US4812251A - Electro-rheological fluids/electric field responsive fluids - Google Patents

Electro-rheological fluids/electric field responsive fluids Download PDF

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Publication number: US4812251A
Authority: US; United States
Prior art keywords: fluid; solid component; component comprises; fluids; polymer
Prior art date: 1987-03-24
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Expired - Lifetime

Application number

US07/168,664

Other languages

English (en)

Inventor

James E. Stangroom

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

ER Fluid Developments Ltd

Original Assignee

ER Fluid Developments Ltd

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

1987-03-24

Filing date

1988-03-16

Publication date

1989-03-14

1988-03-16 Application filed by ER Fluid Developments Ltd filed Critical ER Fluid Developments Ltd

1988-06-20 Assigned to ER FLUID DEVELOPMENTS LIMITED, A CORP. OF GREAT BRITAIN reassignment ER FLUID DEVELOPMENTS LIMITED, A CORP. OF GREAT BRITAIN ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: STANGROOM, JAMES E.

1989-03-14 Application granted granted Critical

1989-03-14 Publication of US4812251A publication Critical patent/US4812251A/en

2008-03-16 Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Status Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 title description 5
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239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 26
UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrifluoroethylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)Cl UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
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LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
CZZYITDELCSZES-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylmethane Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1CC1=CC=CC=C1 CZZYITDELCSZES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 claims description 2
YCWSUKQGVSGXJO-NTUHNPAUSA-N nifuroxazide Chemical group C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(=O)N\N=C\C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)O1 YCWSUKQGVSGXJO-NTUHNPAUSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
IMAYJYGCQCZYID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5,7,9,11-hexaoxa-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexasilacyclododecane Chemical class O1[SiH2]O[SiH2]O[SiH2]O[SiH2]O[SiH2]O[SiH2]1 IMAYJYGCQCZYID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
244000043261 Hevea brasiliensis Species 0.000 description 1
229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 1
238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
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231100000315 carcinogenic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
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239000012612 commercial material Substances 0.000 description 1
DDJSWKLBKSLAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclotetrasiloxane Chemical class O1[SiH2]O[SiH2]O[SiH2]O[SiH2]1 DDJSWKLBKSLAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
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125000006840 diphenylmethane group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
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238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
231100000219 mutagenic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
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125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1

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Definitions

This invention relates to so-called electrorheological (ER) fluids, which are also known as electric field responsive fluids.
ER electrorheological
ER fluids were first described by Winslow in 1947, and have since been the subject of several patents. ER fluids are slurries of finely divided solids in a base liquid which have the property of increasing their flow resistance when they are exposed to an electric field. This change is roughly proportional to the electric field, reversible and virtually instantaneous. Although the voltages employed are high (typically up to 4 kV/mm), the total electric power is very low, so ER fluids offer a valuable interface between solid-state electronic control and a very wide range of mechanical devices.
Winslow used silica gel; more recently, ionic polymers, such as alginic acid, polymethacrylic acid and phenolformaldehyde resins have been used, usually as salts. Similarly, a wide range of base liquids have been used. Winslow's original ER fluids were based on hydrocarbon transformer oil. More recently, synthetic halogenated materials have been used.
the base liquid must make as active an ER fluid as possible.
the activity i.e., the extent of the change in flow properties brought about by application of an electric field
ER fluids made with the same solid and different base liquids varies markedly.
the final ER fluid should be as active as possible.
the density of the base liquid should be as nearly equal as possible to that of the solid, to prevent the latter settling out.
the density of the solids used in most ER fluids at present is about 1400k9/cu.m, so this should be regarded as an approximate target for the density of the base oil.
the base liquid should be chemically stable in the special circumstances of an ER fluid, so that the material has a long service and shelf life.
the base liquid should have a wide liquid temperature range i.e. a low freezing point and a high boiling point.
the base liquid should not be flammable, or at least burn only with difficulty.
the base liquid should have a low viscosity, so that the no-field viscosity of the ER fluid itself is low.
the base liquid should not attack normal engineering materials. Relatively few liquids attack metals in normal use, but many attack plastics, and particularly the elastomers used in oil seals. This is clearly undesirable in a fluid which will be used in engineering.
the base liquid should be an effective lubricant in its own right.
the base liquid should not have any adverse biological effects.
the base liquid should be odourless; there is a natural suspicion among potential users of unfamiliar smells, and many people are very sensitive to them.
Halogenated diphenyl methanes. (and related compounds). These appear to be less mutagenic than the PCB's and have a suitable density. The liquid range can be extended, and the viscosity reduced, by mixing suitable related compounds. Materials chemically related to the PCB's such as these are inevitably suspect as regards, biological activity; not all have been tested. All these liquids attack normal engineering elastomers; only materials such as ⁇ Viton ⁇ can be used.
Halogenated mixed ethers These were developed in an attempt to make a cheaper version of (i) above, with a longer liquid range. Typically, these have a highly halogenated aromatic ⁇ head ⁇ , such as pentachlorophenyl, and an aliphatic ⁇ tail ⁇ , such as N-octyl. These have many of the advantages and disadvantages of the diphenyl methanes.
Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons (iii) Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Attempts have been made to use, for example, chlorinated paraffins in ER fluids. These can give active fluids, and are regarded as much less dangerous biologically than the aromatic compounds. However, it is well known that such compounds undergo slow hydrolysis under alkaline conditions, liberating hydrochloric acid.
the solids in ER fluids are normally salts of a strong base (e.g., lithium hydroxide) and a weak acid, and are therefore alkaline; they also contain adsorbed water. Furthermore, the large surface area of the solid provides an ideal surface for such reactions to take place. These materials are therefore suspect in service and storage.
halogenated hydrocarbons are either non-flammable or burn only with difficulty. Many have strong and unpleasant smells to which many people are sensitive, and some have noticeable anaesthetic properties, which could be dangerous in a confined space.
Perfluorinated Polyethers A typical example is "Fomblin" supplied in various grades by Montedison. These are very dense (typically 1800-1900 kg/cu.m), and immiscible with everthing except other fluorinated materials such as Freons. Attempts to use these in ER fluids have been failures.
CTFE Poly-Chlorotrifluorethylenes
Fluorosilicones do not appear to have been widely used as base liquids for ER fluids. Simple silicone oils have been tested; ER fluids based on them have similar properties to those based on hydrocarbons, namely poor density matching and low activity.
ER fluids based on undiluted commercial fluorosilicones are highly active, but unsuitable for practical use, since the base liquid is too viscous and has too low a density. Both these defects could in theory be reduced by mixing the fluorosilicone oil with CTFE. However, the commercial materials are immiscible at normal temperatures.
an electro-rheological fluid comprising a hydrophilic solid and a hydrophobic liquid component wherein the hydrophobic liquid component comprises a fluorosilicone whose average molecular weight is in the range 200-700.
CTFE has been known to explode in contact with aluminium or magnesium alloys under ⁇ galling ⁇ conditions (e.g. in screw threads), but this can be avoided.
CTFE will not burn at all; LMFS has a very high flashpoint, and can be considered non-flammable in normal use.
the mixture has a low viscosity, of the order of 20 mPa.s.
LMFS has no detectable odour; CTFE can be detected only with difficulty, and to all intents and purposes the mixture is odourless.
this mixture seems uniquely suited for use as the base liquid of ER fluids.
the base liquid further comprises at least one further hydrophobic liquid selected from the group halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (apart from derivatives of diphenyl methane and related diaryl materials and mixed aromatic ethers, both of which are claimed in earlier patents), halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons or fluorinated polymers.
the at least one further hydrophobic liquid may be a polymer of trifluorovinyl chloride.
the density of the hydrophobic liquid component at 20 C. is preferably between 1200 and 1800 kg/cu.m. It is preferred for the solid component to comprise starch or silica gel. Alternatively the solid component may comprise an organic polymer containing free or at least partially salified acid groups.
the solid component may comprise a homo- or co-polymer of monosaccharide or other alcohol.
the solid component may comprise a co-polymer composed of a phenol, which may be wholly or partially salified, and an aldehyde.
the volume fraction of the solid comonent is preferably from 20% to 60% by volume.
the hydrophilic solid is preferably in the form of particles having diameters in the range 1 to 50 microns.
the material is a mixture of linear and cyclic polysiloxanes, primarily methyl trifluoropropyl siloxanes.
the linear chains have trimethylsilyl end groups.
the cyclic polysiloxanes consist mainly of cyclotetrasiloxanes, with cyclotri-,cyclopenta- and cyclohexasiloxanes.
Fluorolube FS-5 is available from Hooker Chemical Corporation U.S.A.

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Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
Organic Chemistry (AREA)
Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
Emergency Medicine (AREA)
Lubricants (AREA)

US07/168,664 1987-03-24 1988-03-16 Electro-rheological fluids/electric field responsive fluids Expired - Lifetime US4812251A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
GB8706928		1987-03-24
GB878706928A GB8706928D0 (en)	1987-03-24	1987-03-24	Electric field responsive fluids

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Publication Number	Publication Date
US4812251A true US4812251A (en)	1989-03-14

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US (1)	US4812251A (de)
EP (1)	EP0284268B1 (de)
JP (1)	JPS63256692A (de)
AT (1)	ATE68816T1 (de)
DE (1)	DE3865716D1 (de)
GB (1)	GB8706928D0 (de)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
US5032308A (en) *	1989-11-07	1991-07-16	The Dow Chemical Company	Layered mixed metal hydroxides in electrorheological fluids
US5071581A (en) *	1990-03-01	1991-12-10	The Dow Chemical Company	Electrorheological fluids based on crown ethers and quaternary amines
US5252250A (en) *	1990-02-21	1993-10-12	Bridgestone Corporation	Electrorheological fluids comprising dielectric particulates dispersed in a highly electrically insulating oily medium
US5268118A (en) *	1990-08-25	1993-12-07	Bayer Aktiengesellschaft	Electroviscous liquids based on polymer dispersions with an electrolyte-containing disperse phase
US5296155A (en) *	1988-07-15	1994-03-22	The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy	Stratified carrier electroviscous fluids and apparatus
US5336423A (en) *	1992-05-05	1994-08-09	The Lubrizol Corporation	Polymeric salts as dispersed particles in electrorheological fluids
US5364565A (en) *	1991-08-30	1994-11-15	Ford Motor Company	Electroviscoelastic gel-like solids
US5391314A (en) *	1990-05-18	1995-02-21	Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.	Electroviscous fluid composition comprising a silicone oil, synthetic fluorinated oil and an addition polymer
US5435931A (en) *	1993-11-04	1995-07-25	Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation	Protein enhanced electrorheological fluids
US5480573A (en) *	1992-09-21	1996-01-02	Dow Corning Corporation	Electrorheological fluid compositions containing alkylmethylsiloxanes
US5496483A (en) *	1989-12-14	1996-03-05	Bayer Ag	Electroviscous liquid based on dispersed modified polyethers
US5723059A (en) *	1996-05-21	1998-03-03	The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force	Fluid density adjustment for functional fluids
US5834578A (en) *	1997-09-30	1998-11-10	General Electric Company	Polyfluoroalkyl siloxanes
KR100477325B1 (ko) *	2002-07-31	2005-03-21	국방과학연구소	건조된 수용성 전분 및 첨가제를 포함하는 전기변성유체
US20050200644A1 (en) *	2004-03-12	2005-09-15	Bradley Timothy G.	Apparatus, system, and method for electrorheological printing
US20050274455A1 (en) *	2004-06-09	2005-12-15	Extrand Charles W	Electro-active adhesive systems
US20140043757A1 (en) *	2012-08-07	2014-02-13	International Business Machines Corporation	Electro-rheological micro-channel anisotropic cooled integrated circuits and methods thereof

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DE59010326D1 (de) *	1989-12-14	1996-06-20	Bayer Ag	Elektroviskose Flüssigkeiten auf der Basis dispergierter Polyether
DE4337200C2 (de) *	1993-10-30	2002-09-05	Vorwerk Co Interholding	Bauteil
DE102006018530A1 (de)	2006-04-21	2007-10-25	Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V.	Stabilisator zur Sedimentationshemmung in Dispersionen
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1987
- 1987-03-24 GB GB878706928A patent/GB8706928D0/en active Pending
1988
- 1988-03-14 EP EP88302218A patent/EP0284268B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-03-14 DE DE8888302218T patent/DE3865716D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-03-14 AT AT88302218T patent/ATE68816T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-03-16 US US07/168,664 patent/US4812251A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-03-24 JP JP63068341A patent/JPS63256692A/ja active Pending

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Cited By (21)

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Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
US5296155A (en) *	1988-07-15	1994-03-22	The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy	Stratified carrier electroviscous fluids and apparatus
US5032308A (en) *	1989-11-07	1991-07-16	The Dow Chemical Company	Layered mixed metal hydroxides in electrorheological fluids
US5496483A (en) *	1989-12-14	1996-03-05	Bayer Ag	Electroviscous liquid based on dispersed modified polyethers
US5252250A (en) *	1990-02-21	1993-10-12	Bridgestone Corporation	Electrorheological fluids comprising dielectric particulates dispersed in a highly electrically insulating oily medium
US5071581A (en) *	1990-03-01	1991-12-10	The Dow Chemical Company	Electrorheological fluids based on crown ethers and quaternary amines
US5391314A (en) *	1990-05-18	1995-02-21	Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.	Electroviscous fluid composition comprising a silicone oil, synthetic fluorinated oil and an addition polymer
US5268118A (en) *	1990-08-25	1993-12-07	Bayer Aktiengesellschaft	Electroviscous liquids based on polymer dispersions with an electrolyte-containing disperse phase
US5364565A (en) *	1991-08-30	1994-11-15	Ford Motor Company	Electroviscoelastic gel-like solids
US5336423A (en) *	1992-05-05	1994-08-09	The Lubrizol Corporation	Polymeric salts as dispersed particles in electrorheological fluids
US5470498A (en) *	1992-05-05	1995-11-28	The Lubrizol Corporation	Polymeric salts as dispersed particles in electrorheological fluids
US5480573A (en) *	1992-09-21	1996-01-02	Dow Corning Corporation	Electrorheological fluid compositions containing alkylmethylsiloxanes
US5435931A (en) *	1993-11-04	1995-07-25	Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation	Protein enhanced electrorheological fluids
US5723059A (en) *	1996-05-21	1998-03-03	The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force	Fluid density adjustment for functional fluids
US5834578A (en) *	1997-09-30	1998-11-10	General Electric Company	Polyfluoroalkyl siloxanes
US5900190A (en) *	1997-09-30	1999-05-04	General Electric Company	Polyfluoroalkyl siloxanes
KR100477325B1 (ko) *	2002-07-31	2005-03-21	국방과학연구소	건조된 수용성 전분 및 첨가제를 포함하는 전기변성유체
US20050200644A1 (en) *	2004-03-12	2005-09-15	Bradley Timothy G.	Apparatus, system, and method for electrorheological printing
US7559627B2 (en)	2004-03-12	2009-07-14	Infoprint Solutions Company, Llc	Apparatus, system, and method for electrorheological printing
US20050274455A1 (en) *	2004-06-09	2005-12-15	Extrand Charles W	Electro-active adhesive systems
US20140043757A1 (en) *	2012-08-07	2014-02-13	International Business Machines Corporation	Electro-rheological micro-channel anisotropic cooled integrated circuits and methods thereof
US9052724B2 (en) *	2012-08-07	2015-06-09	International Business Machines Corporation	Electro-rheological micro-channel anisotropic cooled integrated circuits and methods thereof

Also Published As

Publication number	Publication date
DE3865716D1 (de)	1991-11-28
EP0284268A3 (en)	1988-11-23
EP0284268B1 (de)	1991-10-23
JPS63256692A (ja)	1988-10-24
GB8706928D0 (en)	1987-04-29
EP0284268A2 (de)	1988-09-28
ATE68816T1 (de)	1991-11-15

Legal Events

Date	Code	Title	Description
1988-06-20	AS	Assignment	Owner name: ER FLUID DEVELOPMENTS LIMITED, VINCENT WORKS, BROU Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:STANGROOM, JAMES E.;REEL/FRAME:004904/0764 Effective date: 19880310 Owner name: ER FLUID DEVELOPMENTS LIMITED, A CORP. OF GREAT BR Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:STANGROOM, JAMES E.;REEL/FRAME:004904/0764 Effective date: 19880310
1989-01-14	STCF	Information on status: patent grant	Free format text: PATENTED CASE
1991-10-31	FEPP	Fee payment procedure	Free format text: PAYOR NUMBER ASSIGNED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: ASPN); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: SMALL ENTITY
1992-09-14	FPAY	Fee payment	Year of fee payment: 4
1996-09-11	FPAY	Fee payment	Year of fee payment: 8
2000-08-17	FPAY	Fee payment	Year of fee payment: 12

Publication	Publication Date	Title
US4812251A (en)	1989-03-14	Electro-rheological fluids/electric field responsive fluids
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EP0589637B1 (de)	1997-06-04	Organosiloxane enthaltende verbesserte elektrorheologische Flüssigkeitszubereitungen
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Johns et al.	1992	Developments in fluorinated liquid lubricants and lubricant additives
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