art solid state cells have however been deficient in one or more of the above desirable characteristics.
  • a first requirement and an important part of the operation of any solid state cell is the choice of solid electrolyte.
  • a solid electrolyte In order to provide good current capability a solid electrolyte should have a high ionic conductivity which enables the transport of ions through defects in the crystalline electrolyte structure of the electrode-electrolyte system.
  • An additional, and one of the most important requirements for a solid electrolyte is that it must be virtually solely an ionic conductor. Conductivity due to the mobility of electrons must be neglible because otherwise the resulting partial internal short circuiting would result in the consumption of electrode materails even under open circuit conditions.
  • Solution electrolyte cells include an electronically non-conductive separator between the electrode elements to prevent such a short circuit, whereas solid state cells utilize the solid electrolyte as both electronic separator and the ionic conductive species.
  • Electrolytes which are chemically compatible with the high energy density and high voltage anode materials, such as LiI, even when doped for greater conductivity, do not exceed a room temperature conductivity of 5 ⁇ 10 -5 ohm -1 cm -1 .
  • high energy density cells with an energy density ranging from about 5-10 Whr/in 3 and a voltage at about 1.9 volts for a Li/doped-LiI/PbI 2 , PbS, Pb cell currently being produced are precluded from having an effective high current capability above 50 ⁇ A/cm 2 at room temperature.
  • a further aggravation of the reduced current capability of high energy density cells is the low conductivity (both electronic and ionic) of active cathode materials.
  • Conductivity enhancers such as graphite for electronic conductivity and electrolyte for ionic conductivity, while increasing the current capability of the cell to the maximum allowed by the conductivity of the electrolyte, reduce the energy density of the cell because of their volume.
  • the present invention involves the incorporation into the cathode of a solid state cell of a material which has the characteristics of being both ionically and electronically conductive as well as being able to function as an active cathode material.
  • Normally cathodes require the incorporation of substantial amounts (e.g. over 20 percent by weight) of an ionic conductor such as that used as the electrolyte in order to facilitate ionic flow in the cathode during the cell reaction. This is especially true if the cathodic material is an electronic conductor since otherwise a reduction product would form at the cathode-electrolyte interface which would eventually block off a substantial amount of the ionic flow during discharge.
  • cathode active materials which are poor electronic conductors as well require the further incorporation of electronically conductive materials which further reduces the cell's energy capacity.
  • Examples of materials having the requisite characteristics of ionic and electronic conductivity and which are cathodically active as well as being compatible with electrolytes used in high energy density cells include the following metal chalcogenides: CoTe 2 , Cr 2 S 3 , HfS 2 , HfSe 2 , HfTe 2 , IrTe 2 , MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , MoTe 2 , NbS 2 , NbSe 2 , NbTe 2 , NiTe 2 , PtS 2 , PtSe 2 , PtTe 2 , SnS 2 , SnSSe, SnSe 2 , TaS 2 , TaSe 2 , TaTe 2 , TiS 2 , TiSe 2 , TiTe 2 , VS 2 , VSe 2 , VTe 2 , WS 2 , WSe 2 , WTe 2 , ZrS 2 , ZrSe 2 , and Zr
  • non-stoichiometric metal chalcogenide compounds such as Li x TiS 2 where x ⁇ 1, which to some extent contain the complexed form of one of the cathode materials with the anodic cation and which are believed to be intermediate reaction products during cell discharge.
  • Further materials which are ionically-electronically conductive, cathode active include metal oxides such as TiO 2 , MoO 3 , Ta 2 O 5 , V 2 O 5 , and WO 3 and non-stoichiometric metal oxides such as non-stoichiometric manganese oxide; metal iodides such as CdI 2 , FeI 2 , GeI 2 , MnI 2 , TiI 2 , TlI 2 , VI 2 and YbI 2 ; metal hydroxides such as Cd(OH) 2 , Fe(OH) 2 , Mn(OH) 2 , and Ni(OH) 2 ; and non-metal chalcogenides such as SiTe 2 and CS n wherein n is between about 0.001 and 1.0.
  • the CS n compound is made in accordance with the method set forth in an article by R. C. Croft in the Australian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 9, pp. 201-205, 1956, the disclosure of
  • the ionically-electronically conductive cathode active material In order for the ionically-electronically conductive cathode active material to be commercially useful in high voltage cells with lithium anodes it should preferably be able to provide a voltage couple with lithium at least an O.C.V. of 1.5 volts and most preferably above 2 volts.
  • the operating voltage of the ionically-electronically conductive cathode active material should preferably be roughly equivalent to the voltage of the higher energy density non-conductive cathode active material mixed therewith to avoid detrimental voltage fluctuations.
  • a further criteria for the above cathodic material is that both the ionic and electronic conductivities of the cathode active material should range between 10 -10 and 10 2 ohm -1 cm -1 with a preferred ionic conductivity of more than 10 -6 and an electronic conductivity greater than 10 -3 , all at room temperature.
  • the ionically-electronically conductive, active cathode material must be compatible with the solid electrolytes used in the high energy density cells.
  • the solid electrolytes used in high energy density lithium cells are lithium salts and have room temperature ionic conductivities greater than 1 ⁇ 10 -9 ohm -1 cm -1 . These salts can either be in the pure form or combined with conductivity enhancers such that the current capability is improved thereby.
  • Examples of lithium salts having the requisite conductivity for meaningful cell utilization include lithium iodide (LiI) and lithium iodide admixed with lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), with the latter mixture being referred to as LLA and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,713,897.
  • High energy density solid electrolyte cells may have as their anodes materials similar to lithium which have high voltage and low electrochemical equivalent weight characteristics.
  • Suitable anodic materials include metals from Groups IA and IIA of the Periodic Table such as sodium, potassium, beryllium, magnesium and calcium as well as aluminum from Group IIIA and other metals above hydrogen in the EMF series.
  • Cells with other anodes can utilize corresponding salts as electrolytes, such as sodium salts for a cell with a sodium anode. Additionally, electrolyte salts with useful conductivities and having a cation of a metal of a lower EMF than that of the anode metal may also be useful.
  • the aforementioned ionically-electronically conductive, cathode active materials react with the ions of the anode (e.g. lithium cations) to form a non-stoichiometric complex during the discharge of the cell.
  • the ions of the anode e.g. lithium cations
  • This complexing of cations allows them to move from site to site thereby providing ionic conductivity.
  • the above compounds provide the free electrons necessary for electronic conductivity.
  • the above compounds are admixed with other compounds or elements which provide a greater energy density but which cannot be utilized in and of themselves because of their inability to function as ionic and/or electronic conductors.
  • the inclusion of the ionically-electronically conductive, cathode active material thereby increases the capacity of the cell by obviating the need for non-dischargeable conductive materials.
  • the conductive, active material is homogeneously admixed with the higher energy density compound the realizable utilization of the so formed cells approximates that of the theoretical.
  • a limiting factor in solid state cell performance is the conductivity of the cell reaction product. A low conductivity product results in large internal resistance losses which effectively terminate cell usefulness.
  • the complexed reaction product retains conductivity thereby enabling full utilization of other active cathode materials with non-conductive reaction products which are in proximity therewith.
  • the inclusion of the ionically-electronically conductive cathode active materials provides a more uniform distribution of the reaction product throughout the cathode structure because of their ionically conductive characteristics which provide a homogeneously dispersed product. Since the reaction products of the present ionically conductive materials retain conductivity, further utilization of the cell is also possible with the non-conductive active material in conductive proximity with the conductive active material.
  • a small amount of electrolyte can also be included in the cathode structure in order to blur the interface between cathode and electrolyte thereby providing more intimitate electrical contact between the cathode and the electrolyte. This enables the cell to operate at higher current drains for longer periods of time.
  • the electrolyte inclusion can increase the ionic conductivity of the cathode should the ionically conductive cathode active material have a lower conductivity than that of the electrolyte. This inclusion however, if made, should not exceed 10% by weight since greater amounts would merely decrease the energy density of the cell with little if any further tradeoff in terms of current drain capacity. Therefore, cathode active materials provide at least 90% of the total cathode weight.
  • non-conductive chalcogenide refers to a chalcogenide which is non-conductive with respect to electrons and/or ions produced by discharge reaction
  • Non-conductive chalcogenides in and of themselves normally cannot be effectively used as cathodes in solid state cells unless they contain substantial amounts of ionic and electronic conductors which constitute 30% or more of the total cathode by weight.
  • non-conductive chalcogenide cathode of an ionically and electronically conductive cathode active material enables the usage of the non-conductive material without the concomitant severe losses of energy capacity.
  • non-conductive chalcogenides which can be admixed with the ionically-electronically conductive cathode materials include silver sulfide (Ag 2 S), lead sulfide (PbS), copper sulfide (CuS), lead selenide (PbSe), lead telluride (PbTe), antimony sulfides (Sb 2 S 5 ) and (Sb 2 S 3 ), bismuth sulfide (Bi 2 S 3 ), tin telluride (SnTe), mercury sulfide (HgS), arsenic sulfide (As 2 S 3 ), arsenic selenide (As 2 Se 3 ), antimony telluride (Sb 2 Te 3 ) and
  • the cell is discharged at 72° C. under a load of 188 ⁇ A.
  • the cell realizes 2 milliamp hours (mAH) to 2 volts, about 31 mAH to 1.5 volts and about 38 mAH to 1 volt.
  • a solid state cell made in accordance with the cell of EXAMPLE 1 is discharged at room temperature under a load of 36 ⁇ A.
  • the cell realizes about 22 mAH to 1.5 volts and about 27 mAH to 1 volt.
  • a solid state cell is made in accordance with the cell of EXAMPLE 1 but with Sb 2 S 3 in place of As 2 S 3 .
  • the cell is discharged at room temperature under a load of 36 ⁇ A.
  • the cell realizes about 22 mAH to 1.5 volts and about 32 mAH to 1 volt.
  • a solid state cell made in accordance with the cell of EXAMPLE 1 but with Sb 2 S 5 in place of As 2 S 3 and with a cathode weight of 200 mg is discharged at room temperature under a load of 27 ⁇ A.
  • the cell realizes about 7 mAH to 2 volts, about 11 mAH to 1.5 volts and about 14 mAH to 1 volt.
  • a solid state cell made in accordance with the cell of EXAMPLE 1 but with SeS 2 in place of As 2 S 3 and with a cathode weight of 50 mg is discharged at 60° C. under a load of 180 ⁇ A.
  • the cell realizes about 5 mAH to 2 volts, about 18 mAH to 1.5 volts and about 22 mAH to 1 volt.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
  • Primary Cells (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)
US05/790,724 1977-04-25 1977-04-25 Solid state cells Expired - Lifetime US4258109A (en)

Priority Applications (11)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/790,724 US4258109A (en) 1977-04-25 1977-04-25 Solid state cells
CA300,032A CA1095118A (fr) 1977-04-25 1978-03-30 Cellules a l'etat solide
CH432278A CH639799A5 (de) 1977-04-25 1978-04-22 Festkoerperelement.
DE2817708A DE2817708C2 (de) 1977-04-25 1978-04-22 Galvanisches Element mit festem Elektrolyten
FR7811995A FR2389244B1 (fr) 1977-04-25 1978-04-24 Element electrochimique a l'etat solide
SE7804644A SE7804644L (sv) 1977-04-25 1978-04-24 Elektrokemisk cell
NL7804331A NL7804331A (nl) 1977-04-25 1978-04-24 Elektrochemische cel.
DK176978A DK176978A (da) 1977-04-25 1978-04-24 Elektrokemisk celle af faststof
JP4863178A JPS53133727A (en) 1977-04-25 1978-04-24 Solid state electrochemical battery
GB16389/78A GB1599794A (en) 1977-04-25 1978-04-25 Solid state electrochemical cells
BE2056903A BE866317A (fr) 1977-04-25 1978-04-25 Element electrochimique a l'etat solide

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/790,724 US4258109A (en) 1977-04-25 1977-04-25 Solid state cells

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US4258109A true US4258109A (en) 1981-03-24

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US05/790,724 Expired - Lifetime US4258109A (en) 1977-04-25 1977-04-25 Solid state cells

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US4258109A (fr)
JP (1) JPS53133727A (fr)
BE (1) BE866317A (fr)
CA (1) CA1095118A (fr)
CH (1) CH639799A5 (fr)
DE (1) DE2817708C2 (fr)
DK (1) DK176978A (fr)
FR (1) FR2389244B1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1599794A (fr)
NL (1) NL7804331A (fr)
SE (1) SE7804644L (fr)

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4362793A (en) * 1980-07-10 1982-12-07 Varta Batterie Aktiengesellschaft Galvanic cell with solid electrolyte
US4385103A (en) * 1981-09-29 1983-05-24 Union Carbide Corporation Nonaqueous cell having an antimony trisulfide cathode
US4404268A (en) * 1980-11-26 1983-09-13 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Solid state lithium cell
US4444857A (en) * 1981-06-17 1984-04-24 Societe Anonyme Dite: Gipelec Electrochemical cell including a solid electrolyte made from a cation conductive vitreous compound
US4450214A (en) * 1982-06-14 1984-05-22 Union Carbide Corporation Lithium halide additives for nonaqueous cell systems
US4808496A (en) * 1987-03-13 1989-02-28 Mhb Joint Venture Electrode construction for solid state electrochemical cell
US4810599A (en) * 1987-03-27 1989-03-07 Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd. Structure suitable for solid electrochemical elements
US5441831A (en) * 1992-12-17 1995-08-15 Associated Universities, Inc. Cells having cathodes containing polycarbon disulfide materials
US5531936A (en) * 1994-08-31 1996-07-02 Board Of Trustees Operating Michigan State University Alkali metal quaternary chalcogenides and process for the preparation thereof
US5667916A (en) * 1996-05-10 1997-09-16 Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. Mixed cathode formulation for achieving end-of-life indication
US5919587A (en) * 1996-05-22 1999-07-06 Moltech Corporation Composite cathodes, electrochemical cells comprising novel composite cathodes, and processes for fabricating same
US6591133B1 (en) * 2000-11-27 2003-07-08 Microlin Llc Apparatus and methods for fluid delivery using electroactive needles and implantable electrochemical delivery devices
US20030174042A1 (en) * 2000-11-01 2003-09-18 Masakazu Aono Point contact array, not circuit, and electronic circuit comprising the same
US20070025869A1 (en) * 2005-07-15 2007-02-01 Gordon John H Fluid Delivery Device
US20080147186A1 (en) * 2006-12-14 2008-06-19 Joshi Ashok V Electrochemical Implant For Delivering Beneficial Agents
US20090023061A1 (en) * 2007-02-12 2009-01-22 Randy Ogg Stacked constructions for electrochemical batteries
US20100190047A1 (en) * 2009-01-27 2010-07-29 G4 Synergetics, Inc. Variable volume containment for energy storage devices
US20100304216A1 (en) * 2005-05-03 2010-12-02 G4 Synergetics, Inc. Bi-polar rechargeable electrochemical battery
US20100304191A1 (en) * 2009-04-24 2010-12-02 G4 Synergetics, Inc. Energy storage devices having cells electrically coupled in series and in parallel
US20120225352A1 (en) * 2011-03-01 2012-09-06 Ali Abouimrane Electrode materials for rechargeable batteries
WO2018075219A1 (fr) * 2016-10-19 2018-04-26 Nanotek Instruments, Inc. Batterie présentant une faible tension de sortie
WO2024105371A1 (fr) * 2022-11-14 2024-05-23 Eqonic Group Limited Batterie rechargeable à base d'aluminium
CN118983507A (zh) * 2024-08-02 2024-11-19 北京工业大学 一种基于月壤成分构成的新型固态电池及其制备方法

Families Citing this family (3)

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FR2508240A1 (fr) * 1981-06-17 1982-12-24 Gipelec Generateurs electrochimiques comportant un electrolyte solide forme par une composition vitreuse conductrice de cations
JPS5950027A (ja) * 1982-09-13 1984-03-22 Hitachi Ltd 二硫化チタン薄膜およびその形成法
EP0205784A3 (fr) * 1985-06-28 1988-11-09 Eveready Battery Company, Inc. Cellule à électrolyte solide utilisant une cathode de trisulfure de molybdène et de dioxyde de manganèse et/ou de trisulfure d'antimoine

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US3117035A (en) * 1961-02-20 1964-01-07 John N Mrgudich Solid electrolyte cell
US3791867A (en) * 1972-07-24 1974-02-12 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Rechargable nonaqueous battery
US3959012A (en) * 1974-04-25 1976-05-25 P. R. Mallory & Co., Inc. Composite cathode materials for solid state batteries
US3988164A (en) * 1974-04-25 1976-10-26 P. R. Mallory & Co., Inc. Cathode material for solid state batteries
US4009052A (en) * 1975-02-24 1977-02-22 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Chalcogenide battery

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US3455742A (en) * 1966-02-10 1969-07-15 Mallory & Co Inc P R High energy density solid electrolyte cells
US3506492A (en) * 1968-05-08 1970-04-14 Standard Oil Co Solid electrolyte battery having lithium or lithium alloy anode
US3837920A (en) * 1971-07-09 1974-09-24 Mallory & Co Inc P R A battery containing a solid electrolyte having cationic defects
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US3117035A (en) * 1961-02-20 1964-01-07 John N Mrgudich Solid electrolyte cell
US3791867A (en) * 1972-07-24 1974-02-12 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Rechargable nonaqueous battery
US3959012A (en) * 1974-04-25 1976-05-25 P. R. Mallory & Co., Inc. Composite cathode materials for solid state batteries
US3988164A (en) * 1974-04-25 1976-10-26 P. R. Mallory & Co., Inc. Cathode material for solid state batteries
US4009052A (en) * 1975-02-24 1977-02-22 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Chalcogenide battery

Cited By (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4362793A (en) * 1980-07-10 1982-12-07 Varta Batterie Aktiengesellschaft Galvanic cell with solid electrolyte
US4404268A (en) * 1980-11-26 1983-09-13 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Solid state lithium cell
US4444857A (en) * 1981-06-17 1984-04-24 Societe Anonyme Dite: Gipelec Electrochemical cell including a solid electrolyte made from a cation conductive vitreous compound
US4385103A (en) * 1981-09-29 1983-05-24 Union Carbide Corporation Nonaqueous cell having an antimony trisulfide cathode
US4450214A (en) * 1982-06-14 1984-05-22 Union Carbide Corporation Lithium halide additives for nonaqueous cell systems
US4808496A (en) * 1987-03-13 1989-02-28 Mhb Joint Venture Electrode construction for solid state electrochemical cell
US4810599A (en) * 1987-03-27 1989-03-07 Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd. Structure suitable for solid electrochemical elements
US5441831A (en) * 1992-12-17 1995-08-15 Associated Universities, Inc. Cells having cathodes containing polycarbon disulfide materials
US5618471A (en) * 1994-08-31 1997-04-08 Board Of Trustees Operating Michigan State University Alkali metal quaternary chalcogenides and process for the preparation thereof
US5614128A (en) * 1994-08-31 1997-03-25 Board Of Trustees Operating Michigan State University Alkali metal quaternary chalcogenides and process for the preparation thereof
US5531936A (en) * 1994-08-31 1996-07-02 Board Of Trustees Operating Michigan State University Alkali metal quaternary chalcogenides and process for the preparation thereof
US5667916A (en) * 1996-05-10 1997-09-16 Wilson Greatbatch Ltd. Mixed cathode formulation for achieving end-of-life indication
US5919587A (en) * 1996-05-22 1999-07-06 Moltech Corporation Composite cathodes, electrochemical cells comprising novel composite cathodes, and processes for fabricating same
US6238821B1 (en) 1996-05-22 2001-05-29 Moltech Corporation Composite cathodes, electrochemical cells comprising novel composite cathodes, and processes for fabricating same
US20050196672A1 (en) * 1996-05-22 2005-09-08 Mukherjee Shyama P. Novel composite cathodes, eletrochemical cells comprising novel composite cathodes, and processes for fabricating same
US7939198B2 (en) 1996-05-22 2011-05-10 Sion Power Corporation Composite cathodes, electrochemical cells comprising novel composite cathodes, and processes for fabricating same
US7790315B2 (en) 1996-05-22 2010-09-07 Sion Power Corporation Composite cathodes, electrochemical cells comprising novel composite cathodes, and processes for fabricating same
US7525410B2 (en) 2000-11-01 2009-04-28 Japan Science And Technology Agency Point contact array, not circuit, and electronic circuit using the same
US20030174042A1 (en) * 2000-11-01 2003-09-18 Masakazu Aono Point contact array, not circuit, and electronic circuit comprising the same
US7026911B2 (en) * 2000-11-01 2006-04-11 Japan Science And Technology Corporation Point contact array, not circuit, and electronic circuit comprising the same
US6591133B1 (en) * 2000-11-27 2003-07-08 Microlin Llc Apparatus and methods for fluid delivery using electroactive needles and implantable electrochemical delivery devices
US20100310923A1 (en) * 2005-05-03 2010-12-09 G4 Synergetics, Inc. Bi-polar rechargeable electrochemical battery
US20100304216A1 (en) * 2005-05-03 2010-12-02 G4 Synergetics, Inc. Bi-polar rechargeable electrochemical battery
US20070025869A1 (en) * 2005-07-15 2007-02-01 Gordon John H Fluid Delivery Device
US20080147186A1 (en) * 2006-12-14 2008-06-19 Joshi Ashok V Electrochemical Implant For Delivering Beneficial Agents
US20090023061A1 (en) * 2007-02-12 2009-01-22 Randy Ogg Stacked constructions for electrochemical batteries
US20100203384A1 (en) * 2009-01-27 2010-08-12 G4 Synergetics, Inc. Electrode folds for energy storage devices
US20100190047A1 (en) * 2009-01-27 2010-07-29 G4 Synergetics, Inc. Variable volume containment for energy storage devices
US8859132B2 (en) 2009-01-27 2014-10-14 G4 Synergetics, Inc. Variable volume containment for energy storage devices
US20100304191A1 (en) * 2009-04-24 2010-12-02 G4 Synergetics, Inc. Energy storage devices having cells electrically coupled in series and in parallel
US20120225352A1 (en) * 2011-03-01 2012-09-06 Ali Abouimrane Electrode materials for rechargeable batteries
US9005808B2 (en) * 2011-03-01 2015-04-14 Uchicago Argonne, Llc Electrode materials for rechargeable batteries
US10084181B2 (en) 2011-03-01 2018-09-25 Uchicago Argonne, Llc Electrode materials for rechargeable batteries
WO2018075219A1 (fr) * 2016-10-19 2018-04-26 Nanotek Instruments, Inc. Batterie présentant une faible tension de sortie
WO2024105371A1 (fr) * 2022-11-14 2024-05-23 Eqonic Group Limited Batterie rechargeable à base d'aluminium
CN118983507A (zh) * 2024-08-02 2024-11-19 北京工业大学 一种基于月壤成分构成的新型固态电池及其制备方法

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DE2817708A1 (de) 1978-10-26
SE7804644L (sv) 1978-10-26
CH639799A5 (de) 1983-11-30
CA1095118A (fr) 1981-02-03
NL7804331A (nl) 1978-10-27
GB1599794A (en) 1981-10-07
BE866317A (fr) 1978-08-14
FR2389244B1 (fr) 1986-02-14
DK176978A (da) 1978-10-26
FR2389244A1 (fr) 1978-11-24
JPS53133727A (en) 1978-11-21
DE2817708C2 (de) 1983-02-17

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