US4744328A - Sealant compositions and methods for use in detecting equipment tampering - Google Patents

Sealant compositions and methods for use in detecting equipment tampering Download PDF

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Publication number
US4744328A
US4744328A US06/684,526 US68452684A US4744328A US 4744328 A US4744328 A US 4744328A US 68452684 A US68452684 A US 68452684A US 4744328 A US4744328 A US 4744328A
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United States
Prior art keywords
paint
composition
providing
protection system
sealant composition
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Expired - Fee Related
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US06/684,526
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English (en)
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D. Lynn Stevens
Terry K. Stevens
Charles C. Cameron
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Priority to US06/684,526 priority Critical patent/US4744328A/en
Priority to EP85309339A priority patent/EP0186470A3/fr
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F15/00—Details of, or accessories for, apparatus of groups G01F1/00 - G01F13/00 insofar as such details or appliances are not adapted to particular types of such apparatus
    • G01F15/007—Details of, or accessories for, apparatus of groups G01F1/00 - G01F13/00 insofar as such details or appliances are not adapted to particular types of such apparatus comprising means to prevent fraud
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B41/00—Measures against loss of bolts, nuts, or pins; Measures against unauthorised operation of bolts, nuts or pins
    • F16B41/005—Measures against unauthorised operation of bolts, nuts or pins
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T292/00—Closure fasteners
    • Y10T292/48—Seals

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to sealant compositions and methods which are particularly useful in detecting movement between adjoining surfaces. More particularly, the present invention relates to paint-type products which can be used to detect tampering with secured equipment, such as utility meters.
  • a particularly serious problem in the utility industry relates to the diversion, such as by theft, of utility service. Millions of dollars each year are lost because electric, gas, water, and telephone service is diverted and used, but no compensation for such use is paid. The incidents of utility theft have increased rapidly over the last several years with the relatively rapid increase in the cost of utility service, particularly electric and gas service.
  • Diverted utility service can also represent a very serious safety hazard. Diversion of gas or electric service by a person not adequately trained in the handling of those types of energy can easily cause damage to the person diverting the service, as well as to other individuals and to property. Each year, numerous explosions and fires are caused by natural gas which has been improperly diverted by an unknowledgeable individual. Electric power and even water can also cause serious personal injury and property damage, if handled improperly.
  • Utility service personnel are specially trained to detect tampering with utility facilities. Many companies have hired specially trained investigators and attorneys to locate individuals who are diverting service, to prosecute them for theft, and to attempt to collect from them the value of the services they have taken.
  • the wire can be threaded through various parts of the meter, such as lock nuts and connectors, which have holes which can accommodate such a wire.
  • the free end of the wire is then run back into a space within the lead fitting and a special tool presses the fitting to secure both ends of the wire within the lead fitting.
  • the tool may be constructed so as to leave a particular design on the fitting which is not easily duplicated.
  • One problem which is a problem shared by all existing devices, is that the presence of the wire is readily detectable by a potential tamperer. Since the wire is obvious, a person intending to tamper with a meter can easily make plans to deal with the wire. For example, it may be possible to cut the wire near the lead fitting and later replace the wire within the fitting so that the meter tampering is not obvious.
  • a tamper indicator collar which can be placed around the main connector nuts which help attach a gas line to the meter.
  • the collars generally consist of two nearly identical parts which can be interlocked by snap-catches located on each part of the collar. Once the collar is put in place around the connector nuts, it cannot be removed without breaking the collar. In order for a person to tamper with the connector nuts of the meter, he would be required to break the collars, thus alerting a meter reader that meter tampering had taken place.
  • a serious drawback in using wires and collars is the cost of securing a meter. As mentioned above, in order to adequately secure a meter, it is typically necessary to use both wires and collars. A typical residential meter would require at least two collars and one wire. The cost, including labor, to seal a meter in the field using two collars and one wire has recently been estimated to be in excess of $3.50.
  • the present invention is directed to unique sealant compositions and methods which can be used to detect tampering with equipment or movement between two or more adjacent surfaces.
  • a paint-type composition within the scope of the present invention is formulated so that it can be applied by conventional means such that when it is applied to two adjoining surfaces and those surfaces are moved with respect to one another, a readily detectable break in the paint occurs.
  • the paint composition of the present invention is formulated so that, if desired, it matches exactly the color and surface characteristics of the surfaces to which it is applied.
  • a typical paint base and typical paint pigments can be used.
  • the composition also includes a thickening agent added to the paint base.
  • the presently preferable thickening agents include silicon and silicates. Such a thickening agent gives the paint a putty-like consistency when applied to a surface and allowed to dry. However, once the composition has dried, it is not readily noticeable if the composition has been tinted to the color of the surface to which it is applied.
  • the paint composition acts as an effective, yet inexpensive, tamper indicator.
  • the paint can be placed around all of the moveable joints on a a piece of equipment, such as a meter. When any of these surfaces are moved with respect to one another, such as when a nut or screw is turned, a break occurs in the putty-like paint surface. This break is readily noticeable, and at the same time irreparable. A tamperer will be unable to replace or repair the broken paint surface around the nut or connector, and as a result, the tampering will be readily detectable.
  • This paint composition can be incorporated into a system whereby the paint can be easily applied and at the same time control of the paint can be maintained.
  • One method of accomplishing such control is to package the paint composition in sealed containers which hold only enough paint to secure a single meter. Each package then includes a control number which is recorded along with the location and description of the meter to which it was applied. The package can be configured to allow ease of application of the paint. In addition, each package of paint can be made available to a user at a fraction of the cost of the existing means for securing equipment against tampering.
  • FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a typical natural gas meter partially secured using a prior art collar on a connector nut and a prior art wire through the small attachment nuts.
  • FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of a connector nut on a gas meter with the joint between the nut and the gas line being painted using the paint and the system of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of a connector nut having been painted using the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a front perspective view of the connector nut illustrated in FIG. 3 having been moved with respect to the gas line so that the paint surface has been disturbed and broken.
  • the preferred embodiments of the present invention are unique paint formulations, together with a system of applying and using such paint formulations, which are particularly adaptable for use in protecting against and detecting tampering with or movement of equipment.
  • the paint is formulated so that when it is painted over two adjoining surfaces, any significant movement between those surfaces causes the paint surface to be irreparably torn. The movement between the surfaces, therefore, can easily be detected.
  • the paint's usefulness in detecting tampering is clear. If a part of a piece of equipment treated with the paint formulation is moved, the paint will be torn leaving an obvious and easily detectable scar.
  • the paint have a typical commercially available white latex paint base.
  • a color additive will then be carefully chosen and mixed into the paint base so that, if desired, the paint when applied to an already painted surface will be indistinguishable from that surface. This is desirable in assuring that the tamper detection system will not be noticed in advance by a tamperer.
  • the paint color may be desirable in some instances to choose the paint color so that it contrasts with the surface to which it is applied. This is particularly desirable when the paint is intended to serve as a warning to the potential user of tamperer.
  • a thickening agent Added to the paint base is a thickening agent; this thickening agent contains a significant amount of silica and silicates. These materials, when added to the paint base, tend to give the paint a putty-like texture when applied to a surface and allowed to dry. The appearance of the dry paint mixture is, however, indistinguishable from the appearance of the other paint on the surface. If used outdoors, the paint composition will fade at the same rate as the paint already in place and is durable and resistant to weather. Furthermore, the paint composition, like the paint already in place on the equipment, will not peel.
  • One of the unique features of the paint is the way in which it behaves when adjoining surfaces to which it is applied are moved with respect to one another. As the paint dries, it forms a connecting surface which links two or more adjacent surfaces. Since the paint mixture has a putty-like texture, however, it tends to tear when the two surfaces are moved with respect to one another.
  • the tear leaves a deep and readily observable scar. Because of the depth and extent of the tear and the resulting scar, it would be virtually impossible to repair the paint surface to the point that the movement between the two surfaces could be disguised.
  • FIG. 1 a conventional gas meter is illustrated. This meter is shown as being partially secured using prior art methods and devices.
  • the gas meter is generally designated 10 and is connected to an inlet gas line 12 and an outlet gas line 14. The lines are secured to the meter 10 by main connector nuts 16.
  • a plate 18 which can be removed in order to view the interior of the meter 10. Plate 18 is secured in place by screws 20, and the entire head 22 of the meter 10 is secured to the base 24 of meter 10 using bolts 26.
  • Meter 10 also contains a face 28 containing a plurality of dials 30.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates some common prior art methods of securing a gas meter.
  • One method is placing a collar 32 around main connector nuts 16.
  • Collar 32 is typically made of a frangible plastic and is formed in two mirror-image halves.
  • the means of connecting the two halves typically comprises snap-catches located inside the collar. Once the two collar halves are snapped together around main connector nuts 16, the only way to remove the collar is to break it. Thus, any attempt to tamper with the connector nuts is readily detected because of the obvious damage to the collar.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the general method of using the prior art wire with a lead seal.
  • a wire 34 is shown in place having been threaded through a screw 20 and two bolts 26. The ends of wire 34 are then secured within lead seal 36 which is pressed with a pair of pliers or other similar tool to lock wire 34 in place.
  • a typical prior art method of securing meter 10 was to place a pair of collars 32 on both of the main connector nuts 16 and to thread wire 34 through a screw 20 and bolts 26. As mentioned above, even using this expensive and complex method, tampering continues.
  • FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 in contrast, illustrate the simple, inexpensive and effective method of securing meters according to the current invention.
  • FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 for the purpose of illustration show the current invention as it would be used on the joints adjacent to a main connector nut 116 on a gas meter.
  • the current invention is capable of use on any device, whether used in the utility industry or otherwise, where it is desirable to detect movement between two adjoining surfaces.
  • An example of a possible use outside the utility industry would be where it is desirable to detect whether or not a particular setting has been changed on a piece of scientific equipment.
  • Other uses for the current invention could certainly be found within the military, the shipping industry, or in any other situation where security is important.
  • the current invention can be used in these and many other situations. However, it is expected that the current invention will certainly be capable of broad immediate application within the utility industry, and therefore, a utility setting is used to illustrate the usefulness of the current invention.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the paint composition of the current invention being applied to the joint 140 between an inlet line 112 to a gas meter and the gas meter's main connector nut 116. It is expected that one excellent way in which to package and use the paint composition of the current invention (at a remote site) would be to put it into flexible plastic tubes containing only enough paint to seal the joints on a single meter. Tubes of this type are well known and are currently used to contain adhesives, lubricants, and other similar substances.
  • This type of tube 142 could be molded to include a nozzle 144 which is particularly adaptable for neatly and precisely applying the paint composition 146 to the joints of a utility meter.
  • the tube would be opened by cutting or trearing off the tip of nozzle 144. This would then allow paint composition 146 to be squeezed out of tube 142.
  • paint composition 146 can be easily applied to the joint 140 between connector nut 116 and inlet line 112.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates paint composition 146 once it has been put in place and dried. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the paint composition 146 along joint 140 of nut 116 will not readily be noticed. This provides a distinct advantage over the prior art.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the appearance of paint composition 146 in the event that nut 116 has been moved with respect to inlet line 112. The movement will cause deep and irreparable tears in the surface of paint composition 146. Any significant movement between nut 116 and inlet line 112 will cause breaks in the putty-like paint composition 146. Thus, it will not be possible to significantly modify the meter by moving the inlet line 112 or the nut 116 without being detected.
  • paint composition 46 As an additional protection against allowing a tamperer to cover up his tampering, it is possible to add one or more additional components to paint composition 46.
  • a component which is only visible under ultraviolet or infrared light One such component is zinc oxide which is visible under ultraviolet light.
  • zinc oxide which is visible under ultraviolet light.
  • An additional advantage of the current invention is the fact that the paint composition may be incorporated into a system which assures internal security. It is obvious that if large containers of paint composition 146 were available, the potential for a portion of the contents to be stolen or lost would be great. In addition, the paint may be lost or stolen without the loss being realized. Since it only takes between 1/8 and 1/4 of an ounce of paint to secure a utility meter, losing even a relatively small quantity of paint could potential defect the effectiveness of a security program.
  • the paint composition of the current invention would preferably be packaged in small individual tubes. These tubes may contain individual control numbers and when a meter is treated with the paint composition, the location of the meter and the control number on the paint tube will be recorded.
  • the present invention is a unique paint composition which is particularly useful in detecting movement between adjacent surfaces. It is presently preferred that the paint composition be comprised of two primary constituents.
  • the first constituent is a typical paint base.
  • a paint base such as a latex floor enamel has been found to be acceptable.
  • a thickening agent is chosen so that the paint dries to a putty-like consistency.
  • the thickening agent can be any substance which is both compatible with the paint base and which produces the desired characteristics in a dried paint surface. To these components is added the necessary pigments to allow the paint color to match exactly the surface to which it is applied.
  • the paint base which has been found to be acceptable is a latex floor enamel manufactured by Fuller-O'Brien Division of the O'Brien Corporation.
  • the paint base is generally comprised of a pigment and a vehicle.
  • This particular paint base employs a titanium dioxide pigment.
  • the pigment is classified as titanium dioxide Type IV by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) and is generally suitable for use in an exterior grade paint.
  • This pigment is added to a vehicle, which is generally comprised of an acrylic resin, glycols, and water.
  • the latex floor enamel paint base mentioned above may be comprised of from about 16% to about 30% titanium dioxide pigment, with the remainder being vehicle.
  • the pigment in the base is comprised essentially of titanium dioxide Type IV.
  • the vehicle is generally comprised of between about 18% and about 40% acrylic resin, and from about 3% to about 9% glycols, with the remainder being water.
  • a thickening agent is then added to the paint base.
  • One thickening agent which has been found to be acceptable is a texture paint manufactured by Fuller-O'Brien Division of the O'Brien Corporation.
  • the texture paint is comprised of a titanium dioxide pigment, calcium carbonate, silica and silicates, a resin of vinyl acetate, ethylene or vinyl chloride, and water.
  • One acceptable pigment used in the texture paint is titanium dioxide Type I (as classified by ASTM) comprising from about 2% to about 5% of the texture paint. Between about 9% to about 13% calcium carbonate is added, together with about 40% to about 60% silica and silicates, and from about 3% to about 7% resin. The remainder of the texture paint is comprised essentially of water.
  • the paint base and the texture paint are then combined.
  • the ratio of those components is varied in order to produce the desired characteristics. For example, for use as a utility meter tamper detection mechanism, it has been found that a mixture of three (3) parts paint base and one (1) part texture paint will produce an ideal surface. However, the paints could be combined in any proportion from essentially all paint base to essentially all texture paint depending on the surface characteristics desired and the degree of observable scar necessary to detect tampering.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention should have substantially the same wear characteristics as the paint on the underlying surfaces to which it is applied. As discussed briefly above, the paint should preferably fade at the same rate, and if used outside, should not peel. For example, if used on utility meters located in the outside environment, it would be critical that the paint be fully weather resistant.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention was made by combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • Example 1 The paint composition of Example 1 was applied to a series of gas meters and was found capable of indicating tampering with those gas meters. Moreover, the paint composition had acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to weather.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention is made combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • Example 1 provides acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to typical weather conditions.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention is made combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • Example 2 provides acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to typical weather.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention is made by combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention is made by combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • the components above may be combined to produce a paint composition which has a slightly putty-like texture upon being applied to a surface and being allowed to dry.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention was made by combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • Example 6 The paint composition of Example 6 was applied to a series of gas meters and was found capable of indicating tampering with those gas meters. This paint composition showed acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to weather.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention is made by combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • the paint composition provides acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to typical weather conditions.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention is made by combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • the paint composition provides acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to typical weather conditions.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention was made by combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • Example 9 The paint composition of Example 9 was applied to a series of gas meters and was found capable of indicating tampering with those gas meters. In addition, the paint composition was found to have acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to weather.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention is made by combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • the paint composition provides acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to typical weather conditions.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention is made by the combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • the paint composition provides acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to typical weather conditions.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention is made by the combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • the paint composition which, when applied to a surface, dried to a putty-like consistency.
  • the paint composition provides acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to typical weather conditions.
  • the paint is also detectable under ultraviolet light.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention is made by combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • the paint composition which, when applied to a surface, dried to a putty-like consistency.
  • the paint composition provides acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to typical weather conditions.
  • the paint is also detectable under ultraviolet light.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention is made by combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • the paint composition provides acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to typical weather conditions.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention is made by combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • the paint composition provides acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to typical weather conditions.
  • a paint composition within the scope of the present invention is made by combining the following components in the indicated percentages.
  • the paint composition provides acceptable wear characteristics in the areas of resistance to peeling, fading, and resistance to weather.
  • the present paint compositions and method of use accomplishes all of the objects of this invention.
  • the present invention provides a method of effectively detecting movement between adjoining surfaces which is particularly useful in detecting tampering with utility meters.
  • the detection method of the present invention is inexpensive and simple to apply and use.
  • the present invention is not easily detectable in advance in cases where the color of the paint composition is made to match the underlying surface and the invention is flexible in use and can be applied to a wide range of surfaces.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Sealing Material Composition (AREA)
US06/684,526 1984-12-21 1984-12-21 Sealant compositions and methods for use in detecting equipment tampering Expired - Fee Related US4744328A (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/684,526 US4744328A (en) 1984-12-21 1984-12-21 Sealant compositions and methods for use in detecting equipment tampering
EP85309339A EP0186470A3 (fr) 1984-12-21 1985-12-20 Compositions de scellage et méthode d'application à la détection de manipulations frauduleuses d'appareillages

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/684,526 US4744328A (en) 1984-12-21 1984-12-21 Sealant compositions and methods for use in detecting equipment tampering

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Cited By (8)

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US5005883A (en) * 1990-05-24 1991-04-09 E. J. Brooks Company Tamper indicator for a locking seal
US6006046A (en) * 1998-03-19 1999-12-21 Troy Systems, Inc. Policing key for a toner consuming machine
US6627250B1 (en) * 1999-06-09 2003-09-30 Abb Patent Gmbh Method of safeguarding electrical switchgear, in particular, against imitation
WO2006045394A3 (fr) * 2004-10-21 2006-11-09 Merck Patent Gmbh Dispositif d'inviolabilite pour contenants
US20130037478A1 (en) * 2010-04-21 2013-02-14 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Oil-Filter Device
US9523451B1 (en) * 2013-02-15 2016-12-20 Elkhart Products Corporation, C/O Aalberts Industries N.V. Utilizing a visual indicator to determine security of a pipe fitting
JP2021156627A (ja) * 2020-03-25 2021-10-07 大阪瓦斯株式会社 ガスメータ、及びガスメータの不正操作防止方法
JP2021156628A (ja) * 2020-03-25 2021-10-07 大阪瓦斯株式会社 ガスメータ、及びガスメータの不正操作防止方法

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5005883A (en) * 1990-05-24 1991-04-09 E. J. Brooks Company Tamper indicator for a locking seal
US6006046A (en) * 1998-03-19 1999-12-21 Troy Systems, Inc. Policing key for a toner consuming machine
US6627250B1 (en) * 1999-06-09 2003-09-30 Abb Patent Gmbh Method of safeguarding electrical switchgear, in particular, against imitation
WO2006045394A3 (fr) * 2004-10-21 2006-11-09 Merck Patent Gmbh Dispositif d'inviolabilite pour contenants
US20130037478A1 (en) * 2010-04-21 2013-02-14 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Oil-Filter Device
US8940165B2 (en) * 2010-04-21 2015-01-27 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Oil-filter device
US9523451B1 (en) * 2013-02-15 2016-12-20 Elkhart Products Corporation, C/O Aalberts Industries N.V. Utilizing a visual indicator to determine security of a pipe fitting
JP2021156627A (ja) * 2020-03-25 2021-10-07 大阪瓦斯株式会社 ガスメータ、及びガスメータの不正操作防止方法
JP2021156628A (ja) * 2020-03-25 2021-10-07 大阪瓦斯株式会社 ガスメータ、及びガスメータの不正操作防止方法
JP7378331B2 (ja) 2020-03-25 2023-11-13 大阪瓦斯株式会社 ガスメータ、及びガスメータの不正操作防止方法

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EP0186470A2 (fr) 1986-07-02

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