US6087563A - Cloned arabidopsis p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvic acid dioxygenase DNA - Google Patents

Cloned arabidopsis p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvic acid dioxygenase DNA Download PDF

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US6087563A
US6087563A US08/592,900 US59290096A US6087563A US 6087563 A US6087563 A US 6087563A US 59290096 A US59290096 A US 59290096A US 6087563 A US6087563 A US 6087563A
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dna
plant
dioxygenase
pohpp
pds1
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Dean DellaPenna
Susan R. Norris
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University of Arizona
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Priority to JP9527097A priority patent/JPH11510708A/ja
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    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
    • C12N15/8243—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
    • C12N15/8243—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine
    • C12N15/825—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving pigment biosynthesis
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
    • C12N15/8274—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for herbicide resistance

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a molecular approach for modifying the synthesis of vitamin E, plastoquinone, and carotenoids in plants by use of a full-length cloned cDNA which encodes a p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvic acid dioxygenase enzyme.
  • the chloroplasts of higher plants contain many unique, interconnected biochemical pathways that produce an array of secondary metabolite compounds which not only perform vital functions within the plant but are also important from agricultural and nutritional perspectives.
  • Three such secondary metabolites are the lipid soluble, chloroplastically synthesized compounds vitamin E ( ⁇ -tocopherol or ⁇ -toc), plastoquinones (PQ), and carotenoids, which together perform many crucial biochemical functions in the chloroplast.
  • PQ and vitamin E are quinone compounds synthesized by a common pathway in the plastid; carotenoids are tetraterpenoids synthesized by a separate plastid-localized pathway.
  • Plastoquinone often accounts for up to 50% of the total plastidic quinone pool in green tissues.
  • the primary function of PQ is as a fundamental component of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, acting as an electron carrier between photosystem II and the cytochrome b 6 f complex.
  • PQ likely has other less well studied functions in plastids, namely in acting as a direct or intermediate electron carrier for a variety of other biosynthetic reactions in the chloroplast.
  • Vitamin E is the second major class of chloroplastic quinones, accounting for up to 40% of the quinone pool in plastids.
  • the essential nutritional value of tocopherols was recognized around 1925, and the compound responsible for Vitamin E activity was first identified as ⁇ -tocopherol in 1936.
  • ⁇ -Toc has a well-documented role in mammals as an antioxidant, and a similar, though less well understood antioxidant role in plants. Liebler, et al., Toxicology 23:147-169, 1993; Hess, Anti-oxidants in Higher Plants, CRC Press: 111-134, 1993.
  • Carotenoids are a separate, diverse group of lipophilic pigments synthesized in plants, fungi, and bacteria. In photosynthetic tissues, carotenoids function as accessory pigments in light harvesting and play important roles in photo-protection by quenching free radicals, singlet oxygen, and other reactive species. Siefermann-Harms, Physiol. Plantarum. 69:561-568, 1987. In the plastids of non-photosynthetic tissues, high levels of carotenoids often accumulate providing the intense orange, yellow, and red coloration of many fruits, vegetables, and flowers (Pfander, Methods in Enzym., 213A, 3-13, 1992).
  • carotenoids and their metabolites also have important functions in animals, where they serve as the major source of Vitamin A (retinol), and have been identified as providing protection from some forms of cancer due to their antioxidant activities. Vitamin E's antioxidant activities are also thought to protect against some forms of cancer, and may act synergistically with carotenoids in this regard.
  • Vitamin A retinol
  • ⁇ -Tocopherol and plastoquinone are the most abundant quinones in the plastid and are synthesized by the common pathway shown in FIG. 1.
  • the precursor molecule for both compounds, homogentisic acid (HGA) is produced in the chloroplast from the shikimic acid pathway intermediate p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvic acid (pOHPP), in an oxidation/decarboxylation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvic acid dioxygenase (pOHPP dioxygenase).
  • Homogentisic acid is subject to phytylation/prenylation (phytylpyrophosphate and solanylpyrophosphate, C 20 and C 45 , respectively) coupled to a simultaneous decarboxylation by a phytyl/prenyl transferase to form the first true tocopherol and plastoquinone intermediates, 2-demethylphytylplastoquinol and 2-demethylplastoquinol-9, respectively.
  • a single ring methylation occurs on 2-demethylplastoquinol to yield plastoquinol-9 (PQH 2 ) which is then oxidized to plastoquinone-9 (PQ). This oxidation is reversible and is the basis of electron transport by plastoquinone in the chloroplast.
  • the preferred route, as established in spinach, for ⁇ -tocopherol formation from 2-demethylphytylplastoquinol appears to be 1) ring methylation of the intermediate, 2- ⁇ -demethylphytylplastoquinol, to yield phytylplastoquinol, 2) cyclization to yield d-tocopherol and, finally, 3) a second ring methylation to yield ⁇ -tocopherol.
  • Ring methylation in both tocopherol and plastoquinone synthesis is carried out by a single enzyme that is specific for the site of methylation on the ring, but has relatively broad substrate specificity and accommodates both classes of quinone compounds. This methylation enzyme is the only enzyme of the pathway that has been purified from plants to date.
  • Vitamin E and PQ levels, ratios, and total amounts vary by orders of magnitude in different plants, tissues and developmental stages. Such variations indicate that the vitamin E and PQ pathway is both highly regulated and has the potential for manipulation to modify the absolute levels and ratios of the two end products.
  • the pathway in FIG. 1 makes it clear that production of homogentisic acid by pOHPP dioxygenase is likely to be a key regulatory point for bulk flow through the pathway, both because HGA production is the first committed step in ⁇ -toc/PQ synthesis, and also because the reaction is essentially irreversible.
  • modifying the levels of HGA by modifying pOHPP dioxygenase activity should have a direct impact on the total ⁇ -toc/PQ biosynthetic accumulation in plant tissues, and, as described below, because of the connection of PQ and carotenoid synthesis, should also affect carotenoid synthesis in plant tissues.
  • the first committed step in carotenoid synthesis is the condensation of two molecules of the C 20 hydrocarbon geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGDP) by the enzyme phytoene synthase, to form the colorless C 40 hydrocarbon, phytoene.
  • GGDP hydrocarbon geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
  • phytoene undergoes two sequential desaturation reactions, catalyzed by phytoene desaturase, to produce ⁇ -carotene through the intermediate phytofluene.
  • ⁇ -carotene undergoes two further desaturations, catalyzed by ⁇ -carotene desaturase, to yield the red pigment lycopene.
  • Lycopene is cyclized to produce either ⁇ -carotene or ⁇ -carotene, both of which are subject to various hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions to yield the carotenoids and xanthophylls most abundant in photosynthetic tissues of plants, lutein, ⁇ -carotene, violaxanthin and neoxanthin.
  • Rhodobacter and Erwinia the pds-type found in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
  • all phytoene desaturase enzymes contain a dinucleotide binding domain (FAD or NAD/NADP), which in Capsicum annum has been shown to be FAD.
  • FAD dinucleotide binding domain
  • Hugueney et al. Eur. J. Biochem. 209:399-407, 1992.
  • the bound dinucleotide in both types of phytoene desaturase enzymes is reduced during desaturation and reoxidized by an unknown reductant present in the plastid or bacterium.
  • Norflorazon do not directly affect the phytoene desaturase enzyme. Rather, triketone herbicides competitively inhibit pOHPP dioxygenase, an enzyme common to the synthesis of both plastoquinone and tocopherols, suggesting that one or more classes of quinones may play a role in carotenoid desaturation reactions. Schulz et al., FEBS 318:162-166, 1993; Secor, Plant Physiol. 106: 1429-1433; Beyer et al., IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry 66:1047-1056, 1994.
  • this invention provides a biologically pure sample of DNA which DNA comprises a sequence coding for the expression of Arabidopsis thaliana p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvic acid dioxygenase.
  • this invention provides a vector and microbial host containing a DNA sequence sufficiently homologous to SEQ ID NO:1 so as to code for the expression of Arabidopsis thaliana p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvic acid dioxygenase, and a genetic construct containing a DNA sequence sufficiently homologous to SEQ ID NO:1 so as to code for the expression of Arabidopsis thaliana p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvic acid dioxygenase, together with a promoter located 5' to the DNA coding sequence and a 3' termination sequence.
  • this invention provides a method of creating a transgenic plant in which the levels of the pOHPP dioxygenase enzyme are elevated sufficient such that production of plastoquinones, vitamin E, and carotenoids are modified.
  • pOHPP dioxygenase p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvic acid dioxygenase
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram of the pathways for synthesis of carotenoids, vitamin E (tocopherol), and plastoquinone.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram of the interconnections of the pathways illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3A-3E are graphs of pigment analyses of wild-type, NFZ-wt, and pds1 tissues.
  • FIG. 4 is a physical map of the pds1 mutation relative to visible markers.
  • FIGS. 5A-5C present the results of C18 HPLC separation of lipid soluble pigments from wild-type plants on MS2 media, homozygous pdsl mutants on MS2 media supplemented with pOHPP, and homozygous pds1 mutants on MS2 media supplemented with homogentistic acid (HGA).
  • HGA homogentistic acid
  • FIGS. 6A-6B present the results of C8 HPLC analyses of quinones in NFZ-wt and pds1 tissues.
  • Vitamin E As described above, both Vitamin E, plastoquinones and carotenoids are synthesized and accumulated in plastids by the pathways shown in FIG. 1.
  • This specification describes the identification, isolation, characterization and functional analysis of a higher plant pOHPP dioxygenase cDNA, its role in ⁇ -toc, PQ and carotenoid synthesis, and the use of this cDNA to modify pOHPP dioxygenase activity in plant tissues and hence the accumulation of one or more of the compounds plastoquinones, vitamin E, and carotenoids in plant tissues.
  • the overexpression of pOHPP dioxygenase in transgenic plants will modify the enzyme-to-inhibitor ratio of plant tissues exposed to triketone herbicides, as compared to non-transgenic plants, resulting in increased herbicide resistance.
  • the present specification also describes a genetic construct for use in the production of pOHPP dioxygenase, an enzyme useful in identifying new pOHPP dioxygenase-inhibiting herbicides.
  • pds1 defines a second gene product in addition to the phytoene desaturase enzyme, necessary for phytoene desaturation and hence carotenoid synthesis in higher plants.
  • This gene product proved to be pOHPP dioxygenase.
  • the present inventors used a molecular genetic approach, taking advantage of the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana to define, isolate and study genes required for synthesis of the compounds in plants.
  • the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana has come into wide use as a model system to explore the molecular biology and genetics of plants.
  • Arabidopsis offers many advantages for genetic analysis: it can be selfed and very large numbers of progeny can be obtained (up to 10,000 seeds from a single plant). Furthermore, Arabidopsis has a short generation time of five to six weeks, so crosses can be set up and the progeny analyzed within reasonable periods of time. Mutation screens have identified thousands of mutations affecting many aspects of basic plant biology, including morphogenesis, photosynthesis, fertility, starch and lipid metabolism, mineral nutrition, an so on. In addition, its haploid genome is only about 10 8 base pairs.
  • the pds1 gene was identified as affecting the activity of pOHPP dioxygenase, a crucial enzyme of the plastidic quinone pathway in plants (FIG. 1), that is directly required for the synthesis of plastoquinone and ⁇ -tocopherol and indirectly for carotenoid synthesis.
  • pOHPP dioxygenase a crucial enzyme of the plastidic quinone pathway in plants (FIG. 1), that is directly required for the synthesis of plastoquinone and ⁇ -tocopherol and indirectly for carotenoid synthesis.
  • FIG. 2 the deduced function of the pds1 mutant and pOHPP dioxygenase enzyme are noted in FIG. 2.
  • pds1 affects the enzyme p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvic acid dioxygenase (pOHPP dioxygenase), because pds1 plants can be rescued by growth on the product but not the substrate of this enzyme, homogentisic acid (HGA) and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (pOHPP), respectively.
  • pOHPP dioxygenase is the key branch point enzyme and committed step in the synthesis of both Vitamin E and plastoquinones and several independent lines of biochemical evidence confirm pds1 affects this enzyme (FIGS. 1, 5, 6).
  • the specification describes the genetic identification of the Arabidopsis pOHPP dioxygenase gene by mutational analysis, the physical isolation and functional confirmation of an Arabidopsis pOHPP dioxygenase cDNA, its nucleotide sequence and its use to isolate pOHPP dioxygenase genes and cDNAs from other plant species.
  • Elevating pOHPP dioxygenase protein levels increases the amount of homogentisic acid (HGA) synthesized in plant tissues. Because HGA is the limiting precursor molecule for ⁇ -toc and PQ synthesis (the end products of the pathway), increasing HGA synthesis increases the levels of ⁇ -toc (Vitamin E) and PQ in plant tissues. The increase in PQ indirectly increases the synthesis of carotenoids, which require PQ for their synthesis. In addition, the increase in PQ increases photosynthetic efficiency by increasing electron flow between photosystem II and photosystem I, because PQ is the primary electron transporter between the two photosystems.
  • HGA homogentisic acid
  • ⁇ -toc a well-studied antioxidant in mammals
  • oxidative stresses such as that caused by high light, high temperature, water stress, ozone stress, UV stress or other abiotic or biotic stresses.
  • Elevating the levels of pOHPP dioxygenase will modify the dose response curve of herbicides targeting pOHPP dioxygenase, thus increasing the relative resistance to such herbicides in transgenic plants as compared to native plants of the same species. Inhibiting the expression of pOHPP dioxygenase is expected to have the opposite effect.
  • a DNA sequence containing the pOHPP dioxygenase coding sequence be combined with regulatory sequences capable of expressing the coding sequence in a plant.
  • a number of effective plant promoters, both constitutive and developmentally or tissue specific, are known to those of skill in the art.
  • a transcriptional termination sequence may also be added.
  • Plant expression vectors, or plasmids constructed for expression of inserted coding sequences in plants are widely used in the art to assemble chimeric plant expression constructs including the coding sequence, and to conveniently transfer the constructs into plants.
  • a sequence which codes for pOHPP dioxygenase includes, for example, SEQ ID NO:1, or versions of the designated sequence sufficient to effect coding for the expression of pOHPP dioxygenase.
  • SEQ ID NO:1 or versions of the designated sequence sufficient to effect coding for the expression of pOHPP dioxygenase.
  • Commonly used methods of molecular biology well-known to those of skill in the art may be used to manipulate the DNA sequences.
  • gene construct we mean any of a variety of ways of combining the protein-encoding sequences with a promoter sequence (and termination sequence, if necessary) in a manner that operably connects the promoter sequence (and termination sequence, if present) with the protein-encoding sequences.
  • the promoter sequence will be "upstream” of a protein-encoding sequence, while the termination sequence, if used, will be “downstream” of the protein-encoding sequences.
  • the protein-encoding, promoter and termination sequences may be combined on a plasmid or viral vector, and inserted into a microbial host. Other functional sequences may be added to the gene construct. Alternatively, the protein-encoding, promoter, and termination sequence, if added, may be combined with any other needed functional sequences and used without a vector.
  • the DNA sequence described by SEQ ID NO:1 is sufficient to effect coding for the expression of pOHPP dioxygenase. However, it is envisioned that the above sequence could be truncated and still confer the same properties. It is not known at present which specific deletions would be successful, but it is likely that some deletions to the protein would still result in effective enzymatic activity.
  • One skilled in the art of molecular biology would be able to take the designated sequence and perform deletional analysis experiments to determine what portions of the designated sequence are essential to effect coding for the expression of pOHPP dioxygenase.
  • the genetic code is degenerate, meaning that more than one codon, or set of three nucleotides, codes for each amino acid.
  • a protein such as the sequence for pOHPP dioxygenase described here, without altering the sequence of the protein produced.
  • Selection of codon usage may affect expression level in a particular host. Such changes in codon usage are also contemplated here.
  • a pOHPP gene is in hand, whether from Arabidopsis or from some other plant species, it then becomes possible to insert a chimeric plant expression genetic construct into any plant species of interest.
  • Suitable plant transformation methods exist to insert such genetic constructs into most, if not all, commercially important plant species.
  • Presently known methods include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, coated-particle gene delivery (Biolistics) and electroporation, in which an electric voltage is used to facilitate gene insertion. All these methods, and others, can insert the genetic construct into the genome of the resulting transgenic plant in such a way that the genetic construct becomes an inheritable trait, transmitted to progeny of the original transgenic plant by the normal rules of Mendelian inheritance.
  • a genetic construct expressing a pOHPP gene is inserted into a plant, it can become a part of a plant breeding program for transfer into any desired genetic background.
  • a genetic construct may be used with a higher strength promoter.
  • an antisense genetic construct can be made, as is known by those of skill in the art, to reduce the level of pOHPP dioxygenase present in the plant tissues.
  • Plants homozygous for defects in the early stages of carotenoid synthesis are lethal when grown in soil and the isolation of such mutations requires the design of screening procedures to identify plants heterozygous for soil lethal mutations.
  • the present inventors found that most soil lethal, homozygous pigment-deficient Arabidopsis mutants can be grown to near maturity in tissue culture on Murashige and Skoog basal media (Murashige and Skoog, Physiol. Plant. 15:473-497, 1962) supplemented with sucrose (MS2 media). Under these conditions, photosynthesis and chloroplast development are essentially dispensable and all the energy and nutritional needs of the plant are supplied by the media.
  • FIGS. 3A-3E present the results of pigment analysis of wild-type, NFZ-wt, and pds1 tissues. Abbreviations in FIGS. 3A-3E are as follows: N, neoxanthin; V, violaxanthin; L, lutein; Cb, chlorophyll b; Ca, chlorophyll a; ⁇ , ⁇ -carotene.
  • FIG. 3A shows C 18 , Reverse Phase HPLC analysis of the carotenoids that accumulate in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana leaves.
  • FIG. 3B shows the pigment profile for NFZ treated wild-type (NFZ-Wt).
  • NFZ-Wt NFZ treated wild-type
  • Spectral analysis of the strongly absorbing 296 nm peak at 33 minutes in NFZ-Wt tissue shows absorbance maxima at 276, 286, and 298 nm, indicative of phytoene
  • FIG. 3C shows pigment analysis of tissue culture grown homozygous pds1 mutant plants. The low absorbance at 440 nm in FIGS.
  • FIG. 3B and C demonstrates that like NFZ-Wt, pds1 mutants lack all chlorophylls and carotenoids that normally accumulate in wild-type tissue (compare to FIG. 3A). However, unlike wild-type, pds1 mutants contain a peak with a retention time at approximately 33 minutes that absorbs strongly at 296 nm. The retention time and absorbance of the 33-minute peak in the pds1 mutant corresponds to the phytoene peak in pigment extracts of NFZ-Wt tissue (FIG. 3B). Spectral analysis of the 33-minute peak from pds1 is shown in FIG. 3E and is virtually identical to the spectra of phytoene from NFZ-Wt tissue (FIG. 3D) as well as to the published spectra for phytoene. These results confirm the chemical identity of the accumulating compound in pds1 as phytoene and conclusively demonstrate that the pds1 mutation disrupts carotenoid biosynthesis.
  • plant tissue is placed in a microfuge tube and ground with a micropestle in 200 ⁇ l of 80% acetone. 120 ⁇ l of ethyl acetate is added and the mixture vortexed. 140 ⁇ l of water is added and the mixture centrifuged for 5 minutes. The carotenoid containing upper phase is then transferred to a fresh tube and vacuum dried in a Jouan RC1010 Centrifugal Evaporator. The dried extract is resuspended in ethyl acetate at a concentration of 0.5 mg fresh weight of tissue per ⁇ l and either analyzed immediately by HPLC or stored at -80° C. under nitrogen.
  • Carotenoids were separated by reverse-phase HPLC analysis on a Spherisorb ODS2 5 micron C 18 column, 25 cm in length (Phase Separations Limited, Norwalk, Conn.) using a 45 minute gradient of Ethyl Acetate (0-100%) in Acetonitrile/water/triethylamine (9:1:0.01 v/v), at a flow rate of 1 ml per minute (Goodwin and Britton, 1988).
  • Carotenoids were identified by retention time relative to known standards with detection at both 296 nm and 440 nm. When needed, absorption spectra for individual peaks were obtained with a Hewlett Packard 1040A photodiode array detector and compared with published spectra or available standards.
  • the pellet was resuspended in methanol at a concentration of 10 mg fresh weight per ml and immediately analyzed by HPLC.
  • Quinones were resolved by reversed-phase HPLC analysis on a LiChrosorb RP-8, 5 micron column, 25 cm in length, (Alltech, San Jose, Calif.) using an isocratic solvent of 10% H 2 O in Methanol for the first 14 minutes, at which time the solvent was switched to 100% methanol for the remainder of the run (modified from the method described in Lichtenthaler, Handbook of Chromatography, CRC Press, 115-159, 1984).
  • the flow rate was 1 ml per minute for the duration.
  • Peaks were identified based upon the retention time of known standards with detection at 280 nm for ⁇ -tocopherol and 260 nm for plastoquinone and ubiquinone as well as by absorption spectra from a Hewlett Packard 1040A photodiode array detector. When needed, fractions represented by individual chromatographic peaks were collected, and submitted to the Southwest Environmental Health Science Center, Analytical Core laboratory for mass spectral analysis. Results were obtained using a TSQ7000 tandem mass spectrometer (Finnigan Corp., San Jose, Calif.) equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source operated in the positive ion mode. The instrument was set to unit resolution and the samples were introduced into the source in a 0.3 ml/minute methanol stream and ionized using a 5 kV discharge.
  • Homozygous pds1 Mutants can be Rescued by Homogentisic Acid, an Intermediate in Plastoquinone and Tocopherol Biosynthesis
  • FIGS. 5A-5C present the results of complementation of the pds1 mutation with homogentisic acid. Each profile represents pigments extracted from 10 mg fresh weight of tissue. Abbreviations used in FIGS. 5A-5C are as described in FIGS. 3A-3E. HPLC analysis with detection at 440 nm of the carotenoids extracted from pds1 plants grown on pOHPP and HGA are shown in FIGS. 5B and C, respectively.
  • the pigment profiles of pds1 mutants grown on pOHPP are similar to the profiles of pds1 plants grown on MS2 media shown in FIG. 3B.
  • Comparison of the pigment profiles for pds1+HGA tissue and wild-type tissue indicates that growth in the presence of HGA is able to qualitatively restore a wild-type carotenoid profile to albino, homozygous pds1 plants.
  • ubiquinone/tocopherol pathway was also directly analyzed in pds1 tissue by utilizing C 8 HPLC to resolve total lipid extracts and identify three separate classes of quinones: ubiquinone, plastoquinone, and ⁇ -tocopherol (Vitamin E) (FIGS. 5 and 6).
  • ubiquinone and plastoquinone perform analogous electron transport functions in the mitochondria and chloroplast, respectively, but are synthesized by different pathways in separate subcellular compartments (Goodwin et al., Introduction to Plant Biochemistry, Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1983), making ubiquinone an ideal internal control in these analyses.
  • NFZ-Wt tissue shows the C 8 HPLC analysis of lipid soluble extracts from NFZ-Wt tissue and pds1 tissue.
  • peaks 3 and 4 were identified as ubiquinone and plastoquinone, respectively, based on retention time (26 and 27 minutes), optical spectra, and mass spectra (results not shown).
  • NFZ-Wt tissue contained a peak (1) with a retention time of 13.5 minutes which was identified as ⁇ -tocopherol based upon the retention time of a standard.
  • optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry demonstrated that peak 1 was composed of two major components: ⁇ -tocopherol (la) and an unidentified compound (lb).
  • the mass of ⁇ -tocopherol was determined to be 430 as indicated by the presence of the 431 protonated molecule while the molecular mass of the unidentified compound was 412, as indicated by the presence of the 413 protonated molecule (data not shown), clearly demonstrating the presence of two compound in peak 1.
  • This quinone analysis demonstrates that the herbicide NFZ, which specifically inhibits the phytoene desaturase enzyme, does not affect synthesis of homogentisate derived quinones.
  • pds1 tissue (FIG. 6B) contain ubiquinone (peak 3) but lack plastoquinone (peak 4).
  • pds1 contains a peak at 13.5 minutes
  • optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data demonstrate that this peak lacks ⁇ -tocopherol (la) and is composed solely of the compound lb (data not shown). Therefore, homozygous pds1 plants accumulate ubiquinone but lack both plastoquinone and ⁇ -tocopherol. This is consistent with the pds1 mutation affecting pOHPP dioxygenase (refer to FIGS. 1 and 2), as suggested by the rescue of the mutation by HGA, and provide additional evidence that the pds1 mutation disrupts pOHPP dioxygenase.
  • pOHPP dioxygenase cDNAs have been cloned from several mammalian and bacterial sources (summarized in Ruetschi et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 205:459-466, 1992). Amino acid identity between various mammalian pOHPP dioxygenase enzymes is >80%; in comparison, their identity to bacterial homologs is very low, less than 28%.
  • ESTs Expressed Sequence Tags
  • This cDNA contained only 99 amino acids of the carboxyl terminal portion of the protein coding region.
  • the deduced protein sequence of this putative Arabidopsis pOHPP dioxygenase cDNA shows similar homology ( ⁇ 50% identity) to both the mammalian and bacterial pOHPP dioxygenases.
  • the partial Arabidopsis sequence also contains a 15 amino acid insertion not found in the human or bacterial enzymes.
  • alignment of six pOHPP dioxygenase sequences from mammals and bacteria identified three regions of high conservation, the highest being a 16 amino acid region near the carboxy end of pOHPP dioxygenases that shows 62.5% identity across all phyla. Ruetschi et al., Eur.
  • an Arabidopsis cDNA library was screened by nucleic acid hybridization for full length cDNAs.
  • a large number of hybridizing cDNAs were isolated, and one of the longest, pHPP1.5, containing a 1,520 bp insertion, was sequenced completely; the insert is presented as SEQ ID NO:1.
  • pHPP1.5 encodes a 446 amino acid protein (presented as SEQ ID NO:2), which is slightly larger in size than mammalian and bacterial pOHPP dioxygenases. pHPP1.5 shows 34-40% identity at the amino acid level to pOHPP dioxygenases from various mammals and bacteria.
  • Denoya et al. identified 69 amino acids that were conserved between all five pOHPP dioxygenases. Denoya et al., J. Bacteriol. 176:5312-5319, 1994. The pHPP1.5 coding region contains 52 of these 69 conserved amino acids.
  • pHPP1.5 is the gene product encoded by the pds1 locus and that it encodes a functional pOHPP dioxygenase protein
  • the pHPP1.5 cDNA was cloned into a plant transformation vector for molecular complementation experiments with the pds1.
  • the full length wild-type pOHPP dioxygenase cDNA will be subcloned into a plant transformation vector driven by the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S (CaMV) promoter and containing all necessary termination cassettes and selectable markers (Kan r ).
  • CaMV Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S
  • Kan r selectable markers
  • Seed harvested from individually transformed heterozygous pds1 plants will be germinated on kanamycin and resistant seedlings transferred to soil. Segregation analysis of seed from these primary transformants (T2 seed) and T3 seed for segregation of the pds1 phenotype (albino and phytoene accumulating) and the T-DNA encoded kanamycin resistance marker (wild type pOHPP dioxygenase cDNA) will conclusively demonstrate complementation of the pds1 mutation with the pOHPP dioxygenase cDNA.
  • pHPP1.5 is encoded by the pds1 locus
  • the pHPP1.5 cDNA has been mapped relative to the pds1 locus using recombinant inbred lines, as described in Lister et al., Plant J. 4:745-750, 1993.
  • the pHPP1.5 cDNA mapped to the region of chromosome 1 containing the pds1 mutation (FIG. 4).
  • the pHPP1.5 cDNA will be overexpressed in E. coli and the activity of the protein determined.
  • overexpression of the pOHPP dioxygenase enzyme will result in increased levels of one or more of these compounds in the tissues of transgenic plants.
  • using antisense techniques it is possible to lower the level of enzyme activity to decrease the levels of these compounds in plants.
  • overexpression of the pOHPP dioxygenase will enable a transgenic plant to withstand elevated levels of herbicides that target this enzyme, providing agrinomically significant herbicide resistance relative to normal plants.
  • tocopherols, plastoquinones and carotenoids will be by a combination of HPLC, optical and mass spectra as described in Norris et al. (1995, in press). Analysis of tocopherol levels is performed by HPLC and when needed by GC:mass spectroscopy in selected ion mode. In MS analysis the absolute level of tocopherol will be quantified by isotopic dilution with a known, "heavy carbon" tocopherol standard added at the start of the extraction. Determination based on fresh weight of tissue can also be performed. Plastoquinone levels will be quantified by C8 HPLC and optical spectra as described in Norris et al. (1995, in press).
  • Total carotenoid levels are determined spectrophotometrically and the levels of individual carotenes quantified by C18 HPLC and optical spectra quantified to standards. In the course of these experiments we will identify high expressing lines with simple insertions that segregate as single genetic loci in progeny. This will facilitate analysis of the inheritance of the gene and phenotype in future generations.
  • pOHPP dioxygenase will be overexpressed in E. coli or other prokaryotic or eukaryotic protein production systems and purified in large amounts for use in enzymatic assays for identifying new herbicide compounds (pOHPP inhibitors) and optimizing existing chemistries through detailed kinetic analysis.

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US20040117871A1 (en) * 2000-11-25 2004-06-17 Peter Meyer Plant growth regulation
US7215420B2 (en) 2001-03-22 2007-05-08 Werner Gellerman Optical method and apparatus for determining status of agricultural products
US20040130714A1 (en) * 2001-03-22 2004-07-08 Werner Gellerman Optical method and apparatus for determining status of agricultural products
WO2002077608A3 (fr) * 2001-03-22 2009-06-11 Univ Utah Procede et appareil optique de determination de l'etat de produits agricoles
US7663021B2 (en) 2002-12-06 2010-02-16 Del Monte Fresh Produce Company Transgenic pineapple plants with modified carotenoid levels and methods of their production
US20060168689A1 (en) * 2002-12-06 2006-07-27 Del Monte Fresh Produce Company Transgenic pineapple plants with modified carotenoid levels and methods of their production
US20060130171A1 (en) * 2002-12-06 2006-06-15 Del Monte Fresh Produce Company Organogenic transformation and regeneration
US8049067B2 (en) 2002-12-06 2011-11-01 Del Monte Fresh Produce Company Organogenic transformation and regeneration
US10947555B2 (en) 2004-04-30 2021-03-16 Dow Agrosciences Llc Herbicide resistance genes
US11149283B2 (en) 2004-04-30 2021-10-19 Dow Agrosciences Llc Herbicide resistance genes
US11299745B1 (en) 2004-04-30 2022-04-12 Dow Agrosciences Llc Herbicide resistance genes
US11371055B2 (en) 2005-10-28 2022-06-28 Corteva Agriscience Llc Herbicide resistance genes
WO2011095460A1 (fr) 2010-02-02 2011-08-11 Bayer Cropscience Ag Transformation du soja faisant appel à des inhibiteurs de l'hppd en tant qu'agents de sélection
US9187762B2 (en) 2010-08-13 2015-11-17 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Compositions and methods comprising sequences having hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) activity

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